Evangelical Church of Konz-Karthaus
Coordinates: 49 ° 42 ′ 27.2 " N , 6 ° 35 ′ 8.6" E
The Evangelical Church Konz-Karthaus of the evangelical parish of the same name is located in the city of Konz , Trier-Saarburg district , in Rhineland-Palatinate . It was built at the end of the 19th century for the newly created diaspora congregation in the previously purely Catholic area and is still its spiritual center today.
The church building, completed in the style of historicism in 1897, has been preserved almost unchanged in its structural fabric and is a listed building . Large parts of the original furnishings and the original glass windows were replaced during the renovation in 1966 with glass windows by the artist Manfred Freitag from Oberbillig.
history
prehistory
From the middle of the 19th century, as part of industrialization, the influx of Protestant Christians increased in Conz, Merzil and the surrounding villages. The first Evangelicals who settled in the then still separate towns of Conz (today: Konz) and Merzig (today Konz-Karthaus) in 1856/1857 were gang workers and civil servants employed in the construction of the railway . While most of the officers came from the greater Saarbrücken area, the workers in the gang came from St. Wendel and the neighboring Hunsrück. Another large influx of Protestant Christians took place with the expansion of the Karthaus central station into a railway junction and the commissioning of the Karthaus royal railroad subsidiary in 1879. In 1884 their number had risen to around 120 to 150.
The next church was nine kilometers away in Trier. Because of the difficult journey, the Trier pastors were looking to rent a room in Conz that was suitable for church services, but this turned out to be extremely difficult in the purely Catholic environment. After the failure of these efforts, Superintendent Klein successfully turned to various authorities in Trier: The Royal Railway Works Office Trier provided the dining room in the administrative building of the Royal subsidiary workshop. The first service took place on August 17, 1884 and Superintendent Klein preached on the text of Acts 17, verses 16–34 ( Acts 16,34 LUT ). From then on, services were held in Konz every four weeks.
Building history
The Protestant community of Conz-Karthaus was established in 1889 as a vicariate for over 200 Protestant Christians and has been an independent parish since 1895. Supported by the State of Prussia, the church building on a square in the middle between the then places Konz and Merzlich with was groundbreaking ceremony on July 9, begun in 1896. The construction work was carried out by the Petry brothers from Sierk (today Sierck-les-Bains in Lorraine ) - as was the case with the community center and school . The construction of the church was preceded by a competition announced by the Berlin Architects' Association in 1892 among its members. The joint design by the architects Carl Schäfer and Hugo Hartung and the project by the architect Georg Lübke were awarded. Although the jury in June 1892 did not recommend any project to be carried out immediately, the parish decided in favor of Lübke's design. Its design was modified in parts by the Prussian Ministry of Public Works and executed by the Trier district building inspector Brauweiler in 1896/1897. The church was consecrated on September 19, 1897. Together with the parsonage, which was built in a similar construction in 1894 and attached to the south of the church, and the Protestant school built 15 meters north of the church and established in 1886, the church formed a homogeneous ensemble.
The construction costs of the church, including the interior fittings, amounted to 27,600 marks and 2,275 marks for the bells. In addition to donations from the Gustav-Adolf-Verein , Kaiser Wilhelm II supported the building with 10,000 marks as “the highest gift of grace”. For each of the 130 seats in the nave there was an arithmetical amount of 212 marks. For comparison: the average monthly wage of an industrial worker was around 40 marks, that of a middle-class civil servant between 60 and 80 marks.
The catchment area of the parish extended not only to the two eponymous parishes but also to the Protestant Christians in the former parishes of Oberemmel, Wasserliesch , Cönen , Temmels , Tawern , Wellen , Wincheringen , today in Saarland: Sinz , Nennig , Besch , Oberleuken , Perl , Tünsdorf , left of the Moselle: Igel , Langsur , Ralingen and Minden .
As a result of the merger of the formerly independent congregations of Conz and Merzz into the congregation of Konz in 1930, the name of the Protestant congregation changed to Konz-Karthaus.
In an air raid on Konz on September 12, 1915, an incendiary bomb fell next to the church during the service.
The Evangelical Church of Saarburg , the Evangelical Church of Hermeskeil and the Evangelical Christ Church of Wittlich were built almost simultaneously under similar framework conditions .
Renovations from 1966 and 1984/1985
The church building, which is over 65 years old, was in dire need of renovation, not least because of two wars and difficult economic times. The new forms of worship of the 1960s should also make themselves felt in the design of the church interior. In addition, due to several industrial settlements in the area, the number of community members doubled.
The church renovation carried out in 1966 was led by the architect Nils-Wolff Hammer from Trassem . The neo-Gothic altar table and the high pulpit were removed and replaced by a stone altar table based on a design by the artist Manfred Freitag and a pulpit in the form of a lectern in the design of the 1960s. The permanently installed, heavy pews, which fill the entire width of the nave, have been replaced by light, transportable pews that are half as long. The floor was renewed with a black stone covering. A new gallery for the organ and church choir was built in at the end of the church, 7 meters long and 4.45 meters wide, accessible by a spiral staircase. In order to make the interior of the church appear lighter, the glass windows painted in shades of gray were removed and replaced by artistically designed and significantly lighter ones in the style of the 1960s. The light, yellow and white color scheme of the church was also designed by Manfred Freitag. The outer doors of the church were replaced by new wooden doors covered with copper plates. The plan drawn up for heating reasons to draw a lower ceiling beneath the existing wooden ceiling was not implemented.
Even before the church was renovated, the rectory was demolished in 1961 and replaced by a new building in the style of the 1960s. The former Protestant school was closed on September 1, 1970. After that, the school building was owned by the city of Konz, has served as an emergency shelter and was demolished in May 2017. In 1984/1985 the church was renovated again. In the course of this renovation, the pulpit that is used today came into the church.
Church building
Building description
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kirche-konz-karthaus-1898.jpg/170px-Kirche-konz-karthaus-1898.jpg)
The church is a gable-independent three-axis hall building with a retracted rectangular choir . The bell tower is on the south side of the choir and an entrance with a vestibule on the north side. The conception of the church corresponds roughly to the recommendations of the Eisenach regulation . Deviations from this concern the location of the organ and the orientation of the church due to the structural environment.
The church borders Karthäuser Strasse at right angles and is therefore oriented approximately to the south-southeast. The church is made of sandstone , the facades are plastered except for the structured architectural elements. The base is made of red sandstone from the Tawern quarries eight kilometers away . Corner blocks , buttresses , window frames as well as the measure and framework of the church were made of weather-resistant, light-colored sandstone, also from Tawern. The outside stairs and door thresholds are made of low-end basalt lava . The roof was covered with slate using old German roofing.
The nave has two slightly ogival tracery windows on the side walls and three slightly ogival tracery windows each with two lancet windows and an incumbent six-pass , furthermore a small rose window with six-pass on the side wall next to the organ. In the choir behind the altar there is a large, ogival tracery window with three lancet windows and an incumbent six-pass.
Pumice stone was used to curve the choir and the front and side entrances . The nave and the sacristy are covered with wooden ceilings. At the time of construction, the floor consisted of two centimeters thick soaked beech planks, the rest of the church interior was covered with clay tiles. In the course of the renovation in 1965/1966, these were replaced by a stone covering made of black Anröchter stone . The spiral staircase up to the side gallery is made of the hardest sandstone, from there the tower staircase is made of wood. The movable pews offered space for around 146 visitors. A further 20 places can be created with additional seating. On the west side of the church is the organ gallery, which was moved in as part of the renovation in 1996. The original organ gallery is on the first floor of the tower above the sacristy.
Stained glass window
The original stained glass windows from the Binsfeld & Jansen stained glass workshop in Trier are no longer available today. They were purely ornamental and made using the grisaille technique. The individual panes of glass were shaped like pointed diamonds.
In the course of the renovation in 1966, they were replaced by new, bright glass windows with lead frames in various widths by the artist Manfred Freitag from Oberbillig . The middle window behind the altar shows the blessing, thorn-crowned Christ. The flanking windows show the instruments of torture and a cross is shown in the rosette above. The windows on the side walls and the rear wall are designed purely ornamentally and consist of colored and transparent, small panes of glass.
Organs
The first organ was a gift from the community of Odenkirchen , which closed its old church in 1894 and offered the organ to a diaspora community as a gift. The organ builder Lieck from Mönchengladbach dismantled the organ at its old location and erected it on the gallery above the sacristy after a long delay and after a warning letter from Pastor Strauss. The fan had to be housed in the tower due to lack of space. Disposition of the donated organ:
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The gift instrument only remained fault-free for a short time. In 1904, an appraiser stated that the organ was in exceptionally poor general condition. Due to the poor financial situation of the community, the purchase of a new organ was repeatedly postponed until the organ finally quit service on January 6, 1904. A few days later it was decided to order a new organ from the Stumm company in Kirn. Of the costs of 4,068 marks, 1,000 marks were paid on delivery and the remainder of the purchase price until 1908 from grants from the Consistory and the collection fund. The new organ was inaugurated on June 21, 1907. In February, the community received the notification to deliver 31 pieces of tin prospect pipes with a total weight of 14 kg from the church organ to the military treasury for armaments purposes.
After the Second World War, the organ had to be repaired again. The parish started an offerings campaign in 1950 in order to raise the around 1000 DM necessary for the repair. On the basis of an inspection carried out in December 1966, the organ office of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland recommended that the organ should not be renovated any further, as it was no longer considered in need of renovation and its disposition was no longer up to date. Since the parish could not afford a new organ for financial reasons, a positive organ with four registers from the organ building workshop Ernst Weyland in Opladen - today a district of Leverkusen - was first rented by the regional church office and bought after two years for 8,000 DM. The positive was on the newly built gallery at the rear of the church as part of the renovation.
This instrument was considered insufficient by the 1990s at the latest. Since 1999, money has been raised for a new organ. After a long search for a used organ that would fit the church interior, district cantor Martin Bambauer found a suitable instrument made by Hans Gerd Klais for the Johannes Klais company (Opus 1341) in the profaned former Catholic Church of St. Helena in Bonn. The organ building company Klais was commissioned to move the organ to Konz and was able to build the organ in 2007 almost analogously to its original location in Konz. It is only seven centimeters higher than in Bonn because of a steel girder. The organ was inaugurated in Advent 2007 by district cantor Martin Bambauer with a concert with works by Dieterich Buxtehude and Johann Sebastian Bach and his own improvisation on the song Die Nacht ist vorgedrung , composed in 1938 .
The organ has mechanical action without registration aids . The disposition of the current organ is:
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A comparable, but significantly larger, instrument is in the Breisach Minster .
The organ positive could be auctioned on Ebay and was acquired by a small community in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania for 2831 €.
Bells
No. | Casting year | Foundry, casting location | material | Mass (kg) | Chime | inscription | further fate |
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1 | 1897 | Mabilon, Saarburg | ? | 480 kg | a 1 | I want to praise God's word, I want to hope in God and not be afraid. Psalm 56: 5. | First World War: Expanded, transported and lost in June 1917 |
2 | 1897 | Mabilon, Saarburg | ? | 340 kg | h 1 | No one can lay any other foundation than that which is laid, which is Jesus Christ. 1 cor. 3.11. | First World War: Expanded, transported and lost in June 1917 |
3 | 1897 | Mabilon, Saarburg | ? | 230 kg | c sharp 2 | Let us hold on to the confession of hope and not waver; for he who has promised them is faithful. Hebrew 10.23. | Stuck in the bell cage until 1955, then melted down and recast due to slight damage |
4th | 1927 | Franz Schilling & Sons, Apolda, Thuringia | ? | ? | g 1 | I want to praise God's word, I want to hope in God and not be afraid. Psalm 56,5.- Acquired in 1927 from gifts of the congregation in place of the earlier bell that fell victim to the war. | Second World War: Dismantled, transported and lost in April 1942 |
5 | 1927 | Franz Schilling & Sons, Apolda, Thuringia | ? | ? | b 1 | No one can lay any other foundation than that which is laid, which is Jesus Christ. 1 cor. 3.11. - Acquired in 1927 from donations from the community to replace the previous bell that fell victim to the war. | Second World War: Dismantled, transported and lost in April 1942 |
The newly built church received three bells in the paternoster motif in a 1 (480 kg), h 1 (340 kg) and cis 2 (230 kg) from the bell foundry Mabilon u. Co. in Saarburg. Like the tin organ pipes, the two large bronze bells had to be handed in for armament purposes during the First World War in 1917. In 1919 the community received the notification that the bells could not be returned. It was not until 1927 that two new bells, tuned to g and b, could be procured from the Franz Schilling & Sons workshop in Apolda to complete the bells. Only 15 years later, on April 13, 1942, these two bells also had to be taken from the church tower and delivered. Only the small bell survived until 1955. In that year the community had three new bells cast at the Mabilon company in Saarburg in a 1 (460 kg), c 2 (280 kg) and d 2 (190 kg). The previous little bell was melted down.
The bells hanging in a steel belfry are located in an almost square room in the church tower. So that they can be heard in Karthaus and in the city center of Konz, the bell chamber has sound openings on all four sides in the arched windows. The bells are not visible from the outside. The ringing of the bells is done by means of a wheel drive, ringing by hand is no longer possible. The openings for the bell ropes are still present in the intermediate floors of the tower. The ascent in the tower to the bells takes place up to the level of the prayer room with a generous wide stone spiral staircase, above it follows a very steep wooden staircase and then a steep iron ladder. The strikes of the bells are a 1 , c 2 and d 2 . This is how the bells in the Te Deum motif sound .
No. | image | Casting year | Foundry, casting location | material | Mass (kg) | Chime | inscription |
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1 | 1955 | Mabilon, Saarburg | ? | 460 kg | a 1 |
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2 | 1955 | Mabilon, Saarburg | ? | 280 kg | c 2 |
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3 | 1955 | Mabilon, Saarburg | ? | 190 kg | d 2 |
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Movable equipment
Of the original equipment of the church, only the oak song indicators remain, which were purchased for 20 marks as part of the initial equipment of the church . The wooden altar table, the wooden pulpit and an iron regulating stove for coal firing are no longer present from the original furnishings . The original sandstone baptismal font was damaged and stored at the base during the tenure of Pastor Jordan. Two candlesticks, which normally stand next to the altar, were purchased as part of the 1966 renovation. They were designed by Manfred Freitag and made by the Trier art blacksmith Unterrainer.
The current (2014) baptismal font and the candlestick for the Easter candle were purchased in 2009 and are the work of the artist Jean-Marc Jezequel from Guissény in Brittany (France). The baptismal bowl still comes from the original baptismal font.
The memorial plaque for the fallen soldiers of the First World War 1914–1918, which now hangs over the sacristy door, was unveiled in 1920 during a funeral service and hung for years over the entrance and exit door next to the altar. After the Second World War, two wings were added to the left and right.
Pastor and community leader
Surname | Term of office | annotation |
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Eugen Strauss | 1895-1901 | active as parish vicar since 1889 |
Johann Abraham Küppers | 1901-1929 | |
Kurt Jebens | 1930-1935 | |
Ewald Müller | 1935-1967 | |
Uwe Mundt | 1971-1977 | from 1969 as vicar |
Wolfgang Wallrich | 1977-1981 | |
Günther Leimenstoll | 1981-1983 | |
Klaus Willbold | 1984-1997 | |
Martin Jordan | 1999-2013 | |
Anna Peters and Christoph Urban | 2013– | first pastor couple |
The first pastor of the community was Eugen Strauss. He was introduced to the parish as parish vicar on June 9, 1889 and appointed pastor on June 28, 1895.
On August 19, 1894, the members of the parish with voting rights elected representatives, who in turn elected the first, four-member presbytery on September 16, 1894 . The presbytery and representatives subsequently held joint meetings in which the affairs of the parish were decided.
Today (2014) the presbytery has ten members and the parish priest. Due to the presbyterial- synodal structure of the Rhenish regional church, the leadership at all levels lies with the elected members, at the parish level with the presbytery.
In addition to the pastor couple, a parish pedagogue , a sexton and the employees of the day care center “Arche Noah” work in the parish .
use
Since it was built, an evangelical service has been held in the church on almost all Sundays and Protestant holidays, usually at 10 a.m. Only during the evacuation at the beginning of the Second World War and at the time of the evacuation of Konz from December 1944 to mid-1945, no services could be celebrated in the church. The church celebrates their services after the Evangelical Worship Book - Liturgy for the Union of Evangelical Churches in the EKD and the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany and is a member of the church district Trier the Uniate Evangelical Church in the Rhineland .
On October 31, 1970, the first ecumenical service took place in Konz . On July 1, 1971, the parish association with the parish of Perl was canceled. The latter has been part of the Mettlach parish since then. On July 1, 1972, Fisch and Paschel were spun off from the community and have belonged to Saarburg and Wiltingen ever since. The area of the parish thus corresponds exactly to the Verbandsgemeinde Konz founded in 1970 and the then Catholic deanery of Konz.
Since around 1995, people have been invited to church coffee in the parish hall after almost all church services. Beginning with Pastor Martin Jordan, the service time on some Sundays was moved to Sunday afternoon. These services are mostly "special services" such as youth services. Beginning with the term of office of the pastors Peters / Urban, the beginning of the service is postponed once a month to 11 a.m. and celebrated as a family service followed by lunch in the parish hall. The services at Christmas and for confirmation, for which the church does not have enough space, can be transferred to the nearby parish hall, which has a further 100 seats.
Concerts are also held in the church at irregular intervals.
Surroundings
In the immediate vicinity of the church there are several places of worship from various religious communities: the Catholic parish church and former monastery church of St. Johann , a New Apostolic church , the Turkish-Islamic mosque Haci Bayram Camii since 1991 and the German-speaking Albukhary mosque for Muslims from over 20 nations, which opened in 2014. The Protestant parish maintains friendly relationships with everyone. Joint events are not limited to the annual intercultural week . In September 2014, a joint tour through the Christian and Muslim places of worship was organized. There are also various joint working groups.
literature
- Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wallrich: 100 years of Protestant Christians in Konz . Timeline. Evangelical parish of Konz-Karthaus, Konz 1980.
- Rudolf Molter: Conc on Saar and Moselle . City of Konz, Konz 2009, p. 340 ff . ( christoph-urban.de [PDF]).
- Ewald Wegner (arrangement): District of Trier-Saarburg. Verbandsgemeinden Hermeskeil, Kell, Konz, Saarburg (= cultural monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate. Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Volume 12.1 ). Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 1994, ISBN 3-88462-100-9 , p. 176-177 .
- New Protestant church in Conz-Karthaus near Trier. In: Centralblatt der Bauverwaltung , Volume 18, 1898, No. 10 of March 5, 1898 ( online ), p. 115 (wood engraving), p. 116 (text and floor plan).
- Werner Franzen: Worship sites in transition. Protestant church building in the Rhineland 1860–1914. Dissertation. Gerhard Mercator University Duisburg, 2002. Volume 3 (= Part 3) Directory of the new Protestant church buildings in the Rhineland 1860–1914 (1927) , p. 281 f. ( online ; PDF; 1.8 MB)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Informational directory of cultural monuments. (PDF) Rhineland-Palatinate, General Directorate for Cultural Heritage, p. 16 , accessed on May 22, 2014 (mention of the church on the official list of monuments).
- ^ Ewald Wegner (arrangement): District of Trier-Saarburg. Verbandsgemeinden Hermeskeil, Kell, Konz, Saarburg (= cultural monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate. Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Volume 12.1 ). Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 1994, ISBN 3-88462-100-9 , p. 176-177 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 40-45 .
- ↑ Ferdi Kläs: Chronicle of the former Evangelical People's School Conz-Karhaus . 1978, p. 1 .
- ↑ a b c d Werner Franzen: Places of worship in change. Protestant church building in the Rhineland 1860–1914. Dissertation, Gerhard Mercator University Duisburg, 2002. Volume 3 , Directory of the new Protestant church buildings in the Rhineland 1860–1914 (1927). Duisburg 2002, p. 281-282 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 72-77 .
- ^ Ralph Anton, Blankenheim: Gold and silver coins of the German Empire 1871–1918 (Empire). (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 8, 2010 ; accessed on September 28, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 58 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 123 .
- ↑ Ferdi Kläs: Chronicle of the former Evangelical People's School Conz-Karhaus . 1978, p. 4 .
- ↑ a b c d Interview with the artist Manfred Freitag on May 20, 2014.
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 162 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 179, 202 .
- ↑ Information from the former pastor Klaus Willbold from May 21, 2014.
- ↑ a b New Evangelical Church in Conz-Karthaus near Trier. In: Centralblatt der Bauverwaltung , Volume 18, 1898, No. 10 (from March 5, 1898), p. 115 f.
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 72-74 .
- ↑ Ferdi Kläs: Chronicle of the former Evangelical People's School Conz-Karhaus . 1978, p. 2 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 79, 80, 100 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 179, 202 .
- ↑ Johannes Klais Orgelbau, list of works, status IV / 2014. (PDF) Retrieved May 20, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Organ to be sold cheaply. Trierischer Volksfreund, December 11, 207, accessed on May 20, 2014 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 81, 86, 87, 109, 120, 174, 183, 184 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 77 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 73 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 211 .
- ↑ Ferdinand Kläs, Wolfgang Wall Rich: 100 years evangelical Christians in Konz . Ed .: Evangelical Church Community Konz-Karthaus. Konz 1980, p. 213 .
- ↑ Website of the Evangelical Church Community in Conc. Accessed on April 28, 2014 .
- ↑ Religious sites in Konz-Karthaus. Retrieved September 25, 2014 .
- ^ Mosque opened in Karthaus: Concert Muslims give insight into their faith. Retrieved September 25, 2014 .
- ↑ Martin Möller: What separates, what connects . Religions in comparison: tour of concert houses of worship at Intercultural Week. In: Trierischer Volksfreund, regional edition for Konz . Trier September 24, 2014, p. 9 .