Friedrich Flick

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Friedrich Flick during the Nuremberg Trials

Friedrich Flick (born July 10, 1883 in Ernsdorf , today in Kreuztal , † July 20, 1972 in Konstanz ) was a German entrepreneur . At the time of the Second World War, his Flick group held extensive company holdings, especially in the armaments sector. In the Flick Trial , he was sentenced to seven years in prison as a war criminal . In the post-war period he began to rise again, becoming one of the richest men in the Federal Republic of Germany.

His sons were Otto-Ernst Flick , Rudolf Flick (1919–1941) and Friedrich Karl Flick . The second-born son Rudolf died as a soldier on June 28, 1941, six days after the start of the war against the Soviet Union .

Life

Until the First World War

The Charlottenhütte in Niederschelden, 2008

Friedrich Flick was born on July 10, 1883 as the son of a farmer and financially secure pit timber dealer, who also held some shares in Siegerland ore mines, in Ernsdorf (today part of Kreuztal , Siegen-Wittgenstein district ).

Flick attended the Realgymnasium (today's high school "Am Löhrtor") in Siegen, completed an apprenticeship as a merchant at the Bremerhütte in today's Siegen district of Geisweid , did his military service and began studying at the Cologne University of Commerce . Since he was a teenager, Flick had been reading company balance sheets. Flick was one of the first students to graduate not only from business administration , but also from economics . One of his teachers there was Eugen Schmalenbach , the developer of dynamic balance theory . His first job he got after his 1906 graduation as Diplom-Kaufmann had received back at Bremer hut. On July 1, 1913, he then moved to the board of directors of the iron industry at Menden and Schwerte in Schwerte / Ruhr, a combined plant with steel production and processing. On March 31, 1915, he left the company at his own request.

His ascent began in 1915 as a board member at the Charlottenhütte in Niederschelden , to which he gradually bought his way. He financed this through profits on companies that he bought overpriced as a board member after he had previously invested in them, or by privately buying scrap and reselling it to his own company. During the First World War with its armaments boom, he led the company to great economic success and finally became its general director in 1919.

Weimar Republic

The attempt to get a stand in the Ruhr area initially failed because of the industrial tycoons there. However, Flick was able to prevent them from establishing themselves in the Siegerland . He expanded his company through company acquisitions in Upper Silesia and Central Germany , which he financed with cheap loans thanks to high inflation . In particular in Eastern Upper Silesia , which was occupied by Poland , he was able to buy up businesses very cheaply from the former German owners, who feared expropriation without compensation by the Polish state. To this end, he founded three nested holding companies ("Metafina", "Nedehand" and "Commerce") in the neutral Netherlands , some of which have US equity stakes to hedge against expropriation risks . With the help of these companies, he acquired the Kattowitzer AG for mining and ironworks and the United Königs- and Laurahütte and other companies. The covert granting of low-interest loans by a special fund of the German Foreign Ministry also contributed to the takeover of these companies. The aim of German foreign policy in the 1920s was to regain Eastern Upper Silesia. Therefore, the large industrial companies should remain in German ownership and not pass into Polish ownership. For reasons of asset protection and risk minimization, most of the major German shareholders of these companies wanted the industrial families Henckel von Donnersmarck ; von Schaffgotsch , von Giesche , von Ballestrem and von Tiele-Winckler sell their shares. Flick took advantage of this foreign policy constellation of interests and was thus able to acquire large assets at a relatively low price with a relatively small investment of his own capital and accepting the latent risks of expropriation.

When Friedrich Flick moved the company headquarters to Berlin in September 1923 , he did not buy up companies indiscriminately during the inflationary period , but purposefully expanded the core business in the iron and steel industry as well as in the coal industry. The Bismarckhütte, the Kattowitzer AG für Bergbau und der Eisenhüttenbetrieb, the most important coal producer in the Upper Silesia region, and the Oberschlesische Eisenindustrie AG were further milestones on the way to becoming one of the largest steel groups in Germany. The engagement in Upper Silesia turned out to be a wrong decision, and debts piled up. As a result, other works by Flick ran into considerable financial difficulties.

In exchange for the indebted Central German and Upper Silesian factories, Flick acquired shares from Hugo Stinnes in 1926 , which ultimately helped him to acquire a majority stake in the new Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG . The Charlottenhütte remained in Flick's personal possession as a holding company and in 1929 took over the majority of the shares in Maxhütte . In 1931, the Maxhütte and Mitteldeutsche Stahlwerke companies were set up in the holding company Charlottenhütte AG, and he separated from the United Steelworks. As a result of these measures, the global economic crisis and the high level of debt, Flick was threatened with insolvency after the rapid rise:

"Had the great business depression of 1930 not interrupted his speculative sprint to power, Flick might have consolidated his position and replaced Fritz Thyssen as the dominant power in United Steel."

- George WF Hallgarten

In July 1932, Flick succeeded in selling the majority of the shares in Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG , which held the majority in the United Steelworks, to the Reich government for a market value that was more than three times higher. Flick later explained this sensational sale by pointing out that the Reich government wanted to prevent him from selling to the French. In the Nuremberg Flick Trial , however, Flick testified about the background to the affair that he had tried as a secret intermediary for the German Reich since 1926 to maintain control over the Upper Silesian mining companies, most of which had fallen to Poland in the Versailles Treaty. Hence, George WF Hallgarten concluded, Flick's threat to sell it to France was a form of political blackmail.

With that Flick was rehabilitated. This deal, the Gelsenberg affair , became a scandal in the press not only because of the stock exchange business, but also because of the campaign donations to parties ranging from the SPD to the NSDAP (with preference for the bourgeois parties). Kurt von Schleicher (independent Reichswehr Minister from June 1, 1932), Alfred Hugenberg (media entrepreneur; DNVP ) and Heinrich Brüning ( Center Party , Reich Chancellor until May 30, 1932) received six-figure campaign donations . The government members of the Brüning II cabinet received a total of 450,000 Reichsmarks in donations for the 1932 presidential election campaign and their candidate Paul von Hindenburg . Also in 1932, Flick's private secretary Otto Steinbrinck became a member of the Keppler circle .

National Socialism

Friedrich Flick with members of the management board and the supervisory board of Maxhütte (June 16, 1937). Top row from left: Hans Krugmann, Karl Raabe , Hermann Terberger ; lower row from left: Consul Heinrich von Stein, Eugen Böhringer, Friedrich Flick , Carl Schneider (cut off); sitting: Robert Röchling.

The acquisition of the Essen hard coal works not only provided the starting point for the entry into the production of synthetic gasoline, but was also of strategic importance for the smelting of ores as the self-sufficiency of their own steel and iron works. In 1933, Mitteldeutsche Stahlwerke bought Allgemeine Transportanlagen-Gesellschaft (ATG), which had emerged from Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke after the First World War . With that Flick was positioned for the emerging arms business with the National Socialists.

Flick was a member of the conservative German men's club . In 1934, the Mitteldeutsche Stahlwerke became a compulsory member of the "compulsory community in the lignite industry" and thus a founding company of BRABAG . From the mid-1930s, Flick had a dominant position in the Central German Brown Coal Syndicate .

After 1933 he concentrated the donations, around 100,000 Reichsmarks per year, on the NSDAP . After the four-year ban on entry he joined the NSDAP on May 1, 1937 under membership number 5,918,393. In a party statistical survey by the NSDAP from July 1939, the following memberships of Friedrich Flick in other branches, clubs and associations were given: National Socialist Motor Vehicle Corps (NSKK), German Labor Front , NS-Volkswohlfahrt , Reichsluftschutzbund , German Hunters' Association . Flick's membership in the Economic Council and the Honorary Council of the Academy for German Law is evidenced by a membership card in the Federal Archives in Berlin. In 1934 or 1935 he became a member of the Friends of the Reichsführer SS, which comprised around 40 people .

On February 20, 1933, together with Gustav Krupp von Bohlen and Halbach , Georg von Schnitzler , Fritz Springorum , Ernst Tengelmann , Albert Vögler and other representatives of the German economy, he was invited to the new Chancellor Adolf Hitler ( secret meeting of February 20, 1933 ). He wanted to explain his economic policy to those present and at the same time dispel concerns about him. So he tried very hard to cast off the image of the beer tent agitator and assured business representatives that, contrary to announcements of expropriation that were purely propagandistic , the property relations in the business world would remain untouched in the event of a takeover of power. He also pledged to eliminate the influence of the labor movement and to initiate extensive armaments measures.

After power had been transferred to the National Socialists and their allies by the Enabling Act in March 1933 (" Hitler Cabinet " from the NSDAP, DNVP and Stahlhelm ), Flick sent Heinrich Koppenberg , chairman of the supervisory board of the Central German Steel Works , to the Reich Aviation Ministry in April 1933 . There he was promised larger jobs. In December, the establishment of the Air Force was a done deal, and ATG, which belongs to the group, received its first orders for the construction of aircraft. This was followed in March 1934 by an order for the manufacture of bombs, grenades and ammunition. On March 15 of the same year Friedrich Flick visited the Chief of Staff of the Army Weapons Office , Georg Thomas .

The former Maxhütte in Sulzbach-Rosenberg , 2004

In January 1934, Friedrich Flick received the position on the supervisory board of Harpener Bergbau AG . After acquiring this AG, the group was able to supply plants with sufficient coal of its own. In 1934 Siegener Eisenindustrie AG was transferred to the companies Mittelstahl, Maxhütte and Harpener Bergbau AG. In 1937 he converted Siegener Eisenindustrie AG into Friedrich Flick KG. This meant that at the top there was no executive board of an AG, but a partnership that was 95 percent owned by the Flick family.

Participation in the expropriation of Jewish companies

As early as 1934, the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, Wilhelm Keppler and Heinrich Himmler pursued the goal of taking the Simson weapons factory from the Jewish owner in order to transfer it into " German-blooded " hands. At that time, the negotiator of the potential takeover Flick, Otto Steinbrinck, was only interested in a legally flawless transfer to Flick's property, because at that time there was no legal basis for expropriations. That is why the Thuringian Gauleitung (headed by Gauleiter Fritz Sauckel ) put political pressure on the Jewish owner Simson until he agreed to sell the property. The state carried out the takeover, equivalent to an expropriation. In this way, Flick achieved that he did not appear as a potential buyer of Simson or that he had forced it to sell.

Another example of the so-called Aryanization in this style influenced by Flick was the takeover of the Essen banking house Hirschland in 1938, whereby the Essen Gauleitung exerted the selling pressure and the Essen coal works took over shares, while Flick in turn provided the necessary credit to the coal works Purchase, so again could only be indirectly related to the events.

Based on this initial experience with the takeover of Jewish companies on a smaller scale by the Flick Group, Hugo Dietrich , the lawyer of the Flick Group, worked out the ordinance on the use of Jewish assets of December 3, 1938 for the National Socialists, with the help of which the Large-scale expropriation was legalized. Friedrich Flick KG then profited from the expropriation of the Hochofenwerke Lübeck AG (see below) and the operations of the Ignaz Petschek Group , which enabled him to strengthen his interests and expand his property considerably. In May 1938, Flick had acquired the Anhaltische Kohlenwerke and the Werschen-Weißenfelser Braunkohlen AG from the Julius-Petschek Group at a favorable price.

The good contacts with Hermann Göring contributed to the fact that Flick benefited more than some of his competitors from the expropriation of the Jewish minority. As the only German industrialist, he supported the plans to build up the Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Salzgitter . In contrast to the companies in the Rhine and Ruhr regions , it supplied hard coal to the rival Hermann Göring works. In return he received a written promise that he would be favored in "Aryanizations".

Even before the Third Reich, Flick was interested in the blast furnace works Lübeck AG owned by the Jewish Hahn family and in the associated ore import company Rawack & Grünfeld AG owned by the Jewish Eisner family. Both families held 80 percent of the shares in the Lübeck blast furnace, which produced high-quality pig iron. As early as 1927, Flick attempted a takeover in vain through dubious stock deals. In 1937, together with the Army Weapons Office , he succeeded in taking over the company for 3.4 million Reichsmarks . Three years earlier the share value was 14.3 million.

Occupied Territories

  • In occupied Poland , Flick wanted to take over the Bismarckhütte in Katowice , which had previously been in his possession, as a trustee after the occupation of Poland. However, the Reich government proposed this work to the Krupp concern .
  • After long negotiations with the Reich government about the division of the steel companies in occupied Ukraine , in which the Hermann Göring works were mainly taken into account, the Dnjepr Stahl GmbH was re-established in January 1943 , with the Flick KG and the Reichswerke Hermann Göring each held half of the capital. Due to the war situation, the plant had to be relocated to Oderberg in Upper Silesia after a short time .
  • The intended expansion in the Baltic States in the Vairog company , which was to produce railway wagons and carriages, was just as unsuccessful .
  • In the occupied west, the Flick group was economically more successful. After the occupation of France in June 1940, Flick concentrated on the Rombacher Hütte, which Karl Raabe knew from an earlier stay in France, and was appointed trustee on March 1, 1941. Rombach brought Flick a significant increase in capacity. The plant was evacuated from the Allies on August 31, 1944.

Overall, Flick was not able to significantly expand its company share in the conquered areas, except for Lorraine, with success. Nevertheless, the companies in the occupied territories provided Flick with a basis for expanding its capacity in Germany through the acquisitions and expansions that had taken place. For the first time, Flick KG drew level with its competitor Krupp in steel production in 1941; this was made possible primarily by the production volume in the Rombach ironworks.

Forced labor

In the course of the war, the proportion of slave labor rose steadily. Within the Flick Group, a total of around 130,000 workers were employed in the war year 1944, of which around half were employed as forced laborers and concentration camp prisoners and were exploited. After including the fluctuation among the forced laborers, 80,000 - 100,000 should have been employed.

As with other companies, there was initially less interest in employing foreign workers for various reasons. This changed in the course of the war due to the resulting labor shortage from the end of 1939/40. The proportion of foreign workers rose steadily. From 1942 onwards, the proportion of forced laborers was particularly high in companies that manufactured armaments or were active in coal mining, and by November 1943 the Maxhütte of Flick KG reached a share of 44 percent. During the Second World War , tens of thousands of forced laborers , mainly from Eastern Europe and slave laborers from concentration camps (including Ignatz Bubis ) were used in the numerous Flicks factories . It is estimated that over 10,000 victims were beaten to death with malnutrition and brutal treatment during these years . The conditions here were extremely bad and the treatments were very brutal. Even the authorities pointed out these particularly inhumane conditions. In December 1942 a state commission of inquiry wrote after a tour of the Essener Steinkohle AG : “The Eastern workers are currently housed in barracks for prisoners of war with the heaviest barbed wire and barred windows. Disinfestation inadequate. Lots of bugs. Straw mattresses had to be removed, so I only sleep on wire mattresses. Sometimes a beating. Wage issue unresolved. Not particularly food. "

From 1938 Flick was a military economic leader . In addition, he became a member of the supervisory and administrative boards of several large companies in the coal, iron and steel industries. He was a member of the four-person board of directors of Berg- und Hüttenwerke Ost (BHO), a state-private monopoly company that had to organize the systematic exploitation of raw material deposits and the start of massive war production with captured means of production in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union .

Friedrich Flick was one of the biggest beneficiaries of the armaments boom initiated by the National Socialists and the subsequent war boom. The group's assets increased in the period from 1933 to 1943 from 225 million to 953 million Reichsmarks. Flick KG grew to 132 companies with an annual turnover of 550 million Reichsmarks during the Second World War . His private fortune was estimated at around two to three billion Reichsmarks.

After the collapse of National Socialism

Denazification and de-cartelation

As the war came to an end, Flick, who was No. 3 on the Kilgore Committee's list of 42 industrialists most guilty of Nazi crimes, tried to prepare for the aftermath. With the amendment of the articles of association on March 20, 1944, Flick increased the stake to 90 percent for his sons Otto-Ernst and Friedrich Karl, who already held the majority of the Flick Group in 1941. In the last days of the war he moved the corporate headquarters from Berlin to the part of Germany controlled by the Western Allies in Düsseldorf, relocated the central files to the West and had incriminating files destroyed in large quantities. In order to hide the fact that he was deeply involved in National Socialism, he had the donation receipts collected for the democratic Weimar parties as early as 1944. On May 8, 1945, he disappeared to his country estate, the Sauersberg farm, in Wackersberg in Upper Bavaria. Flick had " taken over " this in 1937 from Ignatz Nacher , the CEO and majority shareholder of the Engelhardt Brewery , which was then the second largest German brewery group . There he was arrested on June 13, 1945 and then interned in the former Dachau concentration camp.

Friedrich Flick as a defendant during the Nuremberg Trials (1947)

After the Allied victory, the Flick Group lost around 75 percent of its industrial property that it owned during the National Socialist era. As part of the Nuremberg trials, Flick and five of his leaders were indicted in the " Flick trial " named after him . With the help of his lawyer Rudolf Dix , Flick and the co-defendants presented themselves as victims of the Nazi system. On December 22, 1947, Flick was sentenced to seven years in prison for slave labor, deportation for slave labor, looting of the occupied territories and participating in SS crimes. Due to the mild conviction and the early dismissals as part of the general wave of pardons under the American High Commissioner John J. McCloy , the convicts had time to reorganize the former Flick property after their imprisonment in Landsberg correctional facility . After Flick was released in the spring of 1950, he took refuge in the role of victim.

At the last war conference in Potsdam in August 1945, the Allies decided to denazify and de- cartel , which was aimed primarily at the coal and steel companies in order to smash the armaments industry. This was provided by the zoning laws of the British and Anglo-Americans in preamble 75 and the successor regulation No. 27 of the law for the reorganization of the German coal mining and the German steel and iron industry .

The corporate management argued that the Flick corporation was not a powerful economic power, posed no threat to peace and market freedom, and that Flick and the management staff did not support the Nazis in any way. The management referred to Friedrich Flick's mild verdict, and since Flick was imprisoned, Konrad Kaletsch began negotiations with the Allies from 1948. When the American authorities had completed the liquidation plan for Friedrich Flick KG, Kaletsch successfully intervened with the federal government. In 1952 an agreement was reached that only provided for the sale of the hard coal companies, and this within five years at normal market prices. The iron and steel works remained fully in the control of Flick KG, and the unbundling measures resulted in liquid funds totaling a quarter of a billion DM.

After the unbundling, the Flick group had preserved almost all rights of disposal of its West German property, and the rise to one of the largest post-war groups was mapped out.

Recovery claims

After the unbundling had been settled in the interests of the group, the reimbursement claims of the expropriated Jewish entrepreneurs had to be satisfied.

  • The Hahn and Eisner family , the former owners of the blast furnace works in Lübeck, were satisfied in the form of shares after a restitution claim for shares worth around 1.6 million DM, which was an insignificant minority stake in terms of their earlier influence.
  • After lengthy legal disputes, an agreement was reached with the Julius Petschek Group in 1957 . She received back shares in the Anhalt coal works as well as shares with a nominal value of DM 2.5 million in Salzdetfurth AG , which were still owned by the remaining administration of the Anhalt coal works.
  • It was more difficult to pacify the Ignaz Petschek Group's restitution claims, as a balance had to be found between three parties. In 1939, their expropriated property was initially assigned to the state-owned Reichwerke Hermann Göring. In 1940, after a bidding process, the Anhaltische Kohlenwerke acquired shares in Gruben im Geiseltal and Upper Silesia as well as the majority of shares in Eintracht Braunkohlenwerke und Brikettfabriken AG in Welzow . Ultimately, Ignaz Petschek heirs received through the federal government , as the legal successor of the "kingdom of plants" also shares the Anhalt coal mines and a not published in the total financial compensation.

As a result of these negotiations, the influence of the former Jewish owners of large and important pre-war companies on economic activity had become insignificant compared to earlier times, and with these settlement solutions the Flick Group had no admission of guilt for its involvement with the Nazi regime and extortion of the given to former owner. On the contrary: with the surplus of cash from the Ignaz-Petschek settlement, the group was able to continue to shape its future economically at the beginning of the 1960s.

Another important aspect of the settlement arrangements achieved in the sense of Flick was that the compensation of the Jewish forced laborers by the Flick Group was always rejected with the reference to the settlements that had taken place, with the argument that there was no admission of guilt.

Resurgence

Friedrich Flick had become one of the richest men in West Germany again in the 1950s. He soon became the largest shareholder in Daimler-Benz and had holdings in Feldmühle , Dynamit Nobel , Buderus and Krauss-Maffei . In 1955 he again owned 100 companies with a turnover of around 8 billion DM . His personal fortune had grown again to 88 million DM. By the end of the 1960s, Flick was undisputedly the richest man in Germany. At the beginning of the 1960s he appointed his youngest son Friedrich Karl to be his successor. The eldest son Otto Ernst sued unsuccessfully and finally left the company in 1966. After his wife Marie died that year, Flick withdrew to Konstanz because of a bronchial disease . There he lived alternately in the Steigenberger Inselhotel on Dominican Island and in Ebersberg Castle in neighboring Kreuzlingen ( Canton Thurgau , Switzerland ).

In 1963 he was awarded the Great Federal Cross of Merit with a star and shoulder ribbon. The factual novel Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz by Bernt Engelmann , published in late autumn 1974, illuminates the close amalgamation of politics and business .

When he died on July 20, 1972 in Konstanz, he left his son and his two grandchildren Gert-Rudolf Flick and Friedrich Christian Flick a group with 330 companies, around 300,000 employees and an annual turnover of around 18 billion DM. Flick was born in the city of his birth Kreuztal buried. There is also the house where he was born, which after the death of Friedrich Karl Flick was sold by his heirs on April 4, 2007 to the Kreuztaler Stiftung Diakoniestation.

When the Flick Group applied for a tax reduction of almost DM 1 billion from the Federal Ministry of Economics and received approval in 1981, tax investigators found out that the Flick Group had made payments to politicians from all parties represented in the Bundestag. It came to the so-called Flick affair and in a process of bribery before the Bonn Regional Court, Hans Friderichs , Otto Graf Lambsdorff (both economics ministers of the FDP ) were sentenced to fines and Eberhard von Brauchitsch to a suspended sentence.

An article in the news magazine Der Spiegel , which spoke of Kreuztal as the bought city, caused a sensation in the 1980s . In his hometown of Kreuztal, he was made an honorary citizen during his lifetime. In addition, the local high school there was named after him until 2008 (" Friedrich-Flick-Gymnasium "), which he partially financed with 3 million DM through a foundation. After former students founded an initiative in April 2008 to initiate a debate about the name of the school, the high school was renamed “Städtisches Gymnasium Kreuztal” on November 6, 2008 by a council resolution.

In several German municipalities, including Burbach in Siegerland and Teublitz in Upper Palatinate , streets are named after him. The Council of the City of Maxhütte-Haidhof unanimously rejected the renaming of the Friedrich-Flick-Straße there on June 12, 2009 with 24 to 0 votes. The CSU parliamentary group in the council cited the reason that the population "rightly sees the positive things" at Flick. The SPD parliamentary group said, "No local resident has anything against the name, and that's why he should stay." Citizens with a different opinion formed in the “Forced Labor” project group . In Rosenberg , the stadium of the former state league club TuS Rosenberg, the Dr. Friedrich Flick Stadium, and a park are named after him. The stadium was renamed in 2012.

literature

Movie

  • Flick. Part 1: The Ascent. Part 2: the legacy. TV documentary and docu-drama , Germany, 2010, 90 min., Script and director: Thomas Fischer, production: arte , SWR , first broadcast: May 26, 2010, film dossier at arte with video clips, discussion

Web links

Commons : Friedrich Flick  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Flick - two-part documentary from May / June 2010. ( Memento from May 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) daserste.de
  2. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 4.
  3. ↑ Horst G. Koch: patriarchs. Miners and smelters, mines and blast furnace works in Siegerland and Westerwald. , 1982; Pp. 130/131
  4. ↑ Winfried Ranke, Gottfried Korff: Hauberg and iron - agriculture and industry in Siegerland around 1900 . Verlag Schirmer / Mosel, Munich 1980.
  5. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Decroll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-486-58683-1 , p. 15. ff.
  6. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 10f.
  7. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 13f.
  8. ↑ a b George WF Hallgarten : Adolf Hitler and German Heavy Industry, 1931-1933. In: The Journal of Economic History 12, No. 3, 1952, pp. 222-246, here p. 233.
  9. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 47. Cf. George WF Hallgarten: Adolf Hitler and German Heavy Industry, 1931–1933. In: The Journal of Economic History 12, No. 3, 1952, pp. 222–246, here p. 234: “ Reich Finance Minister Dietrich, who concluded the deal, consented to pay Flick 90 per cent of the par value for the Gelsenkirchen shares, though their market value was only 22 per cent cent at the time. ”
  10. ↑ “ Flick later tried to explain this fantastic happening by pointing out that the Reich cabinet wanted to prevent him from selling out to the French. ”George WF Hallgarten: Adolf Hitler and German Heavy Industry, 1931-1933. In: The Journal of Economic History 12, No. 3, 1952, pp. 222-246, here p. 234.
  11. ^ George WF Hallgarten: Adolf Hitler and German Heavy Industry, 1931-1933. In: The Journal of Economic History 12, No. 3, 1952, pp. 222-246, here p. 235.
  12. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 52.
  13. ^ George WF Hallgarten: Adolf Hitler and German Heavy Industry, 1931-1933. In: The Journal of Economic History 12, No. 3, 1952, pp. 222-246, here p. 236 f.
  14. ↑ Henry Ashby Turner : The Big Entrepreneurs and the Rise of Hitler . Siedler Verlag, Berlin 1985, p. 299 f.
  15. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 75.
  16. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich. Walter de Gruyter, 2012, p. 96.
  17. ↑ Further additional information on Friedrich Flick from Dr. Oliver Hirsch (PDF)
  18. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 82.
  19. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich. Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 302 ff.
  20. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 730.
  21. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 466.
  22. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, 430 ff.
  23. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 463 f.
  24. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, pp. 511 and 531.
  25. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 524.
  26. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 740.
  27. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 90.
  28. ↑ The revolver was already on the table . In: Die Zeit , No. 17/1989.
  29. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 663.
  30. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 677.
  31. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 684.
  32. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 692.
  33. ↑ Johannes Bähr, Axel Drecoll, Bernhard Gotto, Kim Christian Priemel, Harald Wixforth: The Flick Group in the Third Reich . Published by the Institute for Contemporary History Munich-Berlin on behalf of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, Munich 2008, p. 711.
  34. ^ Siegerländer Heimatkalender 1990, p. 18, 65th edition, published by Siegerländer Heimat- und Geschichtsverein e. V., publishing house for local literature
  35. ↑ flick-ist-kein-vorbild.de - website of the initiative to rename the Friedrich-Flick-Gymnasium
  36. ↑ Boris Schopper: “In future the school will be called the Städtisches Gymnasium Kreuztal. Off for Flick-Gymnasium “ , in: Westfälische Rundschau , November 6th, 2008
  37. ↑ Despite war crimes: the street remains named after Friedrich Flick. In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung . June 12, 2009, archived from the original on September 6, 2012 ; accessed on October 21, 2019 (only partially archived).
  38. ↑ See: Forced Labor Project Group, Berlin: projektgruppe-zwangsarbeit.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives ).@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.projektgruppe-zwangsarbeit.de
  39. ↑ Review by Nils Klawitter: Voluntary Forced Labor? In: Der Spiegel . No. 23 , 2008, p. 96 ( Online - June 2, 2008 ).
  40. ^ Book review. In: Die Zeit , No. 40/2009.
personal data
SURNAME Flick, Friedrich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German entrepreneur
DATE OF BIRTH July 10, 1883
PLACE OF BIRTH Kreuztal -Ernsdorf
DATE OF DEATH July 20, 1972
Place of death Constancy