Ankara Esenboğa Airport

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Esenboğa Havalimanı
TAV Airports logo.svg
Esenboğa Havalimanı, Ankara, Turkey picture taken from plane 3.jpg
Characteristics
ICAO code LTAC
IATA code ESB
Coordinates

40 ° 7 ′ 41 ″  N , 32 ° 59 ′ 42 ″  E Coordinates: 40 ° 7 ′ 41 ″  N , 32 ° 59 ′ 42 ″  E
Height above MSL 953 m (3127  ft )
Transport links
Distance from the city center 28 km northeast of Ankara , TurkeyTurkeyTurkey 
Local transport Buses; Taxis
Basic data
opening 1955
operator TAV Airports Holding
Passengers 5,056,451 (2020)
Air freight 110,221 t (2016)
Flight
movements 		105,615 (2016)
Capacity
( PAX per year) 		20 million
Runways
03R / 21L 3750 m × 60 m asphalt
03L / 21R 3750 m × 45 m asphalt

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The airport Esenboga ( IATA code ESB , ICAO LTAC , even Esenboğa airport or Ankara airport , Turkish Esenboğa Havalimanı , Ankara Esenboğa Havalimanı or Ankara Havalimanı ) is a Turkish major airport, which was opened in 1955th The airport is located in the suburb of the same name Esenboğa . Ankara city ​​center is 28 kilometers away and can be reached by airport buses, private cars and taxis. The journey time is around 30 to 60 minutes.

The airport was significantly expanded and renewed in the first decade of the 21st century. In 2018, 16,732,651 passengers were handled at Ankara-Esenboğa Airport, of which almost 87%, i.e. 14,483,453, were accounted for by the comparatively heavy domestic traffic in Ankara. In 2019 there was a significant decline in domestic passenger numbers, which is why the annual passenger volume fell by almost 20% compared to the previous year (13,692,954).

history

Prehistory and beginnings

Ankara-Esenboğa Airport was built in the 1950s to take over all civil air traffic from Ankara-Güvercinlik Airport, which had previously been used for mixed military and civilian use . Güvercinlik Airport can be traced back to 1912.

Ankara-Güvercinlik Airport served the predecessor company of Turkish Airlines , the State Airlines Administration founded in 1933 , in the early years as both a technical and an operational base. In the first years of its existence it only operated the routes from Ankara to Istanbul and Eskisehir , and after 1947 also a route to Athens via Istanbul. Over time, the company relocated to the larger Istanbul Airport. Nevertheless, the construction of a civil airport was inevitable. The old Güvercinlik airport should be available to military aviation, the new one exclusively civilian airport.

For the construction of the airport, the Turkish government signed a contract with JC White Westinghouse Electric International Corporation in 1947 for the construction or expansion of two civil airports in the country, the airport known today as Istanbul-Ataturk airport , then called Yesilköy airport, and Ankara airport -Esenboğa. The contract stipulated that Westinghouse should be responsible for the equipment. Construction work began in 1951 and Ankara-Esenboğa Airport was opened in 1955 as the second international airport in Turkey. The renovation of the Istanbul airport had been completed earlier. The new airport started all commercial flights from this date, while the old one served exclusively the Turkish Air Force . Güvercinlik Airport is still an important base for the Air Force today.

The airport was built near the town of Esenboğa, which led to the name Esenboğa Havalimani or Ankara Esenboğa Havalimani , which has existed from the beginning . The place name Esenboğa means something like healthy bull . At the time of its inauguration, Ankara-Esenboğa Airport consisted of a runway, which is extended by around 1000 meters and still functions today as runway 03R / 21L, and a passenger building. The maintenance hangar , which was completed in 1954, is still in operation.

Further development

From the 1950s, passenger numbers in Turkey and Ankara experienced a small boom, but flights were still reserved for a very small segment of the population.

In the decades after the opening, construction work and extensions were mainly carried out on the maintenance hangars and maintenance facilities. A small hangar was built in 1964 and another, larger maintenance hall was completed the following year. The airport was also given a building in 1968 that housed a lounge and a first aid station.

The number of passengers rose sharply in the 1970s and 1980s, so that the existing facilities had gradually reached their capacity limits. For this reason, the existing passenger facilities were expanded considerably in the 1980s by building an extension directly next to the existing terminal, which was used for domestic flights, while international flights were accommodated in the old part of the building. This construction project was completed in 1984. In the same year, the 03L-21R parallel runway went into operation, which expanded the runway capacity. These expansions were in line with economic policy, which had begun to change since 1980. It was less aimed at expanding and intensifying the internal market, and connecting the centers with one another, than increasingly at a connection to international markets. If road and national flight connections were first developed, international connections were now increased.

In 1990 a new control tower and another workshop building were built.

Plans from the 1990s

While the runway capacity was more than sufficient, the shortcomings in the old passenger building became more and more apparent in the 1990s. In addition to the fact that both the international as well as the national building section were gradually and hopelessly overloaded, the outdated building stood out more and more negatively after around 50 years. The building was no longer able to cope with the demands of the time because it was narrow and dark. In 1998 it was therefore decided to build a new passenger building, which was to be financed by a build-operate-transfer project. The first calls for tenders were therefore carried out in the same year.

The new passenger building, seen from the landside

In 1997, the foundation stone for a new simulation center for pilot training was laid at the airport, which was inaugurated in 2002. Numerous aircraft simulators can be found on an area of ​​17,000 square meters.

Construction of the terminal

The Turkish TAV Airports Holding won the tender for the construction of the terminal . After the contract was signed on January 23, 2004, construction work began in October of the same year. The new facilities were erected in a hurry, so that TAV Airports had already completed the new passenger building by October 2006, one year before the contractual opening date. The opening was brought forward so that the new terminal could be inaugurated on October 13, 2006. It will now be operated by TAV Airports until May 2023, after which it is to be transferred to the state airport operator DHMI. In order to reduce energy consumption, a solar system integrated into the facade was planned.

Operation and ownership

Concession agreement

Ankara-Esenboğa Airport is owned by the state airport operator Devlet Hava Meydanlari Isletmesi (DHMI), which owned all 32 commercial airports in Turkey in 2011. Devlet Hava Meydanlari Isletmesi is also directly responsible for operations at most airports, but at some of the country's major airports, including Ankara-Esenboğa Airport, operations are based on an operator model (also known as BOT or Build-Operate-Transfer process called). A private company is building or expanding a terminal or the facilities at an existing airport and is allowed to operate them for a certain period of time. After an agreed period of time, the terminal with the systems will be handed over to the state or its airport operator DHMI.

The new terminal that opened in 2006

Operations at Esenboğa Airport are also based on a BOT process. The newly built, connected international and national terminal, which handles all passenger air traffic, was built and operated using such a process with the company TAV Airports Holding . In 2004, TAV Airports won a tender for the construction and operated a new terminal for international and domestic flights, construction of which began in the same year. The construction work progressed quickly, and so TAV Airports was able to open the building to traffic in October 2006 and thus also take over operations at the airport. The contract stipulates that the building will be operated by TAV Airports for 16 years and seven months from the inauguration until it falls to DHMI after the time has expired, i.e. in May 2023.

Handling and dispatch

Handling, ground services and clearance at the new terminal will be carried out by the three service companies TGS , Havaalanlari Yer Hizmetleri AS (HAVAS) and Çelebi Ground Handling , which have signed a contract with TAV Airports. After the grandson Bekir Çelebi left the company at his own request and gave up his position as CEO, the company lost 13.48% in the index. The family reports that the portfolio at Frankfurt / Main Airport and Munich will be expanded.

Terminals

Old terminal

Apron of the old terminal in 2005

The old terminal of the airport, meanwhile no longer used for passenger services, was the only passenger terminal at the airport for over five decades until it was replaced by the new building in autumn 2006. The building, which has not yet been demolished, is located northeast of the new terminal. With the exception of the extension in the 1980s, the building has hardly been expanded since its opening, only the aprons had been expanded in all directions. In the absence of passenger boarding bridges, the aircraft were always boarded via stairs.

Because of its age and because it had hardly been modernized, it was extremely unpopular with passengers years before it was closed. Above all, they criticized its crampedness and the little daylight that penetrated the building, as well as the outdated rooms. The capacity was around 2 million passengers a year, but the figures achieved in the last few years of operation sometimes exceeded the limit of over four million passengers a year, which was twice the capacity. As a result, the terminal was overcrowded and overloaded.

After the end of passenger traffic, however, the terminal and its apron will be reserved for occasional special tasks and other services such as a medical station (as of 2011).

New terminal

New terminal seen from the runway.

In September 2004, TAV Airports signed a contract with the state-owned DHMI to build a new terminal based on the build-operate-transfer concept. This means that TAV was able to build a new terminal at the Ankara state airport in order to then operate it until the agreed deadline has expired, after which the new terminal and the airport will be operated by DHMI again. A construction period of three years and subsequent operation by TAV Airports of 15 years and eight months were agreed.

The construction work began in the same month as the contract was signed, September 24th, 2004. In addition to the terminal, the contract also included the construction of a new parking garage directly in front of the new passenger building.

The construction of the new terminal and the multi-storey car park, in which numerous well-known construction companies were involved, went faster than planned and took just 24 months instead of the estimated 36 months. However, TAV Airports was able to agree to bring the opening forward and at the same time to use the time not required during construction as additional operating time before the transfer to DHMI. The construction costs amounted to the equivalent of 189 million euros.

The new terminal has a long, curved wing with a total of 18  passenger boarding bridges . The wing is divided into two sections, the northeast part being reserved for international flights and the southwest part for national flights. This is necessary because passport controls and other security precautions are required for international flights . There are a total of 36 passport control counters, 18 of which are located on the departures level and the remaining 18 on the arrivals level. It has a capacity of one million passengers a year.

Nevertheless, the terminal is the first passenger building at an airport in Turkey, where international and domestic flights are handled under one roof.

In front of the gate, on the landside, is the large departure and arrival hall of the airport. In the spacious hall, which, like the gate area, is illuminated by plenty of daylight and planted with green plants, there are check-in counters, a total of 129, check-in machines and excess baggage counters . In the hall there is also a large artificial lake with water features.

Some of the baggage claim belts in Ankara Airport

The baggage claim belts are also located in the central hall . The total of nine baggage carousels, four of which are reserved for international baggage and the remaining five for national flight baggage, are located in the basement. There are also issuing facilities for special baggage.

As at most commercial airports around the world, Esenboğa Airport has large dining areas. The numerous restaurants and fast food outlets extend across the entire departure pier, starting in the departure hall. The total catering area is 5200 square meters.

Airlines and Destinations

Plane of the main airline on site, AnadoluJet
Loading of a Lufthansa Airbus A321

Ankara Airport is connected to many destinations by numerous airlines.

The following destinations are served non-stop in German-speaking countries: Eurowings serves Cologne / Bonn and Stuttgart , Pegasus Airlines flies from Cologne / Bonn, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf, Sunexpress flies from Düsseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg and Stuttgart, Turkish Airlines serves Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg and Vienna . Lufthansa flew twice a day from Munich and once a day from Frankfurt am Main , Germania flew from Dortmund and Hanover . (As of April 2019)

By far the most important airline is the Turkish low-cost airline AnadoluJet , a subsidiary of Turkish Airlines founded in 2008 . It mainly carries out services from Ankara and is based here. AnadoluJet is responsible for a large part of the passengers in Ankara. It operates on an extensive route network, with most of the routes being taken over from her mother in the first few years. In return, it reduced its own fleet presence in Ankara. AnadoluJet operates a dense domestic network and offers connecting flights to, for example, Adana, Adiyaman, Agri, Antalya, Batman, Bodrum, Dalaman, Diyarbakir, Elazig, Ercan, Erzincan, Erzurum, Gaziantep, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaras, Kars, Kayseri, Malatya, Mardin , Mus, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Tekirdag, Trabzon and Van (as of June 2019). AnadoluJet also serves London, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Tehran and Copenhagen internationally. At the beginning of 2011, 36 destinations were headed for, others, including numerous international ones, are in preparation.

Turkish Airlines, the parent company of AnadoluJet, is also present at the airport. It flies directly to a handful of destinations. AnadoluJet and Turkish Airlines offer transfer connections between themselves. This leads to numerous transfer passengers in Ankara. In addition, both companies sell the flights of the other airline on their website.

Other destinations in Western, Central and Northern Europe are served by Transavia , Pegasus Airlines or Iran Air . Central Asia - Turkmenistan Airlines .

Lounges

There are several lounges at the airport. The only one operated by an airline is that of Turkish Airlines . The lounges are located either in the domestic wing or in the wing of the international departures.

Awards

On June 17, 2009, ACI Europe , a subgroup of Airports Council International (ACI), announced the 2009 Quality Award winners. Ankara-Esenboğa Airport was named the best commercial airport in Europe in 2009 in the category of five to ten million passengers per year. Other airports that received a first place in its category in 2009 which were Bologna airport , the Palma de Mallorca Airport and Amsterdam Airport .

Traffic figures

Source: DHMI
Passenger numbers
year inland Domestic change International Change international total Total change
2020 4,316,032   62.2% 740.419   67.5% 5,056,451   63.1%
2019 11,417,759   21.2% 2,275,195   1.5% 13,692,954   18.2%
2018 14.498.102   4.8% 2,241,901   12.7% 16,740,003   5.8%
2017 13,828,365   19.8% 1,988,793   32.9% 15,817,158   21.3%
2016 11,547,240   9.3% 1,496,876   3.5% 13,044,116   7.7%
2015 10,562,282   10.1% 1,551,157   7.4% 12,113,439   9.8%
2014 9,591,350   2.4% 1,444,256   8.1% 11.035.606   0.9%
2013 9,369,832   22.0% 1,572,228   1.3% 10,942,060   18.0%
2012 7,679,371   8.5% 1,593,737   13.4% 9.273.108   9.3%
2011 7,080,072   10.0% 1,405,395   5.8% 8,485,467   9.3%
2010 6,435,221   29.0% 1,328,693   21.4% 7,763,914   27.6%
2009 4,990,134   12.3% 1,094,270   12.3% 6,084,404   6.9%
2008 4,444,311   23.1% 1,247,822   7.5% 5,692,133   14.8%
2007 3,609,122   9.8% 1,349,006   7.1% 4,958,128   9.0%
2006 3,287,585   24.5% 1,259,993   5.9% 4,547,578   18.7%
2005 2,640,604   23.3% 1,189,250   4.8% 3,829,854   16.9%
2004 2,141,047   20.7% 1,134,678   12.3% 3,275,725   17.7%
2003 1,773,531   2.3% 1,010,396   1.1% 2,783,927   1.9%
2002 1,814,563 - 1,022,065 - 2,836,628 -

Incidents

The following is a list of air accidents and aircraft hijackings that took place near Ankara Airport or for which Ankara-Esenboğa Airport was otherwise of great importance for the incident.

Aviation accidents

  • On January 19, 1960, a Sud Aviation Caravelle 1 of Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) with the registration number OY-KRB, which had been delivered the year before, crashed on approach in Ankara. There were a total of 42 people on board, including seven crew members and 35 passengers. The machine, which took off in Istanbul, fell below the minimum safety height and missed the runway. The aircraft flew into the area about ten kilometers southwest of the runway and was destroyed. All 42 inmates were killed.
  • On December 21, 1961, a De Havilland Comet 4B of British European Airways (G-ARJM) on the flight from Ankara to Nicosia carried out in cooperation with the Cypriot Cyprus Airways went into an extremely steep flight position immediately after take-off. There was a stall and crash. The cause is suspected to be a malfunction of the artificial horizon on the captain's side. Of the 34 occupants, 27 died, including all seven members of the crew and 20 of the 27 passengers.
  • On February 1, 1963 collided Vickers Viscount 754d of Middle East Airlines (MEA) ( OD ADE ) with one of the Turkish Air Force operated Douglas DC-3 / C-47A-80-DL ( CBK-28 ) over the city Ankara . The Viscount was approaching Ankara-Esenboğa Airport. The planes crashed into various parts of the city, including a busy market square. In addition to all 17 people on board the two aircraft (14 in the Viscount, 3 in the DC-63), 87 people died on the ground.
  • On February 2, 1969, the Türk Hava Yollari - THY (TC-SET) was approached too low with a Vickers Viscount 794D on its approach to Ankara-Esenboğa airport; it collided with a power pole, fell and caught fire. All 26 occupants survived the accident.
  • On December 23, 1979, a Fokker F28-1000 (TC-JAT) of the Türk Hava Yollari on the way from Samsun Airport to Ankara with a total of 41 passengers and 4 crew members on board was flown against a hill, 32 kilometers north of the destination airport the place Kuyumcuköy located. The approach was supposed to be carried out using the instrument landing system, but the aircraft deviated from the approach route and was destroyed in the process. Of the total of 45 occupants, 41 were killed, including three of the four crew members and 38 of the 41 passengers.
  • On January 16, 1983 by the then still called accident Yesilköy known Ataturk Airport in Istanbul next Boeing 727-2F2 of Turk Hava Yollari (THY) with the registration TC-JBR when landing in Ankara as they with blowing snow 50 m touched down in front of the runway. The machine broke and caught fire. Of the total of 60 passengers and 7 crew members, 47 died. Only 20 occupants survived the accident, including all crew members (see also Turkish Airlines flight 158 ) .
  • On August 25, 1989, a Boeing 727-200 had a problem taking off from Esenboğa Airport in Ankara. The aircraft with the registration number TC-AJV of the local Torosair with a total of 157 passengers and 8 crew members on the way to Maastricht Airport in the Netherlands touched an antenna of the instrument landing system after taking off 300 m behind the end of the runway. The pilots decided to land at the departure airport. There was severe damage to the bow so that the aircraft would not have been worth repairing, which is why it was finally written off. The 165 inmates got away with the horror.

Kidnappings and miscellaneous

Terrorist attack in 1982

On August 7, 1982, two (some sources speak of three) Armenians from the resistance group Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (Asala) carried out an attack in the passenger terminal of Ankara-Esenboğa airport. The terrorists were armed with automatic firearms and a bomb. In the attack, they killed two security officers and six passengers and injured 72 other people. One of the terrorists was also killed while Levon Ekmekdschian was caught and executed.

  • On March 30, 1998, on a flight of the Kibris Türk Hava Yollari with a Boeing 727 en route from Ercan Airport to Ankara, a male passenger claimed he had a bomb and used this to help the crew to force to fly to Cologne. The pilots tried to convince the man that the fuel was not enough for Cologne and ended up on their own initiative at Esenboğa Airport in Ankara. Shortly after landing, Turkish security forces stormed the plane and captured the man. None of the 105 inmates suffered any damage, and no explosives could be found.
The briefly kidnapped Boeing 737-800 TC-APU during a visit to Düsseldorf
  • On April 10, 2007 on a domestic Pegasus Airlines flight from Diyarbakir Airport to Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen , which was operated with a Boeing 737-800 with the registration TC-APU, a male passenger claimed that he had smuggled a bomb on board and wanted to be flown to Ankara, if not, the bomb would be detonated. The pilots obeyed the man's demands and landed in Ankara. Shortly before landing, the passenger wanted the pilots to prefer to fly to Iranian Tehran, but they no longer obeyed. The man finally gave up the attempt 40 minutes after the demand. He was then arrested; no bomb could be found. The 184 inmates, including 6 crew members, were not physically harmed during the incident.

Space shuttle

While the space shuttle was in operation, the airport was a possible emergency landing site in the event of an unscheduled landing.

Web links

Commons : Ankara Esenboğa Airport  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ dhmi.gov.tr
  2. ↑ airport-technology.com about Ankara Airport (1) , last accessed on May 16, 2011
  3. ^ History of Turkish Airlines ( memento of March 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 16, 2011
  4. ^ History of Turkish Aviation ( Memento from May 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 16, 2011
  5. ↑ alaturka.info about the airport ( Memento from May 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 16, 2011
  6. ↑ a b c d History of Ankara-Esenboğa Airport on the website of the state DHMI ( Memento of May 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 30, 2011
  7. ↑ Z. Sevgen Perker: Reflection of habitat on architecture: Ankara from the Republic proclamation to our days. In: Scientific Research and Essays. 5,19 (2010), pp. 2858-2866, here: pp. 2865f.
  8. ↑ Ayþe Neþen Sürmeli, Melis Gürbüzbalaban, Ugur Gürsat Yalçiner: Passive Solar Control - A methodology for the Promotion of environmental conscious design of Ankara Airport. In: Built environment and information technologies. Ankara 2006, pp. 543-553.
  9. ↑ dhmi.gov.tr: AERODROMES ( Memento from June 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 16, 2011
  10. ↑ a b Terminal Features - Ankara Esenboga Airport ( Memento from June 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 16, 2011
  11. ↑ a b DHMI: ANKARA ESENBOGA AERODROME, General Information ( Memento of the original from January 17, 2011 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed May 16, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dhmi.gov.tr
  12. ^ Station of the Handling Agent Havaalanlari Yer Hizmetleri AS in Ankara ( Memento from June 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 19, 2011
  13. ↑ Information about Ground Handling Services ( Memento from June 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 16, 2011
  14. ^ TAV on the health service, including the old termina ( memento from September 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 19, 2011
  15. ^ TAV Construction on the construction project in Ankara ( Memento from January 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), last accessed on May 19, 2011
  16. ^ Emre Basaran: Experience of Turkey in Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Development. Ankara n.d., p. 11.
  17. ↑ airport-technology.com about Ankara Airport (2) , accessed on May 16, 2011
  18. ↑ Flightradar24: Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map. Retrieved April 7, 2019 .
  19. ↑ Lufthansa flight plan ( Memento from June 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 7.4 MB), last accessed on June 3, 2013
  20. ↑ Germania flight plan ( Memento of May 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 337 kB), last accessed on June 3, 2013
  21. ↑ Example of a route taken over by AnadoluJet , accessed on May 16, 2011
  22. ↑ europelowcost.co.uk via AnadoluJet , accessed June 10, 2019.
  23. ↑ AnadoluJet target map ( memento of October 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), last accessed on May 16, 2011
  24. ↑ [1] , accessed June 12, 2019
  25. ↑ aci-europe.org: ACI EUROPE Best Airport Award winners for 2009 announced , last accessed on March 25, 2013
  26. ↑ makemytrip.com with a short information box about the airport , last accessed on May 16, 2011
  27. ↑ airport-technology.com about Ankara Airport (3) , last accessed on May 16, 2011
  28. ↑ "DHMI İstatistikler" , accessed on January 21, 2020
  29. ↑ "DHMI Statistics" , accessed on January 23, 2020
  30. ↑ Airport data and accidents and other incidents, Ankara Airport in the Aviation Safety Network , accessed on May 16, 2011.
  31. ↑ accident report C-124C 52-0995 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on 21 January 2016th
  32. ^ Accident report Caravelle 1 OY-KRB , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 21, 2016.
  33. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report F-27-100 TC-TAY in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 12, 2019.
  34. ↑ Accident report Comet 4B G-ARJM , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 21, 2016.
  35. ^ Accident report of the collision over Ankara on February 1, 1963, Viscount OD-ADE , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on July 27, 2018.
  36. ^ Accident report of the collision over Ankara on February 1, 1963, DC-3 CBK-28 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on July 27, 2018.
  37. ↑ Accident report Viscount 700D TC-SET , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on December 27, 2018.
  38. ^ Accident report F28-1000 TC-JAT , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 21, 2016.
  39. ^ Accident report B-727-200 TC-JBR , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 21, 2016.
  40. ^ Accident report B-727-200 TC-AJV , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 21, 2016.
  41. ↑ Ankara's Esenboğa Airport holds particular significance for martyrs ( Memento of November 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), August 6, 2008, accessed on May 19, 2011
  42. ↑ esiweb about the terrorist attack, with picture , accessed on May 19, 2011
  43. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report of the incident of March 30, 1998 in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on April 24, 2011.
  44. ↑ Aircraft accident data and report of the incident of April 10, 2007 in the Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on May 16, 2011.
  45. ^ Justine Whitman: Space Shuttle Abort Modes. Aerospaceweb.org, June 25, 2006, accessed October 7, 2011 .