Asala

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The flag of the Asala
Logo of the Asala
The area claimed by the Asala.

The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia ( Armenian Հայաստանի Ազատագրութեան Հայ Գաղտնի Բանակ, ՀԱՀԳԲ Hayasdani Azadakrut'ean Hay Kaghtni Panag, HAHKP , English Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia ), Asala for short , was a Marxist-Leninist underground organization that operated from 1975 to operated in the early 1990s. While the Asala has been classified as a guerrilla by itself and other sources , other authors have described the Asala as a terrorist group. The foreign ministries of Azerbaijan and the United States as well as the Turkish Ministry of Culture have as terrorists and armed listed .

As a result of 84 documented attacks by the Asala, 46 people were killed and 299 wounded. The intention of the Asala was "to force the Turkish government to admit its responsibility for the genocide of the Armenians from 1915, to pay reparations and to cede territories to the Armenian homeland". The most important goal of the Asala was to reestablish historical Armenia , which in their view comprised Western Armenia and Soviet Armenia . The claimed area corresponds to that which was promised to the Armenians in 1920 by US President Woodrow Wilson in the non-ratified Treaty of Sèvres ( Wilson's Armenia ).

The leader of the group was from 1975 to 1988 Hagop Agopjan ; other important members were Hagop Tarakdschijan , Ara Yenikomoushian and Monte Melkonian (died during the Nagorno-Karabakh war in June 1993 ). The group was allied with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and, since the 1980s, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), and received secret support from the Armenian diaspora in Europe and the United States. Suffering from internal disputes, the group became relatively inactive in the 1990s, although in 1991 they claimed a failed assassination attempt on the Turkish ambassador to Hungary for themselves. The organization has not been involved in any military activities since then. The motto was “Long live the revolutionary solidarity of the oppressed peoples!” And “The armed struggle and the right political line are the way to Armenia”.

background

The survivors of the massacres of the Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire in 1915 found refuge in countries in the Middle East , Western Europe and the United States. Ringleaders and key figures in the genocide were assassinated in the 1920s by Armenians such as Soghomon Tehlirian ( Operation Nemesis ). However, the successor to the Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey , continued to claim that the events of 1915 were not genocide; on the contrary, the Turkish state campaigned against any attempts to bring these events to light and prevented recognition in the West . Indeed, the government alleged that Armenians instigated violence and accused the Armenian minority of the empire of allegedly massacring hundreds of Turks, which was the cause of the deportation of the entire Armenian civilian population. In 1965, Armenians around the world commemorated the 50th anniversary of the genocide and began pushing for global recognition of the unresolved genocide. When peaceful marches and demonstrations were ignored by relentless Turkey, the younger generation of Armenians - due to denial by Turkey and the failure of their parents' generation to effect change - sought newer approaches to obtain recognition and reparations. In 1973, two Turkish diplomats, Consul General Mehmet Baydar and Consul Bahadır Demir, were murdered in Los Angeles by a survivor of the genocide, Kurken Yanikian . This event could have been gradually forgotten had it not started a chain of incidents that transformed the event and its perpetrator into a symbol that represented the end of the conspiracy of silence that had surrounded the Armenian genocide since 1915 .

Foundation and beginnings

The Asala was founded on January 20, 1975, at the beginning of the Lebanese civil war, by members of the Armenian diaspora in Lebanon's capital Beirut , where there was a strong Armenian community made up of descendants of the genocide, especially in the suburb of Bourj Hammoud . The most important founding members included Hagop Agopjan (real name Harutiun Tokaschian ) and Hagop Tarakdschian and possibly the writer Kevork Ajemian. At the beginning, the Asala was called the "Prisoner Kurken Yanikian Group". It consisted mainly of Diaspora Armenians born in Lebanon, whose parents and / or grandparents were survivors of the Armenian genocide. The organization followed a theoretical model based on left ideology . The Asala was critical of their predecessors and the diaspora parties, accusing them of failing to cope with the problems of the Armenian people. The head of the structural group was the General Command of the People of Armenia ( VAN ).

The group's activities consisted mainly of the execution of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, the United States and the Middle East. Their first recognized assassination attempt was the execution of the Turkish diplomat Daniş Tunalıgil in Vienna on October 22, 1975. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, in which two Armenian militia officers were killed, led to the group being given a new nickname, the Organization of the October 3rd . The Asala Eight Point Manifesto was published in 1981.

The Asala, who were trained in the Beirut camps of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), are the best-known guerrilla group responsible for the execution of at least 36 Turkish diplomats. Since 1975 a dozen Turkish diplomats or family members of politicians have been the target of attacks - with the result that the Armenian revenge, as well as the background of the Armenian liberation struggle, went through the world press. These noteworthy attacks were successful in denouncing the genocide and its silence to the international public, even though they were carried out by a very small group.

Political goals

The area claimed by the Asala under the Treaty of Sèvres 1920

The political goals of the Asala were to force the end of Turkish colonialism, NATO imperialism and Zionism through the use of revolutionary force. To this end, it attacked institutions and representatives of Turkey as well as states that support Turkey. Scientific socialism can be seen as the main ideology of the Asala . However, the ideology of the organization is also seen as a kind of compromise between Marxists and nationalists .

activities

According to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism , there have been 84 Asala incidents, which resulted in 46 dead and 299 wounded.

1970s

On October 22, 1975, the Turkish ambassador to Austria Daniş Tunalıgil was killed by three Asala members in his study . Two days later, on October 24, 1975, on their way back to the Turkish embassy, the Turkish ambassador İsmail Erez and his driver Talip Yener were killed during an assassination attempt in Paris. On the same day, the Justice Squads for the Armenian Genocide (JCAG) admitted to attacking the AFP news agency .

On February 16, 1976, the General Secretary of the Turkish Embassy in Beirut, Oktay Cirit, was killed by the Asala. On June 9, 1977, the Turkish ambassador Taha Carım succumbed to an assassination attempt on him in Rome . On June 12, 1978 in Madrid the wife of the Turkish ambassador and the ambassador Necla Kuneralp a. D. Beşir Balcıoğlu killed by the Asala.

On October 12, 1979, Ahmet Benler , the son of the Turkish ambassador to the Netherlands , died in The Hague as a result of a gun attack . Both the Asala and the justice squads confessed to this attack.

1980s

On February 6, 1980, the Asala carried out an attack on the Turkish ambassador Doğan Türkmen in Bern . Türkmen survived the attack. On April 17, 1980, the Asala carried out an attack in Rome on the Turkish ambassador Vecdi Türel, who was wounded along with his bodyguard Tahsin Güvenç.

On July 31, 1980, Galip Özmen , administrative attaché of the Turkish embassy, ​​and his 14-year-old daughter Neslihan Özmen died in an attack on their family in the Turkish embassy in Athens . The wife Sevil Özmen and their son Kaan Özmen escaped injured.

The first two Asala militiamen arrested (October 3, 1980) were Alex Yenikomshian and Suzy Mahserejian, who were wounded after a bomb accidentally exploded in a Geneva hotel. On November 10, 1980, five people were injured in two attacks by Asala on a Swiss travel agency and a Swissair office in Rome .

On December 17, 1980, the consul general of the Turkish embassy Şarık Arıyak and his bodyguard Engin Seven were killed in an attack in Sydney .

On June 9, 1981, an attack on the secretary of the Turkish consulate, Mehmet Savaş Yergüz, was carried out on his way home in Geneva , which Yergüz did not survive. After the attack, the Lebanese assassin Maridiros Camgozyan was arrested and sentenced to 15 years in prison under harsh conditions.

The Turkish consul general in Los Angeles Kemal Arıkan was killed in an attack on January 28, 1982. On May 4, 1982, the Turkish Consul General Orhan Gündüz was killed in Boston . On July 7, 1982, the administrative attaché of the Turkish embassy Erkut Akbay and his wife Nadide Akbay were killed in an attack in Lisbon .

One of the most famous attacks by the Asala was the attack on Ankara-Esenboğa Airport in Ankara on August 7, 1982 , when its members first attacked non-diplomatic civilians. Two militiamen opened fire on a crowded waiting room with passengers. One of the shooters took more than 20 hostages while the second was caught by police. A total of nine people were killed and 82 wounded. The arrested militia officer Levon Ekmekdschian retrospectively regretted the attack and appealed to other members of the Asala to put an end to the violence.

When the attack on the Turkish Embassy in Lisbon on July 27, 1983, Armenians stormed the Turkish Embassy and injured Chargé d'Affaires Yurtsev Mıhçıoğlu and his son, killed his wife Cahide Mıhçıoğlu and a Portuguese policeman.

On March 27, 1984, the Turkish embassy in Tehran was stormed and the employees injured. On April 8, 1984, the economic adviser to the Turkish embassy in Ottawa Kemalettin Kâni was seriously wounded - but survived with permanent physical limitations.

The wife of the Turkish embassy secretary in Tehran Sadiye Yönder and the Turkish businessman Işık Yönder were victims of an assassination attempt by the Asala on April 28, 1984.

The deputy advisor for labor at the Turkish embassy, ​​Erdoğan Özen, was killed on June 20, 1984 in Vienna . On November 19, 1984, the Turkish Director of the United Nations Enver Ergün was killed in his office in the Turkish Embassy in Vienna . The Turkish Embassy in Ottawa was stormed on March 12, 1985, a Canadian security officer was killed. Ambassador Çoşkun Kırca was wounded.

In France

On December 22, 1979 , Yılmaz Çopan, an employee of the Turkish Embassy in Paris for 'Tourism and Publicity', was killed. On September 26, 1980, the press secretary of the Turkish embassy, ​​Selçuk Bakkalbaşı, was wounded in an assassination attempt. Embassy employee Reşat Moralı and religious officer Tecelli Arı were murdered by two Asala guerrillas on March 4, 1981, when they were leaving the embassy premises and trying to get into their cars. Moralı died immediately and Arı died as a result of the attack in a Paris hospital. This was the third Asala attack in Paris on Turkish citizens.

On September 24, 1981, 56 Turkish embassy employees were taken hostage by 4 Asala militiamen during the occupation of the embassy and Kulturataché building ( van operation ). In return for the release of the hostages, the militia officers demanded the release of 12 political prisoners in Turkey, including two Armenian clerics, 5 Turks and 5 Kurds . Security officer Cemal Özen was killed while trying to defend himself . The consul Kaya İnal was injured by the militants. After 15 hours had passed and the hostage takers realized their demands were not being met, they gave up. Vasken Sakosesilian , Kevrok Abraham Gözliyan , Aram Avedis Basmaciyan and Agop Abraham Turfanyan were sentenced to 7 years. The broadcast of the hostage situation received one of the highest ratings in France in 1981 . Among those who assisted the militiamen during the trial were Henri Verneuil Mélinée Manouchian, widow of the French Resistance hero Missak Manouchian , and the singer Liz Sarian .

Subsequently, in 1981, a secret agreement was reached between the French socialist government and the Asala, in which the French government allowed the Asala to use France as a base of operations - in return for the fact that the Asala did not carry out any further attacks on French soil. ASALA presented the agreement as a success, while there was no comment from the French authorities. Faith in the agreement was strengthened when French Interior Minister Gaston Defferre described Asala's cause as "fair" and given mild sentences to four Armenians convicted of being held hostage at the Turkish embassy in September 1981. This agreement lasted less than two years.

On July 15, 1983, the Asala carried out another attack on Orly Airport near Paris , in which 8 people were killed, most of them not Turks. In retrospect, French forces promptly arrested those involved. 40 people of Armenian origin were arrested as early as July 18, 1983, and further arrests followed in the course of the year. One of those arrested, Varoujan Garabedian , finally confessed to being the leader of the French ASALA.

The Orly attack created a split in the asala - between those who carried it out and those who believed the attack could be counterproductive. The split led to the formation of two groups, the ASALA-Militant of Hagop Hagopian and the 'Revolutionary Movement' ( ASALA-Mouvement Révolutionnaire ) of Monte Melkonian . While the Asala-M advocated unrestricted terrorism against Turkey and “imperialist” goals, the Asala-RM only wanted to limit itself to Turkish targets and saw indiscriminate terrorist attacks as harmful to the Armenian cause. The fragmentation as well as the now tough crackdown by the police ultimately meant the end of the Asala in France.

Reactions

Turkey accused Cyprus , Greece , Syria , Lebanon and the Soviet Union of supporting or funding the Asala. Although these countries publicly distanced themselves from the group, the Armenian community in Turkey has been the target of attacks by Turkish nationalists in response to the actions of the Asala. This became evident after the attack on Ahmet Benler on October 12, 1979 by Armenian militiamen in The Hague. The reaction to the attack led to a bomb attack on the church of the Armenian Apostolic Patriarchate of Constantinople on October 19, 1979 . In 1980 the Turkish government arrested the Armenian priest Fr. Manuel Yergatian at Istanbul Airport - for allegedly possessing maps showing the Armenian territory within what is now Turkey; he was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment for possible connections to the Asala. Amnesty International classified him as a prisoner of conscience and concluded that there was no evidence against him. Turkish officials repeatedly used accusations of cooperation with the Asala and “foreign Armenian circles” to discredit left-wing Turkish opposition groups.

The Asala Monument in the Yerablur Military Cemetery, Yerevan

In April 2000 the opening ceremony of the monument "In memory of the killed Asala commandos" took place at the Armenian military cemetery in Yerevan - with the participation of the Greek anti-fascist leader Manolis Glezos and other guests of honor.

Armenians in Turkey

The Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink , who was murdered by the Turkish nationalist Ogün Samast , said in an interview on November 2, 2005 that Turkish Armenians were walking around with their heads hanging down during the time of the Asala terror. A Turkish citizen of Armenian descent by the name of Artin Penik set himself on fire on August 10, 1982 in Istanbul's Taksim Square in protest against the Asala terrorist acts; his protest was specifically directed against the Asala terrorist attack on Esenboğa Airport in Ankara, which left 9 dead and 82 injured, which had occurred three days earlier. He died of severe burns five days later in the hospital.

Counteroffensive

İbrahim Şahin , one of the suspects in the Ergenekon trial, stated in a testimony in court that he founded the secret police specialty Polis Özel Harekat after the Asala attack on Ankara-Esenboğa airport in August 1982 . He went on to say that this special organization was founded to combat the Asala. After the attack, then-President Kenan Evren issued a decree for the elimination of the Asala. The task was handed over to the Foreign Operations Department of the National Intelligence Service ( MİT ). Evren's own daughter was a member of the MİT and led the operation together with the head of the Foreign Intelligence Department, Metin (Mete) Günyol, and the director for the Istanbul region , Nuri Gündeş .

Levon Ekmekdschian was captured and taken to the Mamak Military Prison in Ankara . He had the choice between execution and confession: after he was promised that his comrades would be spared if he disclosed the plans and activities of the Asala, he confessed to everything. A team led by the Presidential Liaison of the National Intelligence Service MİT and Kenan Evren's son-in-law Erkan Gürvit came to his prison . The promise was not kept. He was sentenced to death under martial law . His appeal against the conviction was denied and he was hanged on January 29, 1983.

In the spring of 1983 two teams were sent to France and Lebanon. Günyol appointed the hit man Abdullah Çatlı , who had recently served a prison sentence for drug trafficking in Switzerland, to head the French contingent. Günyol said he did not reveal his identity to Çatlı, who referred to him as a "colonel" and thought Günyol was a soldier.

The second France unit was put together under the MİT agent Sabah Ketene. A unit against the Asala base in Lebanon, which consisted only of MİT agents and members of the “Special Warfare Department” ( special unit ), was led by MİT officer Hiram Abas .

The bomb that Çatlı's team placed in the car of Asala member Ara Toranyan on March 22, 1983, did not go off. A follow-up attempt also failed. Toranyan said they installed the bomb in the wrong car. A bomb in Henri Papazyan's car on May 1, 1984 did not explode either. Çatlı claimed the killing of Hagop Hagopjan for himself, even though Çatlı was in a French prison at the time of the attack (for drug offenses). Papazyan is believed to have died from internal fighting. The second France team, led by Ketene, carried out several attacks against the Asala (which Çatlı also claimed for itself), such as the bomb attack on the Alfortville genocide memorial in 1984 or the attack on the concert halls of the Salle Pleyel. It is not known if the Lebanon Contingent did anything at all.

resolution

With the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 , the group lost most of its organizational structure and support. Sympathetic Palestinian organizations such as the PLO ceased their support and in 1983 gave the French intelligence services material detailing the Asala directives. The last attack on December 19, 1991 was aimed at a bulletproof limousine with the Turkish ambassador in Budapest . The ambassador was not wounded in the attack; the Asala in Paris confessed to the attack.

The founder of Asala Hagop Hagopjan was murdered on April 28, 1988 on the sidewalk in a wealthy area of Athens . He was shot several times while walking with two women at 4:30 in the morning. Veteran member Hagop Tarakjijan died of cancer in 1980 . In the late 1990s there were attacks on former members of the ASALA-RM in Armenia .

According to the official Nuri Gündeş of the Turkish National Intelligence Service (MIT), the Asala was disbanded after the assassination of Hagopjan. According to other Turkish sources, another reason was the waning financial support from the Armenian diaspora after the Orly airport attack .

According to the MIPT, the organization of the Asala had been so fragmented from 1985 onwards that they could no longer operate effectively. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1992 and the establishment of the independent state of Armenia (even if this did not include the Armenian territories of Turkey), no need to continue the attacks was seen, so that remaining former fighters withdrew into private life and in Armenia partly into military life or government positions. After a bomb attack on the Turkish embassy in Brussels in 1997, there was a dubious call to confess that the Asala was responsible, but this could never be confirmed.

Publications / organs

Since the 1970s, the Asala information branch has published books, brochures, posters, and other support materials. Hayasdan ('Armenia'), was the official multilingual organ of the Asala, published between 1980 and 1987 and between 1991 and 1997. The first edition was published in October 1980 and comprised 40 pages. The publications took place from unknown places and authors. It was published monthly, sometimes with hardbacks. The main language was Western Armenian . From 1983 to 1987 it had various editions in Arabic , English, French and Turkish . The magazine published editorials, official Asala announcements, and articles on political and military affairs. Hayasdan was distributed free of charge among the Armenian communities.

The mottos of the magazine were "Long live the revolutionary solidarity of the oppressed peoples!" And "The armed struggle and the right political line are the way to Armenia". It had sister newspapers such as the left-wing "Hayasdan Gaydzer" ( London ) and "Hayasdan - Hay Baykar" ( Paris ), which had been using "Hayasdan" on their headlines since 1980. Both were published by the popular movements that were working to mobilize support among the Armenians for an Asala-based political movement.

reception

  • The Armenian poet Silwa Kaputikjan wrote the poem It rains, my little son , which is dedicated to the memory of Asala member Levon Ekmekdschian , who was executed in Turkey in 1983 .
  • The Spanish journalist and assistant director of the newspaper “Pueblo”, José Antonio Gurriarán , was accidentally wounded in the 1980 attack by the Asala group on October 3 . From then on, Gurriarán became interested in what the group's motivations were; he then interviewed Asala members. In 1982 his book "La Bomba" was published, which was dedicated to the Armenian cause and the liberation struggle of the Armenian militias.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Hunsicker: Understanding International Counter Terrorism . Universal Publishers, 2006, ISBN 1-58112-905-X , pp. 431 (476 p., Limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ^ Roy Olivier: Turkey today. A European country? Anthem Press, 2005, ISBN 1-84331-172-0 , p. 170.
  3. ↑ Jürgen Gottschlich: Aiding and abetting genocide: Germany's role in the annihilation of the Armenians. Christoph Links-Verlag, 2015. ISBN 978-3-86153-817-2 . Digitized
  4. ^ Henry W. Degenhardt, Alan John Day: Political dissent: an international guide to dissident, extra-parliamentary, guerrilla, and illegal political movements. Gale Research Company, 1983, p. 489.
  5. ^ Pico Iyer: Remembering with Vengeance. In: Time. magazine, № 32, August 8, 1983.
  6. ↑ Frederik Coene: The Caucasus: an introduction. 2009, p. 221.
  7. ^ Douglas Arthur Howard: The history of Turkey. 2001, p. 161.
  8. ↑ Yağmur Atsız : Terror against the Turks . In: Die Zeit , December 7, 1984
  9. ^ Colleen Sullivan: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia . In: Encyclopædia Britannica
  10. ^ Armenian Aggression Against Azerbaijan ( Memento from June 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ↑ Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) - US Department of State ( Memento of September 2, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ The Armenian Problem, Claims - Facts ( Memento of January 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ Amy Singer, Christoph Neumann, Selcuk Somel: Untold Histories of the Middle East. 2010, p. 27.
  14. ↑ United States Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism Report: 1989. , p. 57.
  15. ↑ a b c d Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) ( Memento from November 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  16. ^ US Department of State: Patterns of Global Terrorism Report - 1996 . Appendix B.
  17. ↑ a b c Terrorist Group Profiles. DIANE Publishing, 1989, pp. 32-35. Digitized
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  19. ↑ Harvey W. Kushner: Encyclopedia of terrorism. SAGE, 2003, p. 47.
  20. ^ Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) . GlobalSecurity.org
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  24. ^ Near East / South Asia Report by the United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. United States Joint Publications Research Service, 1987, p. 3.
  25. ^ Roy Olivier: Turkey Today. A European country? Anthem Press, 2005, p. 169.
  26. ↑ Vered Amit Talai, Vered Amit: Armenians in London: The Management of Social Boundaries. Manchester University Press, 1989, p. 27.
  27. ↑ David H. Partington (Ed.): The Middle East Annual: Issues & Events. 1984, p. 155.
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  29. ^ Pico Iyer: Long Memories. In: TIME. August 32 , 1983, accessed September 2, 2008 .
  30. ↑ ASALA
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  32. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Turkish Ministry of Culture: Terrorist attacks by ASALA in chronological order ( Memento from September 21, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  33. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Diplomates / Fonctionnaires Turcs et Membres de leur Famille Assassinés tandis qu'ils étaient en Poste dans des Missions à l'Etranger ( Memento dated December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) accessed on November 26, 2013.
  34. ↑ a b c d e f g h Aydogan Vatandas: ASALA Operasyonlari aslinda ne oldu? (German: What about the ASALA operations?). 1st edition. Alfa Yayinlari, 2005, ISBN 975-297-641-7 .
  35. ^ Armand Gaspard: Le Combat armenien: entre terrorisme et utopie: Lausanne, 1923–1983. Age d'homme, 1984, p. 72.
  36. ↑ a b Emergency Management: Terrorist Activities in Aviation ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  37. ↑ Guerrilla threat to kill 40 in Paris siege. In: The Sydney Morning Herald . September 25, 1981, p. 3.
  38. ↑ M. Bobelian: Children of Armenia. Simon and Schuster, 2009, p. 159.
  39. ↑ Le procés des Arméniens , Paris, traduit du français par Grigor Djanikian, editions VMV-Print, Yerevan, 2010, p. 200.
  40. ^ A b c Markus Lammert: The new terrorism: Fight against terrorism in France in the 1980s. De Gruyter, 2017. ISBN 978-3-486-76422-2 . Digitized
  41. ↑ William Echikson: Armenian bombing at Orly ends pact between Socialists and terrorists. In: Christian Science Monitor . July 19, 1983.
  42. ^ Brian Forst, Jack R. Greene, James P. Lynch: Criminologists on Terrorism and Homeland Security. Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-89945-1 , p. 431.
  43. ^ Council of Europe, Documents, Vol. 1, May 1984, Amadei Report, p. 9.
  44. ^ French Hold Armenians In Orly Airport Bombing . In: The New York Times . October 9, 1983.
  45. ↑ Edik Baghdasaryan: He Was a Man Deeply Connected to the Natural World. In: Hetq Online. November 26, 2007, archived from the original ; Retrieved September 2, 2008 .
  46. ↑ Harvey W. Kushner: Encyclopedia of terrorism . SAGE, 2002, ISBN 0-7619-2408-6 , St. 47
  47. ^ A b c Tessa Hofmann : Armenians in Turkey today.
  48. ^ Arax Monthly. # 4, 2000, Tehran , p. 4.
  49. ↑ Turkish daily Vatan in an interview with Dink, October 2, 2005 ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  50. ^ Official Website of the Prime Minister, News, August 1982 ( Memento of April 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  51. ↑ Nouvelles d'Armenie Armeniesche news site ( Memento of 20 February 2012 Webcite )
  52. ↑ Baskın Oran : The Reconstruction of Armenian Identity in Turkey and the Weekly Agos (Interview with Hrant Dink). In: Nouvelles d'Armenie. December 17, 2006, archived from the original on February 20, 2012 ; Retrieved September 2, 2008 .
  53. ^ Armenian Issue: Chronology. Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, accessed February 21, 2007 .
  54. ↑ Hey what an Armenian: Artin Penik. In: Turkish Journal. Archived from the original on March 5, 2007 ; Retrieved February 21, 2007 .
  55. ^ Armenian Dies from Self-Inflicted Burns . In: Associated Press . 15th August 1982.
  56. ↑ Internet newspaper gazete5.com: Şahin Özel Harekat Dairesi'ni anlattı ( Memento from August 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on April 5, 2011, (Turkish)
  57. ↑ Faruk Mercan: Asala operasyonlarını Kenan Evren'in kızı yönetti . In: Aksiyon . tape 509 . Feza Gazetecilik A.Ş., September 6, 2004 (Turkish, ( page no longer available , search in web archives: aksiyon.com.tr ) [accessed December 13, 2008]).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.aksiyon.com.tr
  58. ↑ Evren: Kızım MİT'te çalışıyordu. In: Sabah . September 8, 2004, accessed December 13, 2008 (Turkish).
  59. ^ Armenian terrorist executed in Turkey. on: BBC. February 2, 1983.
  60. ↑ Turkey Executes 5, Including in Armenian. In: The New York Times. Reuters, January 30, 1983, p. 5 , accessed September 15, 2012 .
  61. ↑ a b Ecevit Kilic: ASALA operasyonları efsane mi? In: Sabah. September 28, 2008, archived from the original on December 4, 2008 ; Retrieved December 25, 2008 (Turkish).
  62. ↑ Ali Kemal Erdem: Çatlı'yı kullandık ve başarılı oldu. In: Sabah. October 17, 2007, archived from the original on February 4, 2009 ; accessed on January 2, 2009 (Turkish): “Benim gerçek kimliğim mi? Bunu hiçbir zaman bilmedi. Bana 'Albayım' derdi, çünkü beni askerlikten ayrılmış sanıyordu "
  63. ↑ Ecevit Kilic: Boş konser salonu bombalandı. In: Sabah. September 28, 2008, archived from the original on December 4, 2008 ; Retrieved December 25, 2008 (Turkish).
  64. ↑ ASALA attacked Diplomatic target. In: MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007 ; Retrieved December 19, 1981 .
  65. ^ Markar Melkonian: My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2005, p. 187.
  66. ↑ Gunmen Kill Man in Athens Identified as Armenian Terrorist Chief. In: Associated Press News Archive. The Associated Press, April 28, 1988, accessed September 15, 2012 .
  67. ^ Markar Melkonian: My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2005, pp. 277-278.
  68. ↑ Mehmet Ali Birand : Thanks to Nuri Gündeş. In: Turkish Daily News / Hürriyet . December 21, 2008, accessed December 21, 2008 .
  69. ↑ Mamule 1967–1980 , by Zhirair Danielyan, Haigazian handes, hador T, 1981.
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  71. ^ Spurk journal. # 12, 1991, p. 32 Hayasdan Gaydzer
  72. ↑ Vered Amit Talai, Vered Amit: Armenians in London: The Management of Social Boundaries. Manchester University Press, 1989, p. 36.
  73. ^ Spurk Journal. # 1-12, 2005, Beirut , p. 35.
  74. ↑ Jose Antonio Gurriarán, by El Pais, April 4, 1982