Istanbul Airport

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
İstanbul Havalimanı
İGA Havalimanı İşletmesi A.Ş. logo.svg
Aerial view of the new airport in September 2018
Characteristics
ICAO code LTFM
IATA code IS
Coordinates

41 ° 15 ′ 50 "  N , 28 ° 42 ′ 20"  E Coordinates: 41 ° 15 ′ 50 "  N , 28 ° 42 ′ 20"  E
Height above MSL 92 m (302  ft )
Transport links
Distance from the city center approx. 50 km northwest of Istanbul
Street Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu
train Express train (under construction)
Local transport Istanbul Metro (under construction)
Basic data
opening October 29, 2018
operator IGA - Istanbul Grand Airport A.Ş.
surface 7660 ha
Terminals 3 (national, international and freight)
Passengers 52,578,008 ( April 6, 2019 - December 31, 2019 )
Capacity
( PAX per year) 		90 million (1st stage)
Runways
16R / 34L 3750 m × 60 m asphalt
16L / 34R 3750 m × 45 m asphalt
17L / 35R 4100 m × 60 m asphalt
17R / 35L 4100 m × 45 m asphalt
18/36 3000 m × 60 m asphalt and concrete
website
istanbulhavalimani.com



i7

i11 i13

Terminal building of Istanbul Airport
Istanbul airport from inside.

The Istanbul airport ( Turkish İstanbul Havalimanı , English Istanbul Airport ) is a Opened in October 2018 an international commercial airport in the district Arnavutköy northwest of the Istanbul city center. It began operating on October 29, 2018 ( Republic Day ). In April 2019, it replaced Istanbul Ataturk Airport as Turkey's largest airport. The airport is the home base of the airlines Turkish Airlines and Onur Air as well as the cargo airline Turkish Cargo .

In 2019, 52,578,008 passengers were handled.

background

One of the reasons behind the decision to build a new airport was Istanbul's application to host the 2020 Olympic Games , which took place in 2011. A new city was planned as the venue for the games in the immediate vicinity of the airport to be built. However, Istanbul failed in the final against Tokyo . Furthermore, Turkish Airlines, based in Istanbul, had grown enormously, so that Istanbul-Ataturk Airport reached its capacity limits. Expansion would only have been possible there to a limited extent and would not have been sufficient for the needs of Turkish Airlines.

An area north of the metropolis between the places Yeniköy and Akpınar was chosen as the location , around 58 kilometers by road from the center of Istanbul. In a first phase, around 90 million passengers should be handled in the opening year 2018.

With 150 million passengers annually, the project with six runways on an area of ​​around 9,000 hectares is intended to replace Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, which is the largest airport in the world . In the first stage, however, it will only have a capacity of 90 million passengers. The former CEO of Turkish Airlines Temel Kotil said that the new airport should particularly overshadow the European airports of Frankfurt , Paris , Rome and London .

To the west of the airport, the 45 to 50 km long Istanbul Canal is also to be built to relieve the Bosphorus . Another infrastructure project in this context was the construction of the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, completed in 2016, as the third Bosphorus bridge at the northern entrance to the strait.

Initially, the coexistence of three airports in Istanbul was considered. Shortly before construction of the new airport began, however, it became known that Ataturk Airport would be gradually shut down and demolished.

Transport links

  • The metro station of the new airport is due to open in October 2020. Two new metro lines are being prepared for this. One metro line runs from the airport to Halkalı . The other line goes through the airport area and then on to Gayrettepe. There, passengers will have the opportunity to switch to other metro lines and the “ metro bus ”. To bridge the gap (in the time between the opening in April 2019 and the opening of the metro station in autumn 2020), buses of the city transport company will drive passengers to the city center (along the future metro lines).
  • Otobüs AŞ (Istanbul City Bus Department) operates 20 bus routes with 150 long-distance buses under the name "Havaist". The buses will be integrated into the local transport system in Istanbul (Metro, Metrobüs, Banliyö Trenleri etc.). Since there were only about a dozen flights a day until the end of March 2019, only five lines went to the airport. All 20 lines have been served since April 1, 2019.
  • The express train station is to open right next to the metro station in 2021. The express train will travel over the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge to Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen Airport and then on to Ankara.
  • The highways leading to the new airport were completed in October 2018. One is the highway ( O-6 ), which runs parallel to the express train line over the Yavuz-Sultan-Selim Bridge, the other highway (O-7), which leads to Ataturk Airport.
  • The airport operator has founded a taxi company with an Istanbul taxi community. The drivers have been trained, which means they have learned English ( level B1 ). The taxis are a different color than others in Istanbul. There is a screen in the vehicle that shows passengers the route and price before they leave. This is to prevent tourists from being cheated or being driven to their destination in a roundabout way. An app has also been released that allows you to reserve and pay for a taxi.

Ownership and operation

On May 3, 2013, the DHMI decided that the Turkish companies Cengiz , Kolin, Limak, Kalyon and Mapa would be awarded the contract to build the new airport. The consortium then founded the Istanbul Grand Airport AŞ (IGA) on October 7, 2013 , which is to be responsible for the construction of the airport and its operation.

The airport was built according to the build-operate-transfer principle. This means that the airport will be handed over to the state after 25 years. However, the airport operator may apply for an extension of the license. The land was made available by the state. In addition, the state guarantees a minimum number of passengers and aircraft movements. If the actual values ​​are below the guaranteed number, the airport operator will be compensated. In return, the airport operator has to pay the state a rent. The IGA is responsible for the airport itself with all its facilities, while the DHMI is responsible for permits, flight safety and security at the airport in general.

construction

International departure area

The foundation stone was laid on June 7, 2014. The airport will be built in four stages.

Stages

  • Stage 1A: The first stage was divided into two sub-stages in 2018 - Stage 1A (all objects that were finished by October 29) and 1B (all objects that should be finished by April 2020). 1A included Terminal 1. With an area of ​​1.44 million square meters, it is the largest terminal in the world under one roof after Dubai International Terminal 3 (1.71 million square meters). Then the first two of the six runways, plus the associated taxiways and the apron. It should be mentioned here that each runway has a narrower branch line (45 m). Currently used as a regular runway, the narrower runway will later be used for emergency landings or as a taxiway at peak times. The larger control tower was also operational on October 29th.
  • Stage 1B: Part of this stage is the “Kargo City” for Turkish Cargo, five hangars for Turkish Technic and the kitchen for Turkish Do & Co, which opened on January 22, 2019, as well as the hotel. Originally in March, but due to the effects of the coronavirus on June 14, 2020, the third, independent runway and other facilities of Turkish Airlines were opened. With the completion of the airport's metro station with its two lines, stage 1B should be completed.
  • Stage 2: The fourth runway is to be built. Istanbul Airport City with the new headquarters of Turkish Airlines was initially in the first stage, but was postponed to the second stage. Completion is planned for the end of 2022.
  • Stage 3: The airport is expanded with a second terminal. Terminal 2 is basically exactly the same as Terminal 1, with the difference that it is smaller, i.e. it will only have four piers. This stage also includes additional areas for hangars and other maintenance facilities, as well as the fifth runway. If everything goes according to plan, this expansion will be completed in 2025.
  • Stage 4: The sixth and, for the time being, last runway is to be completed in 2027. The airport can then handle up to 200 million passengers, making it one of the largest airports in the world.

The year numbers can shift at any time. The airport operator will adapt to the development of the airport.

costs

In 2013 the Turkish Minister of Transport put the costs at 7 billion euros. In October 2015, the estimates had already risen to 32 billion euros. In December 2014, the agreement of a loan a total of 5.5 billion was USD three state-owned banks and three private companies provided for the first phase of construction.

The Turkish journalist and aviation expert Uğur Cebeci is critical of the cost issue: In 2013, he expected more than ten billion euros. Opinions also differ on the question of whether such a large investment is worth it at all. In a report by the Austrian financial company Erste Bank on the Turkish airline industry, it is pointed out that the distance between the planned airport and the city poses a risk. However, a railway line could be built for development.

  • Entrée du nouvel aéroport d 'Istanbul.jpg
  • Une porte d'accès.jpg
  • Aéroport d'Istanbul.jpg
  • Duty free de l'Aéroport.jpg
  • Vue du tarmac.jpg

move

Location of the airport compared to Ataturk and Sabiha Gökçen airports and the city center

First plan

The move was scheduled to take place between October 28th and October 31st, 2018 and the opening ceremony on October 29th. Everything was supposed to move from Ataturk Airport to the new airport during this time, with the majority of them being transferred in one night (big bang).

Second plan

The DHMI department of the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure announced on October 3 that the airport operator wanted to carry out further tests in order to be able to guarantee smooth operation. The big move was postponed by almost two months to December 15th, 30th and 31st.

In mid-September 2018, tests (Operational Readiness and Airport Transfer, ORAT) were carried out with the airlines and their own personnel until the move in December. As part of the ORAT, Turkish Airlines operated flights with its Boeing 737-800 and Airbus A320 aircraft, which served eight destinations daily.

Third plan

A special meeting was held on December 18, 2018 with all those involved at the airport. Due to the delay in the construction of the airport hotel by Yotel and the delay in verification by EASA, the date was postponed again.

The Chairman of the Board of Directors of Turkish Airlines İlker Aycı and CEO of İGA AŞ Kadri Samsunlu announced at a press conference in Antalya on January 18, 2019 how the move from Ataturk Airport to Istanbul Airport should go. After consultation with various airport operators, such as B. Munich Airport, there was no big bang. A staggered transition was chosen. The media referred to the project as büyük göç (Turkish for big move). Due to the local elections in Turkey , the date was postponed from early March to early April at the request of mayoral candidate Binali Yıldırım .

47,300 tons of floor material (office supplies, tools, ground vehicles, etc.) were transferred to 5,000 trucks, each of which drove in a convoy on the nights from Thursday, April 4 to Sunday, April 7, 2019. The route from Ataturk Airport to Istanbul Airport, i.e. the Kuzey-Marmara Highway, Basın-Ekspres Street and the Kuzey bypass, was closed to public traffic during this period. The airlines were divided into three groups: Group 1 (all foreign airlines), Group 2 (Atlasglobal Airlines, Onur Air) and Group 3 (Turkish Airlines and government aircraft). On April 5, 2019, Group 1 stopped their flights to Ataturk Airport, the next day Groups 2 and 3. Turkish Airlines, Atlasglobal Airlines and Onur Air transferred their planes to the new airport on Friday and Saturday. With the last Turkish Airlines flight to Singapore at 2:00 a.m. local time, Ataturk Airport was closed on April 6th, and Istanbul Airport took over its IATA code IST. Turkish Airlines resumed regular flight operations with the flight to Ankara at 2:00 p.m. local time. Group 2 flights followed on the evening of April 6, 2019 and Group 3 flies to Istanbul Airport on April 7.

Airport grounds

The seven gate areas
Istanbul Airport Interior (Bosphorus Corridor)
Check-in area

Terminal 1

The largest building at the airport, Terminal 1, has five piers. It contains influences from Turkish and Islamic art and architecture. The building has two floors. As usual at Turkish airports, there is an initial security check right at the entrance to the departure hall. If you pass this, you will find yourself in the check-in hall with 500 check-in counters and numerous self-check-in kiosks. 9 of the 13 check-in islands (BL check-ins) are reserved for Turkish Airlines passengers. Check-In L has been set up for Business Class, Elite and Elite Plus passengers. Eight robots were also purchased. The robots produced by Akınsoft provide travelers with information about the departure gate, check-in, baggage and delays in Turkish, English, Russian and Arabic. There are various restaurants and bars on the upper floor. On the air side of the passport and security controls for departing passengers is the duty-free shop, which opened on January 15, 2019 and has a sales area of ​​53,000 m². Unifree Duty Free, a subsidiary of Gebr. Heinemann SE & Co. KG , will operate the shop for at least 25 years. The airport hotel is operated by Yotel and opened in March 2019. The hotel has two areas, one on the land side and one on the air side. Most of the sales areas at the airport are located in the “Bosporus Corridor”. After this part the piers with the gates follow. The lower floor is for the arriving passengers. After the baggage carousel, there are shops and restaurants. There is also a duty-free shop there.

The five piers are directly connected to the terminal. One was built for domestic flights and four for international flights. A total of 143 passenger boarding bridges were built. According to the airport operator, the most distant gate is 2 km from the entrance. In order to shorten the travel time to the gates, 166 escalators, 167 moving walks and 332 elevators were installed. The airport has high security standards: 9000 cameras, a system for recognizing the license plate number , a facial recognition system and hundreds of motion sensors that detect abnormal movements and trigger an alarm in the airport security department.

If you then leave Terminal 1, you come to the bus stops and the taxi stand. In addition, there is a street in front of the entrance, which means you can get in and out quickly without having to drive into the parking garage. The parking garage has a capacity of 18,000 vehicles.

A covered bridge leads to Istanbul Airport City and on to the metro station and the future express train station.

More terminals

Terminal 2 is to be opened in the so-called 3rd phase and optically orient itself to Terminal 1, but it should be smaller.

Terminal 3 is to become a satellite terminal. The connection to Terminal 1 and 2 is to be made by underground railways.

Istanbul Airport City

The core zone of Istanbul Airport City originally opened in late summer 2019. A new opening date is not yet known. A hotel, a hospital, the company headquarters of Turkish Airlines , numerous offices, a shopping center , a mosque and the metro station are being built here. Expansions are planned: The airport operator is planning cultural facilities such as museums. Spacious avenues with several spaces are planned.

For plane spotters , a hill is raised, which provides a good view of the runways.

The main control tower of Istanbul Airport

Tower

The competition for the Air Traffic Control Tower (control tower) won Pininfarina and Aecom together. Aerotelegraph described the tower as "probably the most beautiful control tower in the world". The tower is said to resemble a tulip, which is one of the most important symbols of Istanbul. In 2016 the tower won the International Architecture Award . The tower has a total of 12 floors. There is a small parking garage in the basement. On the ground floor there are offices, a small restaurant, meeting rooms and a fitness room for the pilots and staff in the tower. The pilots work on the top two floors.

The airport has another small control tower opposite Gates G.

Others

There are no longer any “follow-me vehicles” on the apron. The pilots are directed to the gates by lighting on the ground.

The kerosene is delivered by ships to the port built especially for the airport and transported to the kerosene tanks by pipelines.

The airport operator has released an application. Passengers can download them and then place orders for products from the duty-free shop and numerous other shops. In addition to the flight information, there is a map with the shops, check-in counters, gates etc. to which the app can also navigate passengers. It is also possible to use the WLAN via app.

Airlines and Destinations

A Boeing 787-9 of Turkish Airlines at Istanbul Airport

Turkish Airlines

The airport is the new home airport of Turkish Airlines. The first eight targets were performed for the ORAT tests. These were Ankara , Antalya and Izmir . The first passenger flight was symbolically carried out from Istanbul Airport to Ankara with the flagship of the airline, a Boeing 777. Turkish Airlines stationed two Boeing 737-800s at Istanbul Airport in early November 2018. The first international destinations Lefkoşa (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) and Baku (Azerbaijan) followed on November 8, 2018 . Adana and Trabzon were added as further national routes on December 10, 2018 . An Airbus A320 was stationed at the airport for this purpose. Gaziantep has been served since December 21, 2018.

On January 10, 2019, 11 connections were transferred from Ataturk Airport to Istanbul Airport in a first step. These are connections to Ashgabat , Frankfurt (FRA) , Moscow (VKO) , Munich , Paris (CDG) and Tbilisi abroad and Diyarbakır , Kayseri and Hatay in Germany. The remaining connections followed with the move on April 7, 2019.

Other airlines

From the German-speaking region, only Lufthansa flies to Istanbul Airport from Frankfurt. China Southern , Lucky Air , Sichuan Airlines , Ethiopian Airlines , Indigo Airlines are all flying to Istanbul. Then there are the airlines that have so far flown to Ataturk Airport. These include KLM , Egypt Air , Air Astana , Aeroflot and Qatar Airways .

criticism

The entire project was necessary because the capacity of Ataturk Airport was at full capacity and could not be meaningfully expanded at the location. It is inevitable that such large-scale projects will cause enormous problems. The location of the new airport and the sometimes inhuman conditions during construction are worthy of criticism. It is noticeable that official reports and reports are mostly positive.

Working conditions in construction

According to a report in Cumhuriyet newspaper , 400 workers are said to have died by February 2018. The relatives are said to have been paid sums of money to cover up these deaths. In response to the parliamentary question raised by this report, the Ministry of Labor admitted deaths, but spoke of only 27 deaths. Weekly deaths have also been confirmed by the construction workers union. The economist and columnist Mustafa Sönmez spoke in the press of "catastrophic working conditions".

Furthermore, workers should not have worked eight but twelve hours a day as prescribed and with only 1500 lira (approx. € 320) a month would not even have received the minimum wage of around 1600 lira.

Workers reported unpaid wages, stale food, poor medical care, bed bugs, and lack of water.

In addition, the trucks used are said to be completely overloaded and in some cases also had defective brakes, missing lights and broken axles.

After the accident of a shuttle bus on September 14, 2018, in which 17 workers were injured, thousands of workers went on a spontaneous strike. The next day around 500 people were arrested. 31 workers were arrested and 61 workers and trade unionists charged by the prosecution. In the media they were labeled “traitors” and accused of sabotaging the completion of the new airport.

environment

The representation that the location was a mining area is misleading. According to the report prepared by Ak-Tel Engineering, a total area of ​​the project of 7650  hectares was identified there and divided according to the previous use as follows:

  • Forest areas: 6172 ha - over 2.5 million trees were felled or moved. In addition, there is the considerable clearing of the access and departure routes.
  • Lake area: 660 ha of the more than 70 lakes, ponds and ponds from 3 m Ø of the wetlands were drained and filled. In the largest of the filled-in lakes, Kulakçayırı Gölü (Kulakçayırı Lake, about 2 km²), many fish species lived that were also bred there.
  • Pastures and other agricultural land: 296 ha
  • Mining and other industrial use: 180 ha, i.e. less than 2.5% of the total area
  • Bush area: 2 ha
  • In addition, the residents of the area were expropriated and forcibly relocated.

The timeline function allows the development to be viewed using satellite images.

Lake Terkos ( Durusu Gölü in Turkish ), which is 2.5 km west of the airport's tank farm , was made smaller by the construction. It has an area of ​​39 km² and provides 22% of the drinking and industrial water for Istanbul. Its eastern catchment area was sealed by concrete surfaces. It is feared that harmful foreign substances could be introduced into the surface water to be discharged, which would contaminate the water supplies. World icon

In addition, the region is located in a resting area for migratory birds , especially white storks , which cross the Bosporus in spring and fly north parallel to the Black Sea and use the wetland to rest. This not only creates disruptions for the migratory birds, but there would also be a considerable risk of bird strikes. In order to avoid the latter, bird repellant systems were installed around the airport area , which are supposed to keep birds away with the help of light and sound.

During the development and construction phase, there was already enormous pollution of the environment through dust and exhaust gases from construction vehicles and machines. To make matters worse, forest and water areas that could serve as filters were destroyed. After the opening, the load increases, up to 3000 take-offs and landings are planned per day.

Official publications gloss over the problems, suppress negative facts or revise them in line with governance. The dissemination of negative observations and facts was often interpreted to the detriment of the reporter and had unpleasant legal consequences. In the official annual reports, self-admiration dominates.

Web links

Commons : Istanbul Airport  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Iata code was first ISL . When the previous Ataturk Airport was closed, the new airport took over its abbreviation IST .
  2. ↑ a b dhmi.gov.tr
  3. ↑ İstanbul Yeni Havalimanı bugün açılıyor! Retrieved October 29, 2018 (Turkish).
  4. ↑ Turkish Airlines is familiarizing itself with the new airport. In: aero.de. October 29, 2018, accessed October 29, 2018 .
  5. ↑ Turkey is building the world's largest airport in Istanbul , Welt Online, November 7, 2012.
  6. ↑ Start date: New Istanbul airport opens in two years , Spiegel Online, February 24, 2016.
  7. ↑ New Istanbul Airport: This is how the mega-move from Istanbul works | aeroTELEGRAPH . In: aeroTELEGRAPH . January 22, 2018 ( aerotelegraph.com [accessed October 13, 2018]).
  8. ↑ Ataturk Havalimanı yerine millet bahçesi (Dünyanın en büyük parklarından biri olacak). Retrieved October 13, 2018 .
  9. ↑ İstanbul Havalimanı Metrosu'nun açılış tarihi belli oldu. Retrieved February 29, 2020 (Turkish).
  10. ↑ Yeni havalimanı toplu ulaşım ihalesini kazanan belli oldu . In: NTV . September 27, 2018 ( com.tr [accessed October 2, 2018]).
  11. ↑ HAVAİST - İstanbul Havalimanı'na Yolculuk. Retrieved April 1, 2019 .
  12. ↑ player-inline {display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 56 25%; position: relative; width: 100%; z-index: 5;} player-box {height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%;} $ ready {quarkPlayer = new QuarkPlayer, bufferLength: 5, autoPlay: false, subTitles: false, showAds: true: İstanbul Havalimanı'nda yeni dönem! Akıllı Taksi Uygulaması hayata geçiyor. Retrieved February 29, 2020 (Turkish).
  13. ↑ İstanbul'a 3. havalimanı ihalesi Esenboğa'da yapılacak- CNN TÜRK - tarafsız güvenilir haberler. March 4, 2016, accessed December 10, 2018 .
  14. ↑ About us - IGA. Retrieved December 10, 2018 .
  15. ↑ 3. havalimanına 22.1 milyar euros. Retrieved December 10, 2018 .
  16. ↑ Laying of the foundation stone for the mega airport in Istanbul , Die Welt , June 7, 2014, accessed on June 8, 2014.
  17. ^ The Largest Buildings in the World . In: WorldAtlas . ( worldatlas.com [accessed October 31, 2018]).
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  22. ↑ a b Deutsche Welle , February 6, 2013.
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  24. ↑ Boost for Istanbul's mega airport , aerotelegraph.com, December 12, 2014, accessed on August 11, 2015.
  25. ↑ 'Büyük Göç'ten kareler (Ataturk Havalimanı'ndan İstanbul Havalimanı'na). Retrieved April 5, 2019 .
  26. ↑ n-tv NEWS: Erdogan's mega airport remains in test operation. Retrieved February 25, 2019 .
  27. ↑ Ataturk Havalimanı'nın taşınma planı belli oldu! Retrieved January 19, 2019 (tr-TR).
  28. ↑ Istanbul airport move gradually up to March 3rd. In: aeroTELEGRAPH. January 18, 2019, accessed on January 19, 2019 (German).
  29. ↑ "Büyük Göç" ün yüzde 38'i tamamlandı. Retrieved April 5, 2019 .
  30. ↑ İstanbul Havalimanı taşınma işlemleri esnasında hangi yollar kapalı olacak? Retrieved April 5, 2019 (Turkish).
  31. ↑ Bigger, faster, further: Istanbul Airport is moving. Retrieved April 5, 2019 .
  32. ↑ 'Ataturk Havalimanından son uçuş 6 Nisan'da'. Retrieved April 5, 2019 .
  33. ↑ Konya'da üretilen robot: Mini Ada, İstanbul Havalimanı'nda görevde. Retrieved January 23, 2019 (tr-TR).
  34. ↑ Trbusiness The travel retail Trbusiness The magazine for global retail, Duty Free Professionals: Image gallery: Istanbul New Airport retail areas. January 8, 2019, Retrieved January 15, 2019 (American English).
  35. ↑ İstanbul Havalimanı'na dev duty free (9 futbol sahası kadar). January 15, 2019, accessed January 15, 2019 .
  36. ↑ a b Fatih Altaylı - Karşınızda İstanbul'un 3. Havalimanı: Terminal bitmiş, pistler bitmiş, çevresi bitmemiş - HABERTÜRK . In: www.haberturk.com . ( haberturk.com [accessed October 13, 2018]).
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  39. ↑ İSTANBUL AIRPORT CITY. Retrieved December 20, 2018 .
  40. ↑ Istanbul New Airport: Probably the most beautiful control tower in the world | aeroTELEGRAPH . In: aeroTELEGRAPH . January 5, 2016 ( aerotelegraph.com [accessed June 24, 2018]).
  41. ↑ Istanbul formally opens one of world's biggest airports. In: Home - Newsum! Positive News from Around the Globe. April 8, 2019, Retrieved April 9, 2019 (American English).
  42. ↑ İstanbul yeni havalimanında son durum ne? Retrieved October 13, 2018 (tr-TR).
  43. ↑ IstanbulAirport Mobile Application Released! Retrieved April 1, 2019 .
  44. ↑ İstanbul Havalimanı'ndan Uçuşlarımız Başlıyor! | Kampanyalar | Türk Hava Yolları ®. Retrieved December 19, 2018 .
  45. ↑ (Görüntülü) THY, İstanbul Havalimanı'ndan Bakü seferlerine başladı. Retrieved December 19, 2018 (Turkish).
  46. ↑ Yeni Şafak: THY'den İstanbul Havalimanı'na 2 yeni hat: Trabzon ve Adana. November 23, 2018, accessed December 19, 2018 (tr-TR).
  47. ↑ AA: THY'den İstanbul Havalimanı'ndan yeni seferler. Retrieved December 29, 2018 (Turkish).
  48. ↑ THY, İstanbul Havalimanı'ndan yeni seferler başlatıyor. December 27, 2018, accessed December 29, 2018 .
  49. ↑ Alman devi İstanbul Havalimanı seferlerine başlıyor. March 28, 2019, accessed April 2, 2019 (Turkish).
  50. ↑ Sichuan Airlines İstanbul uçuşlarına başlayacak. Retrieved April 2, 2019 .
  51. ↑ News for Airlines, Airports and the Aviation Industry | CAPA. Retrieved April 2, 2019 .
  52. ↑ UBM (UK) Ltd. 2019: China Southern adds Wuhan - Istanbul service from May 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019 (UK English).
  53. ↑ Çinliler akın akın İstanbul'a gelecek - Haberler Son Dakika. Retrieved April 28, 2019 .
  54. ^ Susanne Güsten: Istanbul Airport - Workers for Erdogan's prestige project. In: www.deutschlandfunk.de. Deutschlandfunk, October 29, 2018, accessed on March 15, 2019 (German).
  55. ↑ a b President Erdoğan is building a monument for himself with the new Istanbul Airport. April 2, 2019, accessed May 20, 2020 .
  56. ↑ The dark side of the Turkish airport miracle . In: The press . ( diepresse.com [accessed February 25, 2018]).
  57. ↑ 3. havalimanı mezarlık gibi ... Hafriyat kamyonu şoförü anlattı: 400 işçinin Ölümü gizlendi . ( com.tr [accessed February 25, 2018]). 3. havalimanı mezarlık gibi ... Hafriyat kamyonu şoförü anlattı: 400 işçinin Ölümü gizlendi ( Memento of the original from February 25, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cumhuriyet.com.tr
  58. ↑ Augsburger Allgemeine: Be amazed and die at the new mega airport in Istanbul . In: Augsburger Allgemeine . ( augsburger-allgemeine.de [accessed on February 25, 2018]).
  59. ↑ taz.de
  60. ↑ Istanbul's new airport will be built on filled land , Hürriyet Daily News, November 19, 2012 (English)
  61. ↑ Korku filmi senaryosu gibi ( German  Like a horror film script ), Cumhuriyet , April 13, 2013 ( Turkish )
  62. ↑ Kulakçayır pictures before and during the 2014/15 drainage
  63. ↑ Airport area via GoogleEarth . With the history function (click on the clock symbol above) you can see the status years ago.
  64. ↑ Globetrotters under attack , EuroNatur Foundation
    Turkey - Swarm over it , SZ.de, April 22, 2015
  65. ↑ İrem Köker: İstanbul Havalimanı ile ilgili bugüne kadar neler iddia edildi, İGA nasıl yanıt verdi? October 27, 2018 ( bbc.com [accessed May 2, 2019]).
  66. ↑ Въздушният трафик над България ще скочи с 50% заради новото летище в Истанбул ( German  Air traffic over Bulgaria will increase by 50% due to the new airport in Istanbul April 20, 2015).
  67. ↑ Annual report 2017 (more recent reports are pending ) , DHMI
    Further sources: