FreeBSD
FreeBSD | |
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![]() FreeBSD with Message of the Day |
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developer | The FreeBSD Project |
License (s) | BSD license |
First publ. | November 1, 1993 |
Current version |
12.1 of November 4, 2019 (295 days ago) |
Kernel | monolithic |
ancestry |
Before version 2.0: UNIX ↳ BSD ↳ 386BSD ↳ FreeBSD Version 2.0 or higher : 4.4BSD ↳ FreeBSD |
Architecture (s) | x86 and x64 completely, and various others partially |
https://www.freebsd.org/de/ The FreeBSD Project |
FreeBSD is a free and complete Unix-like operating system that descends directly from the Berkeley Software Distribution . With a community of almost 390 permanent, official and thousands of contributing developers, FreeBSD is one of the largest open source projects. Although the developers focus on creating a stable software platform for servers and appliances , it is also used on desktop computers . FreeBSD is mainly used by Internet service providers such as Yahoo and Strato , for high-load applications such as Netflix , in Internet backbone systems such as high-performance routers and name services, and as a web hosting platform. There it regularly ranks at the top of the list of the most reliable systems.
Several standards in the field of computer networks , such as IPv6 , were first implemented by FreeBSD and from there, thanks to the permissive BSD license , spread to other systems, including OpenBSD and Linux . FreeBSD is also partially the foundation for Darwin , Apple's open source platform on which macOS is based.
history
Originally intended as an unofficial collection of patches to correct errors in 386BSD , Nate Williams, Rod Grimes and Jordan K. Hubbard founded a separate project in 1993 after maintaining the patch kit mechanism became too laborious. The project originally called 386BSD-Interim had to be discontinued when the author of 386BSD, Bill Jolitz , gave up his work on the project and 386BSD himself. When looking for a new name, FreeBSD was suggested by Bill Greenman, an employee of Walnut Creek CDROM , where the project's software was distributed on disk and via FTP .
Just as with NetBSD , which was founded shortly before by other authors of the patch kit, the decision was made right at the start of the project in July 1993 to develop the software centrally with the help of a CVS archive. The sources of 4.3BSD-Lite (Net / 2) and 386BSD, which the Berkeley Software Distribution ported to the Intel 80386 processor platform , were used for the first versions of FreeBSD . However, when Unix System Laboratories began suing BSD software vendors for license infringement, the FreeBSD base changed to 4.4BSD-Lite, which UC Berkeley released in 1994 after the litigation was closed. This version no longer contained any source code from Unix Laboratories. Since parts of the operating system that were necessary for booting were missing as a result, it took until November 1994 to produce a functional software distribution that could be released as FreeBSD 2.0. Older versions may no longer be distributed for legal reasons.
Since then, the operating system has been ported to various other platforms and has increased both in functions and in natively supported software from third-party providers. Due to its project size and distribution without appearing publicly, FreeBSD is also unofficially referred to as an unknown giant among the free operating systems. In addition to various derivatives , several organizations have emerged from the project with the aim of promoting FreeBSD and the BSD family. These include B. the FreeBSD Foundation and the BSD Certification Group .
properties
The complete system includes the following components:
- Kernel : implements the APIs and data structures of the operating system , as well as the device drivers
- Userland : all important programs, from text editors to compilers or server applications (mail server etc.)
- Ports : after FreeBSD porting applications from other manufacturers
As a Unix-like system, FreeBSD is largely POSIX- compliant. It supports all the basic functions of the POSIX.1 standard, but not all extensions of the X / Open System Interface . For this reason, it must not have the legally protected name UNIX . However, work is underway to produce full support for the interfaces of C99 , POSIX and XSI. In addition to the x86 , AMD64 and PC-98 architecture, which was previously widespread in Japan , a number of other processor types are supported. These include SPARC and PowerPC as well as the ARM - and experimentally also the MIPS architectures for embedded systems . Since FreeBSD offers its own binary interface (ABI), it is easy to install proprietary software. Similarly, Windows -Netzwerkgerätetreiber whose manufacturers have not released the hardware specifications on the NDIS use interface, eg. B. Intel's Centrino .
File systems
FreeBSD has some special features related to data storage.
The UFS - file system that is commonly used by the BSD operating systems, has metadata journaling and Soft Updates that ensure the consistency of the file system in the event of a system crash. File system snapshots can be efficiently created in no time. Among other things, they enable reliable backups of running file systems. FreeBSD also has GEOM, a modular framework that provides RAID , encryption of entire hard drives, journaling, caching and access to network-based storage space. With the help of GEOM, complex storage solutions can be built that use several of these mechanisms at the same time.
Another frequently used file system in FreeBSD is that of Sun developed ZFS . This was first ported to FreeBSD from free sources published with OpenSolaris and has been considered stable since FreeBSD 8.0. In the meantime, improvements to the file system are being developed as part of OpenZFS , some of which will then be adopted for FreeBSD. ZFS is valued primarily for its ease of use, flexibility and stability. Since FreeBSD 10.0 it is possible to install a completely ZFS-based system exclusively via the system installer. Previously, this had to be done manually.
Software management
In addition to the programs from the basic system, over 26,000 software packages from third-party providers are available. They can be used to make a preselection during installation, depending on the intended use. Most packages are also available as binary files ( package ) and can thus be installed directly from the installation medium or a regional project repository .
More often, however, the so-called ports are used as package management . In addition to a larger selection, the advantages of the FreeBSD ports lie in the convenient dependency resolution , a possible processor-specific optimization and the use of compile time options. Most ports are loaded as source code, mostly from the network, and then compiled on your own system. Most of the open source programs for server and desktop can be found here, as well as some proprietary programs. The flexibility and ease of use of the FreeBSD ports have made this package management popular on other systems. In addition to NetBSD, DragonFly BSD (as DPorts ) and OpenBSD, the ports are also used on Darwin and Mac OS X / OS X / macOS under the name MacPorts . Due to the extensive source code compatibility of these systems, only minor changes to the port metadata are necessary.
network
Due to the nature of the project, the strengths of FreeBSD lie in the network area. Because of the KAME project, the BSDs were among the first operating systems with IPv6 and IPsec support. There are several redundant packet filter implementations available: the IPFilter , which is also available for proprietary Unices , the in-house development ipfw and pf from OpenBSD. There is also a powerful traffic shaper called dummynet .
FreeBSD masters network protocols on different levels, for example 802.1Q VLANs , PPP , L2TP . With netgraph there is also a graph-based kernel subsystem that supports the modular implementation of new protocols and flexible combinations of existing ones. FreeBSD also works with various network hardware, including: a. 10 Gigabit Ethernet , WLAN , ATM , ISDN , FDDI and UMTS .
Virtualization
Starting with version 4.x, FreeBSD provides the virtualization environment jails ( prisons ). The system and configuration files of the main system cannot be accessed from inside a jail - it uses its own files, processes and user accounts, so that the environment is almost indistinguishable from that of a full-fledged system. Compared to chroot , for example , this offers a number of advantages, especially with regard to security, administration and performance. Compared to packages such as Xen or VMware , the implementation is much easier and more transparent, but does not offer the possibility of running a foreign operating system. In other systems, variations of FreeBSD jails are known as sysjails or containers .
The open source edition of the virtualization software VirtualBox is contained in the ports and enables FreeBSD to be operated both as a guest operating system and as a virtualization host that houses virtual machines.
With FreeBSD 10.0, the type 2 hypervisor bhyve, specially developed for FreeBSD, found its way into the operating system. It currently supports various FreeBSD versions, Open / NetBSD, Linux and Windows as guest operating systems.
FreeBSD can be used as a Xen guest system including the paravirtualized PVH mode, and FreeBSD has meanwhile also been supported as a host system.
Binary compatibility
FreeBSD
The FreeBSD developers are very careful to keep new versions of the operating system backwards compatible . This means that programs that could be executed under an older version of the operating system can still be executed under the newer version. This claim is made for all parts of the operating system (especially kernel modules). The user is notified of exceptions to this rule if necessary.
Linux
FreeBSD offers Linux binary compatibility. This means that programs written and compiled for GNU / Linux can run on FreeBSD. Above all, this offers the possibility of using programs that are only available in compiled form for Linux (such as Adobe Reader , Adobe Flash Player , Skype ) under FreeBSD. Linux binary compatibility is often called Linux emulator or linuxulator . From a technical point of view, however, this feature does not use emulation , but is based on the implementation of a binary interface (ABI).
Windows
With the aid of the Wine runtime environment , which is available in the Ports Collection and as a binary package, a number of Windows applications can be run under FreeBSD, e.g. B. Microsoft Office .
development
The development branches of the source code are made available through central Subversion / CVS archives. The system is very homogeneous as all system components are maintained by the same developer group. These archives are mirrored regionally in order to relieve the network of the main archive. For performance reasons and to avoid inconsistencies , the archives with direct write access are separated from those that can be read.
With FreeBSD, the availability of the source code also plays an important role in practical terms: many users keep a local source code tree and regularly synchronize it over the network with a central source code archive ( repository ). This makes it possible to adapt a local system exactly for its purpose by z. B. the kernel can be rebuilt with system-specific drivers or software of the base system or the ports can be adapted. In the repository you can research the old versions of the source texts and the developers' comments and thus gain a very good insight into the structure and functioning of the system.
Project organization
The maintenance of the source code is carried out by three groups in the FreeBSD development community:
- src : This part of the source tree contains the kernel and the userland. Committers with access to the src tree therefore also drive the development of the system.
- ports : Named after the package manager of the same name, the software from third-party providers is entered here. The FreeBSD ports are independent of the kernel and userland.
- doc : Committers with access to this part of the source tree are responsible for maintaining the very extensive manual and man pages that ship with FreeBSD.
In addition to these three groups, there are also teams that are responsible for the release management , the administration of the project server, the maintenance of security updates, etc. There is a personal overlap between all these groups.
The development is coordinated by the core team , which is elected every two years by the active developers with CVS access.
As with many open source projects, communication between developers and users takes place mainly via the Internet ( mailing lists , newsgroups , IRC , forums ).
Community meeting
Several conferences are held around the world every year, so-called BSDcons . Developers and interested users present BSD-related projects, discuss them and learn how to use them in workshops. As part of the conferences, separate developer meetings take place (so-called DevSummit s), at which future developments of the project are discussed and coordinated. The conferences often take place in a university environment. Most of them receive financial and logistical support from the FreeBSD Foundation. For example, the FreeBSD Foundation uses part of its budget to help developers attend conferences. Well-known companies (including Google , Netflix , iXsystems ) that are involved in the development of FreeBSD or that use FreeBSD on a larger scale also sponsor conferences. The conferences are valued as they offer the possibility of exchange between programmers, system administrators, students, professors and IT companies. More and more often parts of the conferences are streamed live or recordings of lectures or other conference materials (presentations, handouts) can be accessed online via the respective conference website.
The following conferences take place regularly:
- AsiaBSDCon (Asia, Japan)
- BSDCan (USA, Canada)
- EuroBSDcon (Europe)
- KyivBSD (Ukraine, Kiev)
- NYCBSDCon (USA, New York City)
- ruBSD (Russia)
In addition to the conferences, there are irregular meetings, so-called BSDDays . They serve the same purpose as the conferences, but are not as extensive due to lack of time or finance.
Furthermore, there are so-called user groups in many countries . These are groups made up of users of FreeBSD or those who wish to become one. They primarily serve the personal exchange of experiences. When, where and how members of such groups meet is group-specific and is often publicly announced on the websites of these groups.
Branches of development
The development of the FreeBSD kernel and userland takes place in parallel in several branches:
- CURRENT , in which new features are developed and tested and is only suitable for developers or advanced users. (CVS tag: CURRENT , HEAD, or . )
- STABLE , which emerged as sufficiently tested software from the CURRENT branch and of which new versions are released about every four to six months.
- RELEASE are snapshots of the respective RELEASE branch, which in turn come from a STABLE branch. With releases , no more changes are made, only security-relevant changes are entered.
For example, in order to be able to exchange security-relevant changes between the individual branches or to be able to incorporate improvements from the stable branch in Current, version management with Perforce is used in the background , since CVS cannot make cross-branch changes. The maintenance period is between 6 and 24 months, depending on the release and priority.
Version table
version | publication | Support up | major change | ||
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1.0 | November 1, 1993 | first version | |||
1.1 | May 1994 | Maintenance release with bug fixes for 386BSD import, ported programs ( XFree86 , nntp ) added | |||
1.1.5 | |||||
1.1.5.1 | July 1994 | ||||
2.0 | November 22, 1994 | The code base of 386BSD was replaced by BSD-Lite 4.4 because of the comparison between USL and BSDi, new installer and boot manager , support of other file systems ( FAT , unionfs, kernfs), dynamically loadable kernel modules imported from NetBSD | |||
2.0.5 | June 10, 1995 | Complete support of NIS client and server, T / TCP, ISDN , FDDI and Fast Ethernet cards (100Mbit), translation of the documentation into various languages, ports included on the installation medium | |||
2.1 | November 19, 1995 | ||||
2.1.5 | July 1996 | ||||
2.1.6 | December 1996 | ||||
2.1.7 | February 1997 | ||||
2.2 | March 1997 | NFSv 3, Linux emulation layer including ELF , introduction of man section 9 for kernel functions | |||
2.2.1 | April 1997 | ||||
2.2.2 | May 1997 | ||||
2.2.5 | October 22, 1997 | Support of current Cyrix and AMD processors, new VGA library | |||
2.2.6 | March 25, 1998 | Support for plug and play | |||
2.2.7 | July 22, 1998 | Support for FAT32 , update to PC-98 architecture | |||
2.2.8 | November 29, 1998 | Traffic shaping with dummynet , packet filtering with ipfw , support of IDE drives larger than 8 GiB | |||
3.0 | October 1998 | Support of symmetrical multiprocessor systems (SMP), SCSI and VESA | |||
3.1 | February 15, 1999 | Introduction of USB and PAM | |||
3.2 | May 17, 1999 | ||||
3.3 | September 17, 1999 | Support of Advanced Power Management for power management | |||
3.4 | December 20, 1999 | ||||
3.5 | June 24, 2000 | ||||
4.0 | March 14, 2000 | Import of IPv6 and IPsec from the KAME project , integration of OpenSSH into the basic system, emulation for SVR4 binary files, USB Ethernet , telnet encryption | |||
4.1 | July 27, 2000 | Extension of the support for alpha processors | |||
4.1.1 | September 27, 2000 | Virtual Ethernet device driver for bridge configurations, support for ATA100 controllers | |||
4.2 | November 21, 2000 | Support of USB scanners, USB modems, restructuring of ports | |||
4.3 | April 20, 2001 | ||||
4.4 | September 20, 2001 | Detection of new processors ( Transmeta Crusoe et al. ), Support of Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) and SMB file systems | |||
4.5 | January 29, 2002 | December 31, 2002 | TCP revised with regard to throughput, performance and robustness against DoS attacks , support of the bootloader for file systems with 16K blocks | ||
4.6 | June 15, 2002 | May 2003 | |||
4.6.2 | August 15, 2002 | May 2003 | |||
4.7 | October 10, 2002 | December 2003 | |||
4.8 | April 3, 2003 | March 31, 2004 | Support of FireWire and Hyper-Threading , framework imported from OpenBSD for encryption support of the kernel | ||
4.9 | October 28, 2003 | October 31, 2004 | Experimental support for physical address extensions | ||
4.10 | May 27, 2004 | May 2006 | USB 2.0 support | ||
4.11 | January 25, 2005 | January 31, 2007 | |||
5.0 | January 14, 2003 | June 30, 2003 | Support of UltraSPARC and IA-64 processors, SMP support by converting the Giant lock into smaller locks, GEOM , Mandatory Access Control imported from TrustedBSD , fsck in the background, Bluetooth , ACPI , CardBus , devfs , UFS2 , Universal Disk Format , Drivers for the Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI), Pluggable Authentication Modules , support for 80386 processors, kernfs and UUCP removed, Perl moved from the base system to the ports, the rc.d framework imported from NetBSD | ||
5.1 | June 9, 2003 | February 2004 | Experimental support for AMD64 processors, 1: 1 and M: N thread libraries for multithreading , name service switch and the ULE scheduler, support for physical address extensions , mandatory use of GEOM and devfs, IPv6 support for the Linux emulator , Start of documentation translation into Danish | ||
5.2 | January 9, 2004 | December 31, 2004 | AMD64 supported as Tier1 architecture, Protocol Independent Multicast , ATA driver removed from the Giant lock, support of the NFSv4 client, start of documentation translation into Turkish , introduction of Cardbus and 802.11a / b / g drivers, experimental support for the Filtering and forwarding of IP data in multiple threads | ||
5.2.1 | February 25, 2004 | December 31, 2004 | |||
5.3 | November 6, 2004 | October 31, 2006 | ALTernate queuing, entry-invariant network and socket subsystems in multiple threads, introduction of the kernel debugger framework (KDB), dynamic and static linker support for thread-local storage , import of the pf firewall from OpenBSD, native execution support for NDIS drivers, replacement of XFree86 by X.org , basic system cryptography support | ||
5.4 | May 9, 2005 | October 31, 2006 | Import of the Common Address Redundancy Protocol from OpenBSD | ||
5.5 | May 25, 2006 | May 31, 2008 | Both cores of dual-core processors can be used by default using the SMP kernel | ||
6.0 | November 4, 2005 | January 31, 2007 | Experimental support for PowerPC , WPA , drivers for additional wireless cards added, full support for 802.11g , 802.11i , 802.1x and WME / WMM , improved access to file systems and directly to data storage media, SMP-capable layer of the virtual file system VFS, import the bridge implementation with support of the 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol from NetBSD | ||
6.1 | May 8, 2006 | May 31, 2008 | Keyboard multiplexer , automatic configuration of many Bluetooth devices, drivers for Ethernet, SAS and SATA - RAID controllers | ||
6.2 | January 15, 2007 | May 31, 2008 | Support of the Xbox architecture, OpenBSM , ipfw tags for packages, introduction of freebsd-update for binary security updates and patches and OpenIPMI as an intelligent platform management interface | ||
6.3 | January 18, 2008 | January 31, 2010 | Reimplementation of UnionFS , adding an upgrade switch to freebsd-update | ||
6.4 | November 28, 2008 | November 30, 2010 | Support of the Camellia algorithm for encryption, enabling the booting of USB data carriers and devices with GPT -BIOS, buffer corruption protection during memory allocation | ||
7.0 | February 27, 2008 | April 30, 2009 | Support for ZFS , XFS and GPT, reference implementation of SCTP , support for the ARM architecture and the High Definition Audio Interface (HDA) from Intel added, phkmalloc by jemalloc , support for DEC Alpha discontinued | ||
7.1 | January 4, 2009 | February 28, 2011 | DTrace taken over by OpenSolaris , ULE scheduler becomes the preset scheduler for i386 and AMD64 platforms | ||
7.2 | May 4, 2009 | June 30, 2010 | Support of UltraSPARC III processors, transparent use of superpages in the virtual memory subsystem, improvements to FreeBSD jails | ||
7.3 | March 23, 2010 | March 31, 2012 | New bootloader gptzfsboot with support for GPT and ZFS, support for VIA Nano processors | ||
7.4 | February 24, 2011 | February 28, 2013 | Added support for UltraSPARC-IV, -IV + and SPARC64-V processors, IEEE 802.3 full duplex | ||
8.0 | November 25, 2009 | November 30, 2010 | New USB stack, support for IEEE 802.11s , use of superpages , increase in the number of maximum slices and support for NFSv4 | ||
8.1 | July 23, 2010 | July 31, 2012 | High availability storage, SMP for PowerPC G5 systems, thread-safe MS-DOS file system, zfsloader, NFSv4- ACL for UFS and ZFS | ||
8.2 | February 24, 2011 | July 31, 2012 | Import of V4L into the Linux emulator, support of USB 3.0 and the Extensible Host Controller Interface | ||
8.3 | April 18, 2012 | April 30, 2014 | Support of the TRIM function for SSDs , GNOME version 2.32.1, KDE version 4.7.4 | ||
8.4 | June 9, 2013 | August 1, 2015 | The tmpfs file system can now be used productively, KDE version 4.10.1 | ||
9.0 | January 12, 2012 | March 31, 2013 | Userland DTrace , UFS SoftUpdates + Journal, SMP support for more than 32 processors, introduction of the non-uniform memory architecture | ||
9.1 | December 31, 2012 | December 31, 2014 | New Intel graphics driver with GEM / KMS support | ||
9.2 | September 30th, 2013 | December 31, 2014 | Support of TRIM and LZ4 compression under ZFS | ||
9.3 | July 16, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | Support of ZFS bookmarks , introduction of /usr/lib/private , updating of numerous libraries
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10.0 | 20th January 2014 | February 28, 2015 | Conversion to Clang / LLVM as the standard compiler; Linux inotify emulation | ||
10.1 | November 14, 2014 | December 31, 2016 | Support for UEFI for amd64, UDP-Lite protocol and SMP for armv6 added, performance improvements for virtualization and ZFS | ||
10.2 | August 13, 2015 | December 31, 2016 | |||
10.3 | March 29, 2016 | April 30, 2018 | Support of ZFS boot for UEFI installations, 64-bit Linux emulation | ||
10.4 | 4th October 2017 | October 31, 2018 | |||
11.0 | October 10, 2016 | November 30, 2017 | The WLAN driver supports 802.11n and other hardware, it also implements the regulatory domain to FCC rules by default , the RISC -V and arm64 architecture is supported, the hypervisor Bhyve now supports Windows Vista and up, libblacklist was made by NetBSD taken over, as well as bug fixes and package updates | ||
11.1 | July 26, 2017 | September 30, 2018 | LLVM , LLDB, Clang have been updated, the NFS client now supports the Amazon Elastic File System and the second generation Hyper-V hypervisor receives support, the tools zfsbootcfg and efivar, further software updates and improvements as well as updates for better reproducible builds have been added to support | ||
11.2 | June 27, 2018 | October 31, 2019 | LLVM , Clang , LLDB was updated as well as OpenSSH and OpenSSL , KDE 4.14.3, Gnome 3.18.0, driver updates | ||
11.3 | 5th July 2019 | still open | KDE 4.15.3, Gnome 3.28.0 | ||
12.0 | December 11, 2018 | still open | |||
12.1 | 4th November 2019 | still open | OpenSSL version 1.1.1d; Clang / LLVM version 8.0.1; BearSSL in the basic system | ||
Legend:
Older version; no longer supported
Older version; still supported
Current version
Future version
|
The following timeline shows the life cycle of different FreeBSD versions. By the end of life of a version, security gaps and software errors will be eliminated and some essential new features that will be available in future versions will be backported .
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/timeline/29bf541b3827c7db642043a06ba5cc91.png)
logo
The BSD daemon is the "mascot" of BSD-Unix and has been used as a logo from the start. He is often called the Beastie , even though the owner of the copyright declares him nameless.
However, the symbol turned out to be difficult to reproduce and scalable, so in February 2005 the developers of the FreeBSD project called for a logo for FreeBSD to be designed. At the end of June 2005 the suggestions of various graphic designers were submitted and at the end of September 2005 the new logo was selected. In the end, seven entries were shortlisted - the winner was a design by Anton K. Gural.
As with NetBSD, there were various considerations not to continue using the traditional mascot as a logo. As a result, the Daemon Beastie remains the project's mascot. The new logo is a nod to the demon's head with its horns.
Distributions and derivatives
FreeBSD distributions
- m0n0wall : a firewall distribution;
- NomadBSD: a live system (no installation required) for USB sticks
- OPNsense : a (stateful) firewall / router distribution; supports LibreSSL and ASLR
- pfSense : a firewall / router distribution
- TrustedBSD : Extension with the main emphasis on security features
- HardenedBSD: an extension with an emphasis on security features; Cooperation with OPNsense
FreeBSD derivatives
- CellOS and OrbisOS: Operating systems of the PlayStation 3 and 4 from Sony
- Darwin : common basic operating system for macOS , iOS etc .; XNU , hybrid kernel from OSF Mach and FreeBSD kernels; Most of the userland of the UNIX 03 certified macOS comes from FreeBSD, it is not part of Darwin
- Data ONTAP: the operating system of NetApp storage systems
- DesktopBSD : a workstation system with KDE as the graphic work environment
- DragonFly BSD : Spin-off from FreeBSD 4.x
- FuryBSD : After Project Trident (in future Void Trident) decided to use Void Linux instead of TrueOS / FreeBSD , part of the community founded FuryBSD with a focus on a fully graphical desktop OS
- FreeNAS : designed for Network Attached Storage (NAS)
- FreeSBIE: a live system with Xfce and Fluxbox ; was created during the Google Summer of Code 2005
- JunOS: the operating system of Juniper Networks routers
- Kylin : developed for Chinese authorities
- MidnightBSD : with a graphical work environment based on GNUstep ; originally derived from FreeBSD 6.1 Beta
- NAS4Free: designed for Network Attached Storage (NAS)
- Picobsd : a minimized version of FreeBSD on a single disk fits - that is, less than 1.44 MB includes
- TrueOS (formerly PC-BSD): a derivative that extends FreeBSD and optimizes the workstation system; on the one hand with the in-house development Lumina as the intended graphic work environment, on the other hand as a basic system for further distributions; Rolling release ; supports OpenZFS , LibreSSL
Ports to the FreeBSD kernel
- Arch BSD: an Arch Linux port on the FreeBSD kernel
- Gentoo / FreeBSD: a Gentoo port to the FreeBSD kernel
- Debian GNU / kFreeBSD : a port of the Debian GNU system to the FreeBSD kernel
Hardware requirements
The hardware requirements depend on the area of application. An embedded system, for example, has different requirements than a web server or a desktop.
The minimum requirements for FreeBSD 11.x are 96 MB RAM and 1.5 GB hard disk space. For desktop systems, the requirements start with 2-4 GB of RAM and at least 8 GB of free hard disk space.
See also
literature
- Marshall Kirk McKusick , George V. Neville-Neil: The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System . Addison-Wesley, 2004, ISBN 0-201-70245-2 (description of the operating system at an academic level)
- Marshall Kirk McKusick, George V. Neville-Neil, Robert NM Watson: The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System. 2nd Edition. Addison-Wesley, 2015, ISBN 978-0-321-96897-5 (describes the FreeBSD 11 kernel)
- Greg Lehey: The Complete FreeBSD . 4th edition. O'Reilly, 2003, ISBN 0-596-00516-4 (Installing, Configuring, and Using the FreeBSD System)
- Harald Zisler: FreeBSD . Franzis, Poing 2006, ISBN 3-7723-6538-8 .
- Michael Lucas: Absolute FreeBSD: The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD. 2nd Edition. No Starch Press, San Francisco 2007, ISBN 978-1-59327-151-0 .
- Michael Urban, Brian Tiemann: FreeBSD 6 Unleashed . Sams, 2006, ISBN 0-672-32875-5 .
- Michael Lucas: FreeBSD de Luxe. Unix server administration . Mitp-Verlag, Bonn 2003, ISBN 3-8266-1343-0 .
- Benedikt Nießen: Your own server with FreeBSD 9 . dpunkt.verlag, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-89864-814-1 .
Web links
- Official website of The FreeBSD Project
- Link catalog about FreeBSD at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )
- Official manual
- Overview of mailing lists
- Official Forum (English)
- BSDForen.de - German-speaking forum, including wiki and chat channel
- BSD Magazine - free periodical (English)
- FreeBSD Journal - Periodical published by the FreeBSD Foundation
- BSD Now - weekly video / audio podcast with the latest, interviews and instructions on BSD
- BSDTalk - monthly audio podcast with interviews about BSD (English)
- FreeBSD - The free operating system for stable Internet servers in the podcast CRE
- FreeBSD, the unknown giant - informative article including a story from c't magazine
Individual evidence
- ↑ Glen Barber: FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE Now Available . November 4, 2019 (accessed June 16, 2020).
- ↑ Glen Barber: www.freebsd.org . November 4, 2019 (accessed June 16, 2020).
- ↑ a b FreeBSD supported platforms and their status
- ^ The FreeBSD Developers. freebsd.org, accessed March 23, 2016 .
- ↑ a b c d How the FreeBSD Project works , talk by Robert NM Watson at Google TechTalks 2007 (English)
- ↑ netcraft .com: Nearly 2.5 Million Active Sites running FreeBSD , survey from 2004 (English)
- ↑ netcraft.com: Most Reliable Hosting Company Sites in May 2009 and June 2011 (English)
- ↑ a b freebsd.org: About the FreeBSD Project (English)
- ↑ bsdwiki.de: History of BSD ( Memento from January 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), entry by Axel S. Gruner
- ↑ a b FreeBSD Release Information , overview of all releases including supported hardware platforms (English)
- ↑ ibm.com: Why FreeBSD ( Memento from April 26, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) (English)
- ↑ heise.de: FreeBSD the unknown giant
- ^ The BSD Certification Group. bsdcertification.org, accessed March 23, 2016 .
- ↑ Status page of the project for the production of the API ( Memento from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) for C99 and IEEE 1003.1-2001 (POSIX) including the XSI extensions.
- ↑ freebsd.org: Network Setup , Using Windows NDIS Drivers (English)
- ↑ Netgraph manpage
- ↑ freebsd.org: FreeBSD jails introduction ( Memento of 23 December 2010 at the Internet Archive (English))
- ↑ grunix.de: Jails under FreeBSD ( Memento from August 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE Release Notes. Retrieved March 15, 2014 .
- ↑ bhyve Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved May 9, 2017 .
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- ↑ FreeBSD / amd64 5.3-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project, March 11, 2004, accessed April 29, 2011 .
- ↑ FreeBSD / amd64 5.4-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project, May 5, 2005, accessed April 29, 2011 .
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- ↑ Ivan Voras: What's cooking for FreeBSD 7? Retrieved April 27, 2011 .
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- ↑ FreeBSD 7.1-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project, December 31, 2008, accessed April 27, 2011 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 7.2-RELEASE Release Notes: Release Highlights. The FreeBSD Project, April 30, 2009, accessed April 29, 2011 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 7.3-RELEASE Release Notes: Release Highlights. The FreeBSD Project, March 30, 2010, accessed April 29, 2011 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 7.4-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project, February 24, 2011, accessed April 27, 2011 .
- ↑ Ivan Voras: What's cooking for FreeBSD 8? Retrieved April 27, 2011 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 8.1-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project, February 24, 2011, accessed July 24, 2017 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 8.2-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project, February 24, 2011, accessed April 27, 2011 .
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- ↑ FreeBSD 8.4-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project, June 2, 2013, accessed June 9, 2013 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project, January 12, 2012, accessed January 12, 2012 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 9.1-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project, December 31, 2012, accessed December 31, 2012 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 9.2-RELEASE Release Notes. The FreeBSD Project, September 30, 2013, accessed October 1, 2013 .
- ↑ Glen Barber: FreeBSD 9.3-RELEASE Announcement. July 15, 2014, accessed July 19, 2014 .
- ↑ heise online: Free Unix derivative FreeBSD 10.0: GCC and make are missing in the standard installation
- ↑ FreeBSD 10.0 - FreeBSD wiki
- ↑ Falko Benthin: FreeBSD 10.1 released. In: pro-linux.org. November 16, 2014, accessed November 16, 2014 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 11.0 Release Process. freebsd.org, accessed October 1, 2016 .
- ↑ Supported FreeBSD releases. freebsd.org, accessed November 20, 2017 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 11.0-RELEASE Release Notes. In: freebsd.org. October 10, 2016, accessed October 10, 2016 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 11.1 Release Process. In: freebsd.org. Retrieved July 26, 2017 (English).
- ↑ FreeBSD Security Information. In: freebsd.org. Retrieved June 29, 2018 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 11.1 RELEASE Announcement. In: freebsd.org. Retrieved June 26, 2017 (English).
- ↑ FreeBSD 11.2 Release Process. In: freebsd.org. Retrieved June 29, 2018 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 12.0 Release Process. In: freebsd.org. Retrieved October 22, 2018 .
- ↑ FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE Release Notes. Accessed December 1, 2019 .
- ^ New Logo FreeBSD announcement, Jun Kuriyama (October 31, 2005); accessed on July 6, 2020.
- ^ Project Logo FreeBSD Foundation; accessed on July 6, 2020.
- ↑ NomadBSD. January 12, 2018, accessed on February 15, 2018 (English): "NomadBSD is a live system for flash drives, based on FreeBSD"
- ↑ Rob Williams, Sony PlayStation 4 OS Reported As Modified Version of FreeBSD 9. Nethothardware.com, June 24, 2013, accessed June 26, 2013 .
- ↑ Jürgen Donauer: Orbis OS: Sony PlayStation 4 runs with modified FreeBSD 9. bitblokes.de, June 24, 2013, accessed on October 28, 2014 .
- ↑ NetApp Data ONTAP with FreeBSD Base: Open Source Contributions. netapp.com, accessed March 23, 2016 .
- ↑ FreeBSD Handbook - 2.2. Minimal hardware requirements. Retrieved March 14, 2018 .