History of women's cycling

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The history of women's cycling began in the 1870s when women took part in cycling races, particularly competitions in road and track cycling . With the introduction of the so-called crank cycle bike in the 1860s and the penny farthing in the 1870s, cycling races became popular in parts of Europe and North America.

From the beginning, women also took part in cycling races, but had to deal with reservations and hostility, as was widespread at the time, even if individual women repeatedly caused a stir with distance rides and record performances. From the turn of the 20th century, women's sports competitions were even banned by some national associations. Championships, whether national or international, were only held unofficially in the following decades and mostly organized by private organizers; however, the newspapers tended to ignore these competitions.

There have only been official cycling races for women since the 1950s, but initially only on a national level. The German Cycling Federation (BDR) spoke only in its Annual General Meeting in March 1967 by decision for the women's cycling as part of the BDR from. By 1968, the regional associations represented in the BDR were supposed to create the prerequisites at the state level for staging cycling races for women under the responsibility of the BDR.

In 1958 women were admitted to road world championships for the first time . Road cycling has also been an Olympic discipline for women since 1984 ; track cycling followed in 1988, mountain bike and BMX races in 2008.

First known illustration of a women's bike race from 1868

So far the topic has not been dealt with scientifically or historically.

Women and bike

Cyclist in "Bloomers" in an advertisement from 1897
Jean Baptiste Guth , cyclists in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris in 1897
Arithmetic women's bike race in 1897 (there was also for men)
Advertising poster from 1905

According to the Berliner Tageblatt in 1908, the first German female cyclist was “ Frau Choralist Schneider ”, who - already 73 years old in 1908 - had been “a loyal friend of the bike for 25 years”.

Since the beginning of the 1890s, the penniless bike has been replaced by the so-called low bike, and bicycles, previously a luxury good for the upper classes, became increasingly affordable. It offered new mobility options. Traditionally in the 19th century the sphere of activity of women was mostly limited to the house and yard; However, the bicycle made it possible for them to gain mobility beyond the domestic sphere. “The bicycle freed women from the confines of the house. It took them out of the city into the country, into the fresh air and nature. "

Bicycling made not only more mobile, but also healthier, stronger and also more self-confident, since it was a physical leisure activity that was done in nature, in the fresh air; up until now women had been brought up to be more sedentary, such as handicrafts. In this sense, the Dutch women's movement De Evolutie propagated in 1895 "cycling as an act of liberation with which women could escape the cramped and suffocating atmosphere of the city and satisfy their need for physical development". In addition, cycling had an impact on fashion: the long skirts and corsets that had been customary up to that time were extremely cumbersome when cycling, and women increasingly switched to shortening their skirts, taking off their corsets or even practical pant skirts and bloomers (so-called " bloomers ") ) to wear. Because of this practical clothing and the spread leg posture while cycling, female cyclists were subject to strong criticism, including the suspicion that cycling even promoted masturbation ; Doctors also feared that female drivers could contract various diseases, such as ulcers, or become sterile.

This had far-reaching sociopolitical consequences. Many of the women who had the courage to use this modern device to move around on the streets despite hostility and to swap their “chaste” clothes for those suitable for cycling also had the courage to possibly demand political rights for themselves. They became pioneers of the women's movement . In 1896 the American suffragette Susan B. Anthony spoke in a newspaper interview with New York World about the bicycle: I think it did more for the emancipation of women than anything else in the world. I stand there and am happy every time I see a woman on a bicycle. It gives women a sense of freedom and confidence. The new self-confidence manifested itself in Germany in the publication of its own specialist magazines for women such as “Die Radlerin” or “ Draisena ”.

Initially, cycling was a prestigious hobby of middle-class women. After the turn of the century, more and more women from underprivileged circles, such as maids and workers, used the bike as a means of transport, as it became more and more affordable due to higher production figures. This form of "leveling up" led to further discussions about the propriety of servants' cycling. While a bicycle had cost 230 marks in 1890 , the lowest price of a bicycle from 1911 was around 26.50 marks, which roughly corresponded to the average weekly wage of a worker. While wealthy circles increasingly turned to the automobile, which, because of its cost-intensive maintenance, now produced social exclusivity as a new luxury commodity of mobility, the number of women cyclists from poorer classes continued to rise, especially in cities.

Although cycling by women was generally frowned upon by society up until the First World War because of their increasing independence and clothing , the manufacturers' advertising posters preferred to depict women, which were intended to make the bicycle easy to handle. Allegorical , mythological and also lightly dressed female figures served to symbolize the new freedom gained through the bicycle.

Development of cycling

The beginnings

English female cyclists in 1899 before a race at London's Olympic Velodrome
French cyclist with the stage name "Mademoiselle Serpolette" (1899)
Hélène Dutrieu is considered to be the first female cycling world champion in history.

Apparently only men took part in the first handcar races (Ipswich 1819, Munich 1829); in England a "hobby horse" built for women has been preserved. At the end of the 1860s there were the first races on the road and on the track in France , in which women also took part. The first female cyclists were often actresses or acrobats who were engaged for this purpose and started under a stage name, as cycling was considered disreputable. A few were presumably women from the middle class ("independent minded daughters of the bourgeoisie"), but their social background may have been obscured by the male journalists.

Between 1868 and 1870, 23 women’s races were held on crankshaft velocipedes in Belgium and France . The first known race took place on November 1, 1868 in the park of Bordelais near Bordeaux , in which four women took part and in which Miss Julie won against Miss Louise . In 1869 the first international road race over 123 kilometers from Paris to Rouen was organized by the magazine Le Vélocipède Illustré , in which five women took part among the approximately 100 starters. 33 drivers arrived at their destination, including a woman with the pseudonym Miss America (wife of the velocipede manufacturer Rowley B. Turner (brand "Vélocipèdes Américains")), in 1894 another under the name Mme. Sarti , who finished 29th. When several women wanted to register for the Paris – Brest – Paris race in 1891 , the organizers rejected them. And in the first year of the Tour de France , 1909, the attempt to introduce such a tour for women was rejected by the magazine L'Auto , which was responsible for the organization at the time .

A two-mile race in Ashfield ( New South Wales ) in 1888 is documented as the first cycle race for women in Australia . The winner was Miss Dot Morell.

In the USA there was a six-day race with women in 1895 and 1896 , and a year later in Great Britain there was even a twelve-day race, in which the participants only drove two to four hours a day. The winner was the driver who had covered the greatest distance. At the six-day races and road races in the USA, the Swedish-born racing driver Tillie Anderson caused a sensation, who was called the "best female cyclist in the world" by the League of American Wheelmen . In 1902, however, she had to end her career because cycling races for women were banned in the USA.

In Denmark , cyclist Susanne Lindberg drove a distance of 1000 kilometers in 54 hours and 30 minutes in 1897 and was two hours and 50 minutes faster than the previous male record holder. In England, however, the record drive by 16-year-old Tessie Reynolds from Brighton to London (176 kilometers in 8.5 hours) triggered a scandal, as the young woman's “unnecessarily masculine” clothing (“rational dress”) was criticized. In Sweden, the use of bicycles was spread by women obviously than in Germany, as an article in Sport im Bild reported from the year 1897th However, there are no women's cycling clubs because “women's cycling is something everyday, and every cycling club consists of women and men”. The article further describes that there were changing rooms for both sexes in the clubhouses and that the women in the club were also entitled to vote. "The German cyclist is currently still a long way from the sporting freedom that her Swedish colleague enjoys ..."

During this time the first circumnavigation of the world took place by a woman on a bicycle, Annie Londonderry . It started in Boston in June 1894 and reached Chicago as its destination in September 1895 . The reason for this trip is said to have been a bet. However, Londonderry made large parts of their journey by ship.

While official women's cycling was already established in Belgium and France in the 1890s and there were also professional women racing drivers there, participation by women in cycling races was rather the exception in Germany. The first all-women race in Germany was held in Machern near Leipzig on three-wheelers in 1890 ; the winner received a brooch and a silk apron. In 1893, the first official race for women on low bikes was held in Berlin on the Halensee cycling track , in which women from the middle-class milieu also took part. One of the eight starters, Amalie Rother from Berlin, wrote: “We old Berlin racing drivers knew exactly what we were doing when we stepped out onto the track in 1893. We neither wanted to present our charms to the audience, which is a bit purring impertinence for mothers of growing daughters, nor to enrich ourselves with the prices, but we wanted to show the audience that we were masters of our machines and call out to the ladies: Here, look and do follow us! We succeeded in both. ” Clara Beyer from Berlin won, three years later she set a record over the distance from Berlin to Halle with eight hours and 40 minutes.

In 1892 Marie Maag from Zurich became the first female member of the Swiss Cycling Association, the Swiss Velocipede Association .

In Austria, the first women's race took place in Baden near Vienna in 1893 . However, racing drivers such as Mizzi Wokrina and Cenci Flendrofsky were the exception, even if the cycling itself was enthusiastically operated by well-known ladies of the nobility, including Empress Sisi and Crown Princess Stephanie and their daughter.

Cyclist in Brisbane (between 1890 and 1900)

In Australia, too, women's cycling was controversial in the 1890s. It was an extensive topic in cycling magazines, including the question of whether women should compete in cycling races or whether they would do it male . The Malvern Star bicycle factory, which is predominant in Australia , however, wooed women as customers and featured them in their catalogs.

In 1896 the first unofficial world championship for women took place in Ostend, Belgium . The first title holder was the professional racing driver Hélène Dutrieu from Belgium, who later became an aviation pioneer . In the following year a driver from Berlin, Olga Krämer, also took part in the world championship. However, the title fights remained unofficial as they were not organized and recognized by any association. The world championships at that time were probably the result of the initiative of private organizers who simply took this title for themselves.

The German Cyclists Association (DRB), the forerunner of the Association of German Cyclists (BDR), tried from 1896 to stop women's races in Germany; In 1897, the female members were also deprived of their voting rights in the association. However, since many organizers were independent of the DRB or belonged to other associations, races with female participants were still held - albeit only a few - especially since these were considered an attraction and attracted many spectators. In September 1898, for example, the Berlin cycling club organized the first international women's race on German soil on the Kurfürstendamm cycling track , which was well attended despite the high entrance fees. The cycling journalist Fredy Budzinski of the opinion, "any decent person" would "But certainly keep away from such a spectacle."

In general, women’s cycling races in Germany were denied their sporting value, whereas women’s cycling in the context of hall , round and hiking rides was viewed as appropriate and subsequently became popular. In 1900 the DRB incorporated the official ban on women's races into its statutes and maintained it until 1967. However, women were allowed to take part in trips and bike rides, which they saw by the thousands.

Between the wars

After the First World War , women's attitudes towards cycling changed. Whereas women cyclists had previously been exposed to hostility in many cases, they were now socially accepted; However, cycling as a sport for women was still not recognized. Some cyclists did not want to accept that. In 1923 the magazine Fußball reported : “After the explanations of the old master Rütt [...] he had received so many emergency screams from German cyclists in recent times after racing that it simply cannot overcome his good heart to continue unfulfilled with these requests to let. This year he wants to start the first German women’s race on his track. ” However, it is not known whether it came to this, especially since the magazine had to admit: “ There is only one condition that, we fear, will affect the entire event Can drop water: namely, street and sports wear is mandatory as clothing, while racing wear is expressly excluded. However, that is very bitter. "

In 1922 a committee in Australia investigated the benefits of exercise for girls; it recommended several sports, including cycling, as long as it was not practiced as a competitive sport. In the 1920s and 1930s, Australian women set numerous endurance records on bicycles, which, however, received little attention from the newspapers. In 1937 Joyce Barry drove from Newcastle to Sydney in six and a half hours , which corresponds to a distance of 160 kilometers. Valda Unthank set several records at the same time, including a distance record from Adelaide to Melbourne .

1924 took Italian Alfonsina Strada at the Giro d'Italia in part because it was believed that she was a man. She had signed up with Strada, Alfonsin . Although it turned out that she was a woman before the start, she was allowed to start anyway. Although she fell out of time after the eighth stage, which ended in Perugia , the organizers let her keep going as it was celebrated by the public and made headlines in the newspapers. At the finish in Milan she was 20 hours faster than the officially last man.

The Saxon Cyclist Association held a district championship for women over five kilometers for several years - the exact period is unknown - which the magazine Der Radfahrer certified in 1926 as being half boys . Such competitions were the exception and only a few riders took part. The Association of German Cyclists did not want to officially allow cycling races, but it did want more women as members and therefore tried to make indoor sports more attractive to them. The German cyclist wrote in 1934 at the time of the Nazi regime : “In dance and art driving women can bring out their innate grace and grace in particular […].” And five years later it was once again expressly stated: “From a certain point of view it will be [bicycling] now and then still rejected outright as a women's sport. Of course there shouldn't be any female racing drivers. "

In the 1930s there were several unofficial European and world championships for women. In 1933 the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad reported on a European championship in road racing for women, which took place at Waterloo . Although women's cycling races in Antwerp were initially banned by the municipality, the Belgian sports promoter Jos De Stobbeleire decided in 1934 to hold world championships there. This plan led to discussions in the Antwerp newspapers, which caused a lot of public attention and thousands of spectators lined the route. Of the announced 50,000 Francs prize money, only 7,500 were paid out, and an international participation was simulated by announcing Dutch drivers as German or Luxembourg champions. The now 43-year-old Alfonsina Strada was also at the start and the Belgian Elvire De Bruyn became 15th World Champion with a time of two hours, 41 minutes and 56 seconds for 90 kilometers, which corresponded to an average of 33 kilometers per hour. Mien van Bree from the Netherlands was third in the 1934 road race in Antwerp and second in 1935, 1936 and 1937. In 1938 and 1939 she was European road racing champion and world champion. Back then, women's cycling was also banned in the Netherlands, and Van Bree had to go to Belgium to race. The Dutch cycling official Gerard Bosch van Drakestein , who had attended the race, was proud of van Bree's performance, but also of the opinion that women's races should only be held on private property in the Netherlands, since women's races are open for public Is "dignified".

As early as 1935, the Belgian Wielrijders Bond publicly moved away from women's races and banned them from being held on the track as a punishment. After the resignation of the extremely popular Elvire De Bruyn, whose gender reassignment also fueled further reservations, interest in women's cycling races in Belgium fell asleep again.

In 1940, women's cycling races were officially recognized in Switzerland; the first official race did not take place until 1976.

From 1945 to 1984

Elfriede Vey became the first GDR road racing champion.

In 1951, the first official women's race in Germany took place on the occasion of the long-distance journey around Leipzig over 20 kilometers; The winner was Brigitte Stake from Leipzig. In 1954, 14 races with top ratings for women were organized in the GDR . The first track race was also held in Leipzig in April 1955.

In 1956, the first road cycling championship for women was held in the GDR, with Elfriede Vey becoming the champion . After the performance sports decision in 1969, which mainly Olympic sports were supported, the commitment to women's cycling but in the GDR eased sharply until it became an Olympic 1984th

In West Germany, the BDR issued an official announcement in 1956 : "Given the occasion, it is pointed out that it is forbidden to allow women to take place in official escort vehicles when accompanying road races." In 1958, the BDR refused the application to allow women's races in West Germany . In the years that followed, women's races at world championships were largely ignored by cycling .

In 1958 women took part in the UCI World Championships for the first time, on the road and on the track , while women's cycling races were still banned in the Federal Republic of Germany. The first official road world champion was Elsy Jacobs from Luxembourg ; track cycling was dominated for years by the British Beryl Burton , the Belgian Yvonne Reynders and female athletes from the USSR . The West German reporter on site summed up: “We should be spared the experiment of so-called women's cycling world championships. Sports associations that want to be taken seriously have to decide on this issue which types of sports are suitable for a woman. Women like to ride a bike - we don't oppose that. But women have no place at world championships, where the best talents in this sport are just about good to fight. "

In Great Britain, the Women's Cycle Racing Association, founded in 1949, hosted the first national championship for women following the first UCI World Championship. In 1999 the association disbanded with the statement: "Mission accomplished".

On the occasion of the 1963 UCI Track World Championships in Rocourt , Radsport magazine took the view: “Women's competitions may be attractive in some areas, for example in artistic driving; they are not in racing. Because here in most cases Venus has forgotten to send a ray of her favor to her bicycling colleagues. ” The German journalists reacted particularly critically to the British cyclist Beryl Burton, who was already multiple world champion in the mid-1960s and numerous national titles and records held what had earned her the title of “British Best Allrounder”, which she held for 25 years. In 1967 she also set a British twelve-hour record, which was better than the men's. In a report on the UCI road world championships in 1967, the West German magazine Radsport Burton, already a popular and respected sports star in its home country, disparagingly as a “bicycling English housewife”. As early as the 1963 World Championships, German journalists publicly pityed Burton's husband and wondered who would make the beds in the Burton house, regardless of the fact that it was her husband who had brought her to cycling and also trained her.

In 1965 the GDR road champion Elisabeth Eichholz became the first German to achieve the official title of world champion in road races, so that even cycling reported about the women's race, albeit briefly and without a photo. There were no West German female racing drivers at the road and rail championships held in Frankfurt am Main in 1966 .

On March 4, 1967, the BDR allowed official women's races in the Federal Republic after controversial discussions at the Federal General Assembly in Ludwigsburg . Ahead of the then BDR president said Erwin Hauck : "As long as I am president here, there will be no racing for women in the BDR." The sports physician Joseph Keul set out the Assembly that "racing for women biologically-medically negative judge is ". Road specialist Heinz Ewert, who had called for the application to be rejected for "aesthetic reasons", was overruled. The journalist Mathias Gasper wrote in the magazine Radsport that the frowned upon women’s cycling sport was “not unfounded”: “But since we live in a democratic state and above all in a time of sensations, everyone has to adapt to the majority.” Already around two Weeks later, on March 19, 1967, 15 female riders started the first women's race at Durch die Havelberge . In August 1967 women took part in the UCI Road World Championship for the BDR for the first time, with Monika Mrklas, Martha Büttner and Ursula Bürger in the squad .

Monika Mrklas became the first road champion in 1968 . In 1978, Beate Habetz became the second German, this time from the Federal Republic, to become world champion in road racing after the BDR had not sent any representatives to the world championships from 1972 to 1977. The first women's road championship was held in Switzerland in 1982, and in Austria in 1990. In 1996, the cyclist Barbara Heeb was voted Sportswoman of the Year in Switzerland .

Not only in the GDR, but also in countries like France, the Netherlands and the USA, women's cycling was more important than in the Federal Republic of Germany: “There, not only women cyclists had full acceptance - on the part of the officials as well as on the part of the spectators - they were also Major stage races and one-day races with a strong international team have been held for years . ” In West Germany, on the other hand, there was only one cycling tour for women, in 1979 in Bamlach . The multiple German champion and bronze medalist at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles , Sandra Schumacher , also complained in an interview that races in Germany are too short to adapt to international competitions, which usually run over twice as long can.

Since 1984

Three successful contemporary cyclists: Judith Arndt , Emma Pooley and Jeannie Longo-Ciprelli

Road races for women became an Olympic discipline in 1984, track cycling followed in 1988 and mountain biking in 1996. BMX for women was only Olympic from 2008. For comparison: At the Olympic Games in 1900 , 20 women competed in various fencing disciplines. Swimming, for example, was organized for women at the Olympics as early as 1912.

However, races in all disciplines are now increasingly being held for female cyclists as well. Some international racing events were given a “female counterpart”, but independent competitions were also created. International cycling teams ( UCI Women's Teams ) for women who were officially considered amateurs up until then have been in existence since 1999, and a women's cycling world cup since 1998.

Even so, women cyclists still have to fight for recognition and women’s cycling for media and sponsor attention. In 1989, then national coach Klaus Jördens defended women's cycling and stated: “Women have to train just as hard as men. Of course, they never do such translations like a professional [this means men], and the distances in the race have to be shorter. However, the competition in the women's field is just as great as with the men. There performance limits are touched, there is dogged fighting - up to and including a fall in some cases. ” Just the year before, Jutta Niehaus was chosen for the first time as a“ cyclist of the year ”. A figurehead of international cycling from the 1980s to the 2010s. was Jeannie Longo-Ciprelli , who was ten times world champion in various disciplines on track and road and won a gold medal at the Olympic Games.

At the Grande Boucle Féminine , the “female” counterpart of the Tour de France that took place until 2009, a “Prize of Elegance” was awarded every day after the end of the stage, which shows that a certain femininity was still expected of female cyclists. At the end there was the “Super Elegance” award.

The leading woman in the UCI World Championship (2013): Emma Johansson

In many countries in Asia, South America and, above all, Africa, cycling is hardly represented by women, although there are "cycling islands" for women such as China, Thailand, Malaysia, Colombia and Cuba. Apart from Malaysia, no Muslim countries are represented in women's cycling, although in 2013 it became known that the first national cycling team had been formed in Afghanistan with the aim of taking part in the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro . In Africa there is the World Cycling Center Africa in South Africa set up by the UCI to promote cycling in Africa, but not a single woman has been trained as a driver or trainer there.

In 2010 the Association of German Cyclists had around 135,000 members, around 20,000 of whom were women. At the 2012 Olympic Games in London, men and women competed in the cycling disciplines on track and road, in mountain biking - as in BMX races, for the first time the same number of competitions in all disciplines.

2013 criticized British women cyclists the president of the British Cycling Federation British Cycling and later president of the International Cycling tape UCI Brian Cookson for its lack of support of women Radsportes, although he had promised otherwise. In addition, successful cyclists such as the Dutch Marianne Vos and Emma Pooley called for a new counterpart to the Tour de France for women with comparable performance requirements; However, this suggestion is opposed to the "strange-looking" rules of the World Cycling Association, which state that tours for women may not be longer than eight days and one stage may not be longer than 130 kilometers. The organizers of the Tour of Britain announced that in 2014, for the first time, they would also organize a tour for women and pay male and female participants the same prize money.

Also in 2013, the Australian Tracey Gaudry , a former cyclist, was elected to the presidium as the first woman in the history of the UCI. In August of the same year, the Women's Cycling Association was founded in the USA .

doping

Professional cycling for men is considered to be the oldest continuously practiced popular sport of modern times and has a long tradition of physical manipulation. The extent to which this conclusion also applies specifically to the relatively young professional racing of women is largely unexplored. A newspaper about the six-day race in London in 1897 said: “The cyclists have to constantly have their friends give them artificial irritants”, but it is not known which substances the term “artificial irritants” denotes. At the time, caffeine , cocaine and strychnine were very popular with men as doping agents.

For the first time a broader public became aware of doping cases involving female cyclists on the occasion of the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles . At that time, the American Cindy Olavarri tested positive for anabolic steroids during a training check and was excluded from the Olympic squad , and her compatriot Rebecca Twigg later admitted that, like other drivers, she had also carried out blood doping before the Olympic race on the instructions of then national coach Edward Borysewicz which was not expressly forbidden at the time; her colleague Connie Carpenter had refused the doping. The year before, the German driver Claudia Lommatzsch had tested positive for ephedrine at the UCI-Bahn World Championships in 1983 and her second place in the sprint was denied because of doping; the decision was later revised by the UCI.

Jeannie Longo's world hour record , which she set in Colorado Springs in 1987, was canceled for taking ephedrine . In connection with the BALCO affair , American cyclist Tammy Thomas was banned for life. A doctor later testified that in 2002 Thomas had male characteristics such as deep voice, beard growth on his face and chest, and baldness.

In 2009, cycling coach Jochen Dornbusch took the view that public opinion about doping in cycling was wrongly being transferred to women. Most female cyclists would not make enough money to buy expensive doping drugs.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Association of German cyclists (ed.): Radsport . No. 10/1967 . Deutscher Sportverlag Kurt Stoof, Cologne 1967, p. 11 .
  2. ^ Clare S. Simpson: Capitalizing on Curiosity: Women's Professional Cycle Racing in the Late-Nineteenth Century . In: Dave Horton, Paul Rosen, Peter Cox (Eds.): Cycling and Society . Ashgate, Aldershot et al. 2007, ISBN 978-0-7546-4844-4 , pp. 47–65, here p. 48 .
  3. ^ The first German female cyclist , in: Berliner Tageblatt August 21, 1908, morning edition, 1st supplement, p. 3 , digitized by the Berlin State Library.
  4. ↑ Dörthe Bleckmann: Woe to you when you let go . Maxime-Verlag, Leipzig 1998, ISBN 3-931965-04-X , p. 35 .
  5. ↑ Dörthe Bleckmann: Woe to you when you let go . Maxime-Verlag, Leipzig 1998, ISBN 3-931965-04-X , p. 35 f .
  6. ^ A b Anne-Katrin Ebert: Cycling nations. The history of the bicycle in Germany and the Netherlands to 1940 (=  Campus historical studies . No. 52 ). Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / New York 2010, ISBN 978-3-593-39158-8 , pp. 131 .
  7. ↑ Dörthe Bleckmann: Woe to you when you let go . Maxime-Verlag, Leipzig 1998, ISBN 3-931965-04-X , p. 59 ff .
  8. ↑ Gudrun Maierhof, Katinka Schröder: You cycle like a man, Madame. When women conquered the wheel . Edition Ebersbach, Zumikon / Dortmund 1992, ISBN 3-905493-29-2 , S. 45 .
  9. ^ Rüdiger Rabenstein : Cycling and Society . 2nd Edition. Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hildesheim, Munich, Zurich 1996, ISBN 3-615-00066-8 , p. 154 .
  10. ↑ Quoted from: Pryor Doge: Fascination Bicycle. History - technology - development . Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 2007, ISBN 978-3-7688-5253-1 , p. 130 .
  11. ^ Rüdiger Rabenstein: Cycling and Society . 2nd Edition. Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hildesheim, Munich, Zurich 1996, ISBN 3-615-00066-8 , p. 144 .
  12. ^ Rüdiger Rabenstein: Cycling and Society . 2nd Edition. Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hildesheim, Munich, Zurich 1996, ISBN 3-615-00066-8 , p. 145 f .
  13. ↑ Heike Kuhn: From the corset to the steel horse. The emergence of women's cycling in Germany . Academia-Verlag, St. Augustin 1995, ISBN 3-88345-877-5 , p. 87 f .
  14. ^ Jack Rennert: 100 years of bicycle posters . Rembrandt-Verlag, Berlin 1974, ISBN 3-7925-0209-7 , p. 3, 26, 60 .
  15. ^ Hans-Erhard Lessing : Automobility. Karl Drais and the incredible beginnings . Maxime-Verlag, Leipzig 2003, ISBN 3-931965-22-8 , pp. 394 .
  16. ↑ Anton Daul: Illustrated history of the invention of the bicycle and the development of motorcycles . Creutz, Dresden 1906, p. 5 .
  17. ↑ Dörthe Bleckmann: Woe to you when you let go . Maxime-Verlag, Leipzig 1998, ISBN 3-931965-04-X , p. 81 .
  18. ↑ James L. Witherell (Ed.): Bicycle History. A Chronological Cycling History of People, Races and Technology . McGann Publishing, Cherokee Village AR 2010, ISBN 978-0-9843117-0-5 , pp. 1 .
  19. ↑ Keizo Kobayashi: Histoire du Vélocipède de Drais à Michaux, 1817-1870. Mythes et Réalités . Bicycle Culture Center, Tokyo 1993, ISBN 2-9508121-0-4 , pp. 269 .
  20. ↑ James L. Witherell (Ed.): Bicycle History. A Chronological Cycling History of People, Races and Technology . McGann Publishing, Cherokee Village AR 2010, ISBN 978-0-9843117-0-5 , pp. 2 .
  21. ^ Christopher S. Thompson: The Tour de France. A cultural history . University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 2008, ISBN 0-520-24760-4 , pp. 129 .
  22. ↑ Wolfgang Gronen, Walter Lemke: History of the bicycle and the cycling sport . Doepgen, Eupen 1978, p. 49 .
  23. ↑ Les Woodland: This Island Race . Mousehold Press, Norwich 2005, pp. 165 (English).
  24. ↑ Tillie Anderson ~ The Terrible Swede. Retrieved November 16, 2013 .
  25. ↑ Dörthe Bleckmann: Woe to you when you let go . Maxime-Verlag, Leipzig 1998, ISBN 3-931965-04-X , p. 84 .
  26. ^ Raleigh and Fashion. (PDF; 756 kB) Accessed October 2, 2013 (English).
  27. ^ Minna Wettstein-Adelt : The sporty life of the Swede. In: Sport im Bild . Vol. 3, No. 38, 1897, pp. 635-636, here p. 636 .
  28. ↑ Peter Zheutlin: Around the World on Two Wheels. Annie Londonderry's Extraordinary Ride . Citale, New York NY 2008, ISBN 978-0-8065-3066-6 , pp. 49 .
  29. ↑ Amalie Rother: The ladies driving. In: Paul von Salvisberg (ed.): The cycling sport in pictures and words. Academischer Verlag, Munich 1897, pp. 111-136, here p. 122.
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  53. ^ Women's Cycle Racing Association. August 2, 2007, archived from the original on May 16, 2008 ; Retrieved November 17, 2013 .
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  61. ↑ Anke Timmerberg: The development of women's cycling in Germany from 1900 to today . Institute for Sport Science at TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 2001, p. 85 .
  62. ↑ While the first World Championship road race in 1958 was around 60 kilometers, the distance at the 2010 World Championship was around 127 kilometers. Street races for women in Germany in the 1970s and 1980s were usually only 30 to 40 kilometers long.
  63. ↑ Gertrud Pfister : From exclusion to integration? Women and Olympic Games. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Schulsport-hamburg.de, archived from the original on May 26, 2012 ; Retrieved November 29, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.schulsport-hamburg.de
  64. ↑ Anke Timmerberg: The development of women's cycling in Germany from 1900 to today . Institute for Sport Science at TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 2001, p. 93 .
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  69. ↑ athletes. (No longer available online.) World Cycling Center Africa, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved November 25, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wccafrica.com
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