Gulen movement

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Gülen movement or Hizmet movement is a transnational religious and social movement led by the Islamic clergyman Fethullah Gülen . The movement, with more than four million members, has an extensive network of educational institutions with over 200 schools worldwide and invests in media work, finance and hospitals at the same time. Their worldview is sometimes referred to in public as “pacifist, modern Islam, often praised as the opposite of more extreme Salafism ”. Others see it as a “sect-like organization” or speak of “sect-like practices”, Friedmann Eißler from the Evangelical Central Office for Weltanschauung questions , an expert on new religious movements, speaks of an inner hierarchy that lives a conservative Islam .

The movement has no official name, but is commonly referred to by its followers as Hizmet (the service) and is called Cemaat (Turkish: the community) in the wider Turkish public . The Turkish government equates it in whole or in part with FETÖ .

In Germany, the so-called “ Foundation Dialogue and Education ”, chaired by Ercan Karakoyun, has been the spokesperson for the movement since the beginning of 2014 , although the movement has been active in Germany since the 1990s. The foundation is registered as a legal foundation in Berlin. The official founding ceremony took place on May 6, 2014 in Berlin. However, the foundation is only legitimized by the 75 founding members, the foundation capital is 160,000 euros. According to former leaders of the movement, the structures within the individual organizations are to be controlled by imams from Turkey.

Gülen (left) with Pope John Paul II.

history

The Gülen movement stands in a special tradition of the religious reform movement Nurculuk , which goes back to the Islamic scholar Said Nursî . She explains that she has revived the Ehl-i Süffe tradition . The Gülen movement had had tutoring schools for the central university entrance examination ( ÖSS ) and supporters at universities in Turkey since the 1980s . Towards the end of the 1960s there was talk of a “new” movement, the Gülen movement. In 1986 she founded the daily newspaper with the highest circulation in Turkey, Zaman . Was associated with it, the Today's Zaman , also coming Cihan News Agency , the magazine Aksiyon , the TV station Samanyolu and Ebru TV (now set before Ebru TV ) which the media company World Media Group is subject, and the School of Journalism World Media Academy . The Nurculuk Movement and the Gülen Movement separated because they had different goals.

In 2008, the Scientific Services of the German Bundestag assessed them as follows: “In 1987, the military leadership cleared the military academy of supporters of Gulen, whom they accused in internal reports (most recently in 1992) of using the pretext of advocating an Islamic order could actually live an Islamic revolution and the introduction of Islamic law, Seriat , in the long term . To this end, he is systematically expanding his influence in the media and education system, infiltrating military and police schools and training suicide squads . "

The Gülen movement was allied with Erdogan's AKP party for a long time, but it has been at odds with it since 2012. Their relationship changed as early as 2010. Gülen criticized an action by the Erdogan camp in the Wall Street Journal . An offshoot of the Milli Görüs movement had organized a so-called aid fleet for Gaza ( Ship-to-Gaza incident ), whose ships were supposed to break Israel's Gaza blockade. 9 Turks were shot by Israeli commandos. When Erdogan fired several Gülenists from top positions in 2012, Gülen countered with a highly controversial video message: “If you close your houses, open dormitories. When they close your dormitories, open new houses. If they close your schools, start a university. When they close your university, start ten new schools. You must never stop marching. "

The movement received new international attention in the corruption scandal in Turkey in 2013 , in Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and u. a. one of his two sons, Necmettin Bilal Erdoğan , are said to be involved. Erdoğan denied these allegations against existing evidence and accused the Gülen movement of waging a smear campaign against him.

On June 25, 2014, police headquarters directed their departments to investigate whether the Hizmet movement had an armed arm. In Turkey, the parliament decided with a clear majority of 226 to 22 votes to close around 4,000 Gülen schools in the summer of 2015.

Regional priorities of the work of the Gülen movement outside of Turkey include: a. in Pakistan , Bosnia-Herzegovina and in the post-Soviet Central Asian states. In these alone, the Gülen movement ran 89 schools in 2008; it is banned in Uzbekistan . The Gülen movement also has numerous supporters in Kosovo and Albania . The publicist and former minister for regional governments, Ben Blushi from the Socialist Party of Albania , claimed in his 2014 book Hëna e Shqipërisë (Albania's Crescent) that ten percent of the Albanian police support the Hizmet movement (Gjylenxhi, pronounced as "Gülenci", Turkish for Gülenists) .

On July 16, 2016, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accused the Gülen movement, which was allied with him until 2011, of being responsible for the failed coup attempt in Turkey in 2016 , which Gülen denied; he criticized the attempted coup. On July 28, 2016, Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu informed the news broadcaster CNN Türk that Germany was demanding the extradition of the judges and prosecutors who had fled the country, who, according to the Turkish government, belong to the Gülen movement. On July 15, 2017, Maximilian Popp judged on Spiegel Online that there were indications that Gülen cadres were "the driving force behind the attempted coup against Erdogan". The German political scientist Armin Pfahl-Traughber, on the other hand, cites the assumption that the Gülen movement was behind the attempted coup as an example of conspiracy ideologies in the present.

Cooperation with Erdoğan and the AKP government

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Fethullah Gülen had been in close contact since the 1990s, even if both sides now publicly deny this. Gülen acted as a mentor for Erdoğan.

Erdoğan's influence grew rapidly and he received a lot of support from the Gülen movement for his rise to power. Gülen supporters in Germany also sympathized with the AKP government at the time. This is what former dropouts and people from the German-Turkish community who are not close to the AKP report .

The then chief public prosecutor İlhan Cihaner investigated after indications of illegal financial transactions in 2007 about the Gülen movement in Turkey and said: "Anyone who messes with Gülen will be destroyed" . The Istanbul journalist Ahmet Sik fared similarly to Cihaner. The author was arrested in March 2011 just before his book "Imamin Ordusu" (Imam's Army) about the Gülen movement was due to hit the market. Due to the great influence of the Gülen movement in Turkey years ago, many critical voices were not heard and were even arrested. The movement owed this to the collaboration with Erdoğan and his AKP government at the time.

Growing alienation between the AKP government and the Gülen movement

The first tensions emerged by 2012 at the latest, during the time of the first rapprochement between the AKP government and the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Hakan Fidan , head of the Turkish domestic intelligence service, had secret talks with the PKK . In February 2012, he was accused of "treason" by an Istanbul public prosecutor. The AKP government saw it as a political action that came from Gülen supporters within the judiciary. The AKP reacted with a draft law in March of the same year, which should ban the tutoring institutes of the Gülen movement. Gülen supporters today accuse the Turkish government of non-democratic values ​​regarding the understanding of democracy and attitudes towards those who think differently. But the Gülen movement itself represents an extremely conservative, sometimes radical attitude towards other opinions at the core of the movement, especially when it comes to Gülen himself.

In an interview with the newspaper Die Welt and the French-language Swiss Sunday newspaper Le Matin Dimanche , Fethullah Gülen said about the previous collaboration with Erdoğan and the break with him: “The Hizmet movement has never had a close relationship with him. Erdogan seemed to share our ideas about democracy. That's all. He fought for the same things. But once he was in power, his face was completely different. We couldn't support that. ”As proof of the political distance to the Turkish despot, he gives numerous examples: First of all, Turkish nationalism - also cultivated by Kemalists:“ We defend the right of Kurdish citizens to use their language together with the Turkish language "He criticizes Erdogan's influence in the Syrian war and in Libya:" There is a lot of blood on his hands. "

After the failed coup attempt in 2016, the Turkish government put the governments of Albania, Bulgaria , North Macedonia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo under massive pressure to shut down institutions in their countries closely related to the Gülen movement, including the International Burch University , which was founded in Sarajevo in 2008 , and deliver their trailers.

Character and following

The exact number of followers of the Gülen movement is not known, as the movement is usually quite closed and does not publish an official membership structure. It is estimated that it has up to eight million followers. The number of their followers in Germany is estimated at 100,000, in Austria at 15,000. The movement in most countries consists mostly of students, teachers, entrepreneurs and journalists.

Some studies depict the movement as a flexible organizational network that has established schools, universities, employers and charities, real estate funds, student institutions, radio and television stations, and newspapers. According to this, schools and companies will be organized in a decentralized manner and linked together more informally than legally.

The movement is accused inside and outside of Turkey of trying to systematically infiltrate the Turkish police and judiciary, and thereby to establish a state within the state . According to Forbes magazine, the Gülen movement does not want to undermine modern secular states, but rather encourage practicing Muslims to take advantage of the opportunities these countries offer.

On the other hand, the movement is accused of doing missionary activities to organize itself illegally or to seek political power. Members of the movement counter the allegations after a hidden agenda : “Anyone who accuses us of a secret agenda is welcome to come and ask. We have nothing to hide. "

schools

The largest school sponsor of the Gülen movement in Germany is the "Initiative for Education and Upbringing (IBEB) non-profit GmbH" (formerly TÜDESB) in Berlin, which runs the Wilhelmstadt schools in particular . The schools take a tuition fee of 250 to 350 euros per month, which can be reduced if the parents are clearly committed to the Gülen movement. The Wilhelmstadt schools describe their main goals as follows:

“We want to create understanding for different cultures, customs and values ​​and break down existing prejudices. Stimulating dialogues, promoting friendships and strengthening values ​​such as respect and tolerance is one of the most important tasks of IBEB. With targeted, intercultural educational work, we create the foundation for equal participation in society for all people. "

In Germany, too, more and more people dropping out of the scene are reporting about non-transparent structures. No religious instruction is offered externally, in the internal structures religious practices take place within the school, these are kept secret from the public. The Konstanz political scientist Jan-Markus Vömel, on the other hand, does count the network as part of political Islam. At least in Turkey it was about "decades of power in the state". And why do the school principals still switch to passage after ten years? The responsible school supervisory authority in Augsburg will also find it difficult to explain this. The office cannot answer questions from the SZ about the Gülen background and the religious orientation of the sponsoring associations: it has no knowledge of this. "

In the USA alone, up to 500 million dollars net annually from tax revenues are to flow into the coffers of the movement through the income from the movement-run charter schools, which are publicly funded., Their schools have been repeatedly in the USA by the FBI and other federal agencies reviewed; The reason was the suspicion that the teachers were paying back part of their salaries to the Hizmet movement. After a government investigation into sexual misconduct, a Pelican Educational Foundation school affiliated with the Hizmet movement in New Orleans was closed.

Rating in the USA

In the United States, the movement operates over 120 schools. After September 11, 2001 , Gülen's influence grew rapidly. The well-known think tank EastWest Institute, which specializes in security policy , presented him with the annual Peace Building Award in 2011 . The laudation was given by the former US Secretary of State James Baker and Madeleine Albright . High-ranking officials from the CIA confirmed in a report to the US Congress that Gülen's teaching offered an alternative to Islamic radicalism and terrorism in the name of religion. Gülen promotes intercultural dialogue and advocates parliamentary democracy, secular lifestyles as well as modern economy and technology. The government-affiliated US American magazine Foreign Affairs raised the question of whether Gülen was a Muslim Martin Luther and certified that he was working towards the Reformation of Islam.

Assessment in Germany

In February 2014, the CDU parliamentary group chairman in the Baden-Württemberg state parliament, Peter Hauk , demanded access to internal reports by the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution, in which the Gülen movement was accused of being in conflict with the free and democratic basic order. The Interior Minister of Rhineland-Palatinate, Roger Lewentz , also called in a letter to the Federal Interior Minister for the Gülen movement to be intensively examined by the Office for the Protection of the Constitution and for the Conference of Interior Ministers to deal with the issue. "The left-wing member of the Bundestag, Ulla Jelpke , accuses the German government of holding hands over the Gülen movement in a protective manner - even over the members who were allegedly involved in crimes in Turkey. The member of the Interior Committee of the Bundestag has repeatedly asked critical questions about dealing with the movement. Jelpke rejects extraditions to Turkey, however, because the accused do not expect any legal proceedings there. "But you could try them here."

The Turkologist Ursula Spuler-Stegemann said in 2014:

“The supporters of Gülen are training cadres. They want to bring their own people with a good education and character into influential positions in this society. This type of Islam is outwardly cosmopolitan. But - we see this in the scriptures - it conforms to Sharia law [...] The Gülen movement is a self-contained system that comes very close to that of a sect "."

On July 25, 2014, the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution in Baden-Württemberg published a report to review the anti-constitutional efforts of the Gülen movement. According to its own information, the report only uses information from scientists and journalists that has already been published for legal reasons. The Office for the Protection of the Constitution did not search for clues for anti-constitutional efforts because there were no actual clues for such a search. In conclusion, the State Office comes to the conclusion that no observation is currently possible in accordance with the legal conditions, since the institutions cannot be assigned to the movement without any doubt and they do not comment publicly on Gülen's statements, which contradict the free democratic basic order.

In the meantime, after accusations of indoctrination towards the activities of the “Lichthäuser”, politicians who oppose the movement positively, such as Rita Süssmuth , President of the German consortium of the Turkish-German University of Istanbul , and Omid Nouripour , the Greens ' foreign policy spokesman , have distanced themselves and have their mandates in the advisory boards of the “Forums for Intercultural Dialogue” (FID eV), of which Gülen is the honorary chairman, have not resigned, but - as far as known - have not resigned. The tutoring schools are represented in almost every German city. Externally, these represent educational offers for children and young people. On March 5, 2015, the Gülen-related Society for Education and Promotion GmbH held a "Peace Education Conference" in Frankfurt. The Gülen reference was concealed from the participants. Despite criticism from SPD party colleague Turgut Yüksel, Frankfurt's Lord Mayor Peter Feldmann took over the patronage .

In public, after the attempted coup in Turkey and against the background of the wave of arrests of Gülen supporters , representatives of the German authorities had spoken out rather cautiously or benevolently about the Gülen movement. So did Bruno Kahl , President of the Federal Intelligence Service , nor in March 2017 against the news magazine Der Spiegel commented that he considered the Gülen movement for a "civil union for religious and secular education" and he saw "no signs" that the Gulen Movement behind the coup attempt in Turkey in 2016. ”A large number of Gülen supporters had fled to Germany. High-ranking people wanted by Turkey, such as the former public prosecutors Zekeriya Öz and Celal Kara, as well as Adil Öksüz , who is considered the "Air Force Imam" of the Gülen movement and a central figure in the attempted coup , were suspected of being in Germany and the federal government refused extradition to Turkey from.

In 2018, almost two years after the attempted coup in Turkey , German authorities assessed the Gülen movement in Turkey increasingly more critically, this was the result of joint research by the ARD political magazine Report Mainz and the news magazine Der Spiegel from an internal report by the German embassy in Ankara from February 2018. In an internal report from February 2018, the Federal Foreign Office came to a very critical assessment of the Gülen movement and was alarmed by the strategy of infiltration and "manifestations of organized crime ". A former high-ranking functionary in Germany stated that there were “secret parallel structures” within the Gülen movement. And a sophisticated PR strategy showed how the Gülen movement had been targeting critical journalists in Germany for years. "

In the House of One project, funded with 10 million euros , the Gülen movement represents the Muslim side as part of the project. The American actress and president of the Foundation Council Peter Dussmann Foundation, Catherine von Fürstenberg-Dussmann completed your commitment public in March 2019. "Dussmann step must be understood as an alarm signal. The reason they called growing tensions around the polarizing presence of Muslim support association in the project. She announced this in a press release. This association belongs to the Gülen movement, which is rejected as a partner by other Muslim associations and mosque associations. Gülen is suspected of being involved in the 2016 coup attempt in Turkey. That On the Muslim side, only representatives of the marginalized Gülen movement are involved in the project, and had previously raised doubts about the project. " In addition, Dussmann justified her decision with the following statement: “I cannot support a project that creates new conflicts instead of promoting understanding and dialogue between and within religions”.

Structures in Germany

The mouthpiece of the movement has published the structures in Germany on its own website. Accordingly, various platforms / institutions and regional associations / initiatives meet in the working group: "Coordination Hizmet Germany".

See also

literature

  • Articles in: The Muslim World 95/3 (2005)
  • Bekim Agai: Between Network and Discourse. The educational network around Fethullah Gülen (born 1938): The flexible implementation of modern Islamic ideas. Bonn Islam Studies Vol. 2, Diss. Hamburg. 2nd Edition. Eb-Verlag, Hamburg-Schenefeld 2008.
  • Bekim Agai: Fethullah Gülen, Turkey / USA: The largest Turkish-Islamic educational movement . In: Katajun Amirpur, Ludwig Ammann (ed.): Islam at the turning point: Liberal and conservative reformers of a world religion. Freiburg 2006, pp. 55-63.
  • Bekim Agai: Fethullah Gülen and his Movement's Islamic Ethic of Education . In: Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 11/1 (2002), pp. 27-47.
  • Bülent Aras, Ömer Caha: Fethullah Gulen and His Liberal “Turkish Islam” Movement. In: MERIA Journal 4/4 (2000) ( e-Text ).
  • Tamer Balci, Christopher L. Miller (Eds.): The Gülen Hizmet Movement: Circumspect Activism in Faith-Based Reform. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne 2012, ISBN 978-1-4438-3989-1 .
  • Mücahit Bilici: The Fethullah Gülen Movement and Its Politics of Representation in Turkey. In: The Muslim World 96/1 (2006), pp. 1-20.
  • Ursula Boos-Nünning, Christoph Bultmann, Bülent Uçar (eds.): The Gülen movement between sermon and practice . Aschendorff, Münster 2011.
  • Muhammed Cetin: hizmet: Questions and answers about the Gülen movement. Main-Donau-Verlag, 2013.
  • Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh: The Gülen Movement. An empirical study . Freiburg / Br., Vienna a. a 2012.
  • Friedmann Eißler: Islamization of profane work as a service to humanity. On Fethullah Gülen's ideal of education , in: Reinhard Hempelmann (Ed.): Religionsdifferenzen und Religionsdialoge. EZW -tex 210, Berlin 2010, pp. 175–194 ( digitized version ).
  • M. Enes Ergene: The New Face of Islam. The movement around Fethullah Gülen , Fontäne Verlag, Offenbach a. M. 2008.
  • Jürgen Gottschlich : How Gülen became public enemy No. 1 - the dark side of the "community" . In: taz - Die Tageszeitung , Berlin edition, Aug. 2, 2016, ISSN 0931-9085 .0 
  • Walter Homolka , Johann Hafner, Admiel Kosman, Ercan Karakoyun (eds.): Muslims between tradition and modernity. The Gülen movement as a bridge between cultures . Herder, Freiburg 2010.
  • Ercan Karakoyun: The Gülen Movement. What she is, what she wants . Herder Verlag, Freiburg 2017, ISBN 978-3-451-37679-5 (internal perspective of the head of the Gülen-related Foundation for Education and Dialogue )
  • Doğan Koç: Strategic Defamation of Fethullah Gülen: English vs. Turkish. University Press of America, Lanham 2012, ISBN 978-0-7618-5930-7 .
  • Jonathan Lacey: The Gülen Movement in Ireland: Civil Society Engagements of a Turkish Religio ‐ cultural Movement , in: Turkish Studies 10/2 (2009).
  • Sophia Pandya, Nancy Gallagher (Ed.): The Gülen Hizmet Movement and its Transnational Activities. Case Studies of Altruistic Acitivism in Contemporary Islam . Brown Walker Press, Florida 2012.
  • Hansjörg Schmid, Hussein Hamdan: Youth work in Islamic organizations: Hizmet (“Gülen movement”). In: Hansjörg Schmid, Hussein Hamdan (ed.): Young Muslims as partners. An empirical compass for practical work. Beltz Juventa, Weinheim / Basel 2014, pp. 77–87.
  • Günter Seufert : Is the movement of Fethullah Gülen expanding? A Turkish religious community as a national and international actor . SWP study 23/2013, December 2013 ( online ).
  • Nevval Sevindi: Contemporary Islamic Converstations. M. Fethullah Gülen on Turkey, Islam, and the West . Sunypress, New York 2008.
  • Rachel Sharon-Krespin: Fethullah Gülen's Grand Ambition, Turkey's Islamist Danger. In: Middle East Quarterly 2009, pp. 55-66.
  • Jochen Thies : We are part of this society. Insights into the educational initiatives of the Gülen movement. Freiburg Br. / Basel / Vienna 2013.
  • Paul Weller (Ed.): European Muslims, civility and public life. Perspectives on and from the Gülen movement . London u. a. 2012.
  • Hakan Yavuz: Toward an Islamic enlightenment. The Gulen movement . Oxford et al. a. 2012.
  • Hakan Yavuz, John L. Esposito (Eds.): Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Global Impact of Fethullah Gulen's Nur Movement . Syracuse University Press, New York 2003.

Web links

Individual evidence

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    Turkey launches new probe into Erdogan rival for “plotting coup” . ( Memento of July 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) AFP article on al-Akhbar , July 7, 2014, accessed on August 1, 2016 (English).
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  18. ^ Ayaz Gul: Turkey Wants Pakistan to Close Down institutions, Businesses Linked to Gulen . Voice of America , July 23, 2016, accessed August 2, 2016.
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  24. ↑ Armin Pfahl-Traughber: Conspiracy ideologies today . In: Helmut Reinalter : (Ed.): Handbook of conspiracy theories. Salier Verlag, Leipzig 2018, ISBN 978-3-96285-004-3 , p. 311 f.
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  26. ^ A b Maximilian Popp: The Godfather. In: Spiegel Online. August 6, 2012, accessed February 11, 2018 .
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  28. ↑ Dohrn, Kristina: The Gülen movement. Creation and development of a Muslim network . In: From Politics and Contemporary History . No. 9-10 , 2017, pp. 30-35 .
  29. ↑ Alain Jourdain: "Erdogan will end like Hitler or Stalin". January 26, 2020, accessed May 4, 2020 .
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  35. ↑ The friendly state in the Turkish state . Der Standard , print edition, October 6, 2010, accessed on August 1, 2016.
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  38. ↑ Daniel Steinvorth: Fethullah Gülens Movement: Angel and Demon . New York Times Syndicate , on: Qantara.de , May 27, 2009, accessed on August 1, 2016.
    Abdulhamid Türker: Hypocrisy in languages: criticizing Fethullah Gülen, English or Turkish? Today's Zaman , November 10, 2009, archived from the original on November 19, 2009 ; accessed on August 1, 2016 . Dogan Koc: “Fethullah Gülen's Grand Ambition”: A Biased, Selective, Misleading, Misrepresentative and Miscalculated Article . Fethullah Gulen Forum, January 29, 2010, accessed August 1, 2016.
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    Diana Samuels: Kenilworth charter school, subject of apparent FBI inquiry, has ties to Turkish education movement . The Times-Picayune (New Orleans), December 12, 2013, accessed July 28, 2016.
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