Knüllgebirge

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Knüllgebirge
The Knüll, up to 635.5 m high, along with the southern foothills of the Rimberg (591.8 m; right behind the wind turbines)

The Knüll, up to 635.5  m high, along with the southern foothills of the Rimberg ( 591.8  m ; right behind the wind turbines)

Highest peak Eisenberg ( 635.5  m above sea  level )
location North Hesse
part of East Hessian mountainous region
Classification according to Handbook of the natural spatial structure of Germany
Knüll Mountains (Hesse)
Knüllgebirge
Coordinates 50 ° 55 '  N , 9 ° 25'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 55 '  N , 9 ° 25'  E
rock Basalt domes on a base made of red sandstone
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p5

The Knüllgebirge , mostly just called Knüll , is up to 635.5  m above sea level. NHN high German low mountain range in the north Hessian districts Schwalm-Eder and Hersfeld-Rotenburg .

The mountain is naturally spatially within the main unit group East Hesse Highlands (no. 35), the main unit crumpled (356) and consists of the Hochknüll in the center, the annularly arranged around the Western and Eastern crumpled foreshore and which withdrawing therefrom north Homberger Highlands . In addition, natural areas bordering south and east are occasionally assigned to the Knüll (see section The Knüll in an expanded sense ).

The Knüllgebirge is sparsely populated and heavily forested. The Knüllwald conservation area was established there.

geography

Natural structure

The crumple is naturally structured as follows:

  • 356 Knüll highlands
    • 356.0 Western Knüllvorland
    • 356.1 Eastern Knüllvorland
    • 356.2 Hochknull
    • 356.3 Homberg Highlands

Location and limits

The Knüll is 45 km south of Kassel and 20 km west of Bad Hersfeld (as the crow flies). The center of the mountains is the region around the town of Schwarzenborn . The border of the Knüll in western and northwestern directions is, in a narrower as well as in a broader sense, the West Hessian Basin (main unit 343) including the Schwalm (343.0), which initiates the transition to the West Hessian mountainous region (main unit group 34).

Knüll in the narrower sense

Landscape of the Hochknülls: View from the observation tower on the Knüllköpfchen in a south-easterly direction past the Waldknüll over Schwarzenborn to the Eisenberg

The south-western border of the actual Knüll (356.0-356.2) to the Ottrauer Bergland (355.0), part of the Fulda-Haune-Tafelland (main unit 355), forms the Grenff , which is regarded as the otherworldly . From its mouth, the Schwalm between Zella ( Willingshausen municipality ) and Ziegenhain is the western border to the landscape of the same name ,

The north- western border (beyond) is roughly formed by the middle and lower reaches of the Ohebach up to its confluence with the Efze west of Homberg . The northern border to the Homberger Hochland is the middle course of the Efze, which - extended by its right tributary Breitenbach - is also the northeast border to the Rotenburg-Ludwigsecker Wald (357.00) as part of the Fulda-Werra-Bergland (main unit 357).

In southeastern directions there are no recognizable borders to the Kirchheimer Bergland (355.4) or to the northeast of the Ottrauer Bergland (both Fulda-Haune-Tafelland). The Geis up to Saasen and the auditorium up to and including Gersdorf ( Kirchheim municipality ) are just added to the Knüll.

Homberg highlands

The flat, undulating and heavily agricultural Homberger Hochland (356.3) joins the higher Knüll north of the Efze near Homberg . It extends west to just before the Schwalm or - from its mouth - to the Eder .

The highlands extend to the north until shortly before the confluence of the Eder in the Fulda , whose so-called Bebra-Melsunger Fuldatal (357.1) is also touched in the east. However, in many places in the east the parts of the Neuenstein-Ludwigsecker ridge (357.0) such as the Melgershäuser heights in the north, the Eichelsberg in the east and the Neuenstein-Ludwigsecker forest in the south-east stand in between. All the natural areas connected to the north to the east belong to the Fulda-Werra-Bergland (main unit 357). The approximate eastern border to the Eichelsberg is the (other side) valley of the Beise .

The knüll in the broader sense

As seen from the Knüll to the south the Vogelsberg and to the southeast the Rhön are the next commonly known low mountain range and, moreover, the Bebra-Melsunger Fulda valley on the east side of the landscape is the conspicuous cut in the landscape, the Knüll is often delimited as follows: to the east the Fulda ; to the southeast roughly through the Jossa , extended by its tributary Schwarza ; to the southwest through the Berf .

This would give the following structure

The core of the mountain is formed by a block of basalt, known today as Hochknüll . This includes the Knüll high plateau around the Knüllköpfchen ( 633.8  m ) near Schwarzenborn and the Eisenberg mountain range ( 635.5  m ) southeast of it , which is connected to the high plateau by a narrow ridge.

A ridge north of the Geisbach catchment area - it extends over the Semmelberg ( 552.9  m ), the Pommer ( 448.1  m ) and the Höhwald ( 519.5  m ) - connects the Knüll with the Neuenstein-Ludwigsecker ridge, the its northeast branch is. Another ridge - this runs over Olberode , then the up to 532.8  m high cherry forest to the south of this place north of Weißenborn and finally the forest east of Weißenborn in the south - connects the Hochknüll with its southern branch Ottrauer Mountain country. It is located around the Rimberg ( 591.8  m ) and the Hirschberg (approx.  506  m ) to the south with Herzberg Castle .

To the west and north of the Hochknüll, the Knüll is characterized by isolated mountain peaks.

mountains

The Eisenberg in Knüll

The mountains and foothills of the Knüllgebirge and its adjacent natural areas include - sorted by height in meters (m) above mean sea level (NHN):

  • Eisenberg ( 635.5  m ), Borgmannturm (AT); Southeast of the Hochknüll , district of Hersfeld-Rotenburg
  • Knüllköpfchen ( 633.8  m ), observation tower and hiking snack; central Hochknüll , Schwalm-Eder district
  • Waldknüll ( 624.4  m ), 500 m east of the Knüllköpfchen, notch height of 15 m; Schwalm-Eder district
  • Wilsberg ( 598  m ) 1.5 km southwest of the Knüllköpfchen, Schartenhöhe around 40 m
  • Head (approx. 593  m ); southern Hochknüll , Schwalm-Eder district
  • Rimberg ( 591.8  m ); Ottrauer Bergland , the interface between the two districts
  • Toad Tip ( 581.2  m ); East of the eastern Knüll foreland , Hersfeld-Rotenburg district
  • Holnsteinkopf (approx.  580  m ); East of the eastern Knüll foreland , Hersfeld-Rotenburg district
  • Semmelberg ( 552.9  m ); North of the eastern Knüll foreland, the interface between the two districts
  • Cherry forest (" Kalkberg ", 532.8  m ), basalt plant; South of the ( western ) Knüll foreland , Schwalm-Eder district
  • Dam head ( 520.9  m ); Neuenstein-Ludwigsecker mountain range , Hersfeld-Rotenburg district (near: Ludwigseck Castle on Atzelstein )
  • Hirschberg (approx.  506  m ); Ottrauer Bergland, Hersfeld-Rotenburg district (with Herzberg Castle )
  • Nöll (approx.  492  m ); Southwest of the Hochknüll, Schwalm-Eder district
  • Deer head ( 487.5  m ); Neuenstein-Ludwigsecker ridge, Hersfeld-Rotenburg district
  • Eichelsberg ( 480.1  m ); natural area of ​​the same name, Schwalm-Eder district
  • Mosenberg ( 437.5  m ); southern Homberg highlands , Schwalm-Eder district
  • Gernkopf ( 417.2  m ); Neuenstein-Ludwigsecker ridge
  • Heiligenberg ( 393.3  m ), AT; northern Homberg highlands , Schwalm-Eder district (with Heiligenburg Castle )
and display information about the image
View from the west of Wasenberg , the Schwalm and the Knüll with the Knüllköpfchen ( 633.8  m , wind turbine) and the cherry forest (up to 532.8  m , right);
To the left of the trees is the Altenburg mountain ( 432.7  m ) near Bad Zwesten , which separates the Schwalm valley from the Kellerwald to the left, and the desert garden ( 675.3  m ) on the far left

Waters

Numerous flowing waters have their source in Knüll , including the Efze , the Aula , the Geisbach , the Beise , the Rohrbach and the Grenff (sometimes referred to as Grenf with an "f" on maps ). The Efze tributary Lochbach runs through the Lochbachklamm .

The watershed between the border rivers Schwalm and Fulda runs through the Knüll from north to south .

Table of the main rivers

In the following, the most important rivers of the Knüll and the immediately adjacent mountain ranges are listed according to size or for the natural spatial structure. Clockwise order, starting on the south side of the Schwalm-Fulda watershed.
For a better overview and to be able to sort downstream, a hyphen has been inserted into the DGKZ number sequence of each river after the starting section, which denotes the main river in its river area.
Linked natural spaces are outside the Knüll in the narrower sense, italics written outside the Knüll in the broader sense. The name of the Jossa is italicized, this is to indicate that here only the drainage from the Knüll and the catchment area only that part of this area are taken into account.

Surname
 Main
river
 Length
[km]
 Catchment area
[km²]
 Discharge
(MQ) [l / s]
 Headwaters
(of tributaries)
 Natural
space
 DGKZ
Berf Schwalm (r) 20.0 42.2 218 Ottrauer Bergland 355.0 4288-16
Grenff Schwalm (r) 22.0 86.4 711 Ottrauer Bergland 355.0 4288-32
Steina Schwalm (r) 13.9 20.5 167 Hochknull 356.2 4288-332
Grenzebach Schwalm (r) 13.3 18.9 135 Hochknull 356.2 4288-334
Gers Schwalm (r) 10.3 23.7 117 Western Knüll foreland 356.0 4288-38
Olmes Schwalm (r) 11.1 48.1 208 Westh. Sink 343 4288-76
Ohebach Efze (l) 21.7 103.4 665 Western Knüll foreland 356.0 42888-8
Rinnebach Ohebach (r) 15.9 30.1 239 Hochknull 356.2 428888-8
Efze Schwalm (r) 38.2 220.5 1,481 Hochknull 356.2 4288-8
Breitenbach Efze (r) 7.2 17.6 138 Neuenst.-Ludwigsecker 357.0 42888-4
Rhünda Schwalm (r) 13.0 31.9 194 Homberg highlands 356.3 4288-96
Schiessbach Eder (r) 5.4 11.3 55 Homberg highlands 356.3 428-914
Beise Fulda (l) 20.9 63.2 447 Neuenst.-Ludwigsecker 357.0 42-76
Weights Fulda (l) 9.7 20.2 142 Neuenst.-Ludwigsecker 357.0 42-758
Rohrbach Fulda (l) 18.0 73.9 576 Neuenst.-Ludwigsecker 357.0 42-714
Geisbach Fulda (l) 22.1 76.2 487 East Knüll foreland 356.1 42-596
Auditorium Fulda (l) 22.6 124.8 919 Western Knüll foreland 356.0 42-56
Ibra Auditorium (r) 9.7 28.1 214 Ottrauer Bergland 355.0 4256-4
Bees Jossa (l) 5.4 9.7 63 Ottrauer Bergland 355.0 4254-32
Jossa Fulda (l) 22.9 122.0 780 Schlitzer Land 355.1 42-54

geology

The Knüllgebirge is of magmatic origin. The basalt domes protrude from a base made of red sandstone or tertiary underlay. Due to its structure and structure, the Knüll is often referred to as the “little brother” of the Vogelsberg . The mountain formation took place in the Middle Tertiary about 10 million years ago, at the same time as that of the much larger Vogelberg. The cause was the subsidence process of the Hessian Basin about 15 million years ago. This created rift fractures, where today the shell limestone stands as a narrow band. During this time hundreds of basalt domes, cones and ridges were created in an irregular arrangement. In the Diluvial Period the land rose further and the temperature, which had previously been tropical to subtropical, sank; the first ice age began, covering large parts of Europe with glaciers. The reason for this was that South America, which had split off from Gondwana, connected with the North American continent and thus changed the global system of ocean currents. The low mountain ranges remained free of glaciation, but this first ice age led to increased rainfall, which triggered severe erosion. Today's valleys and valley races were formed.

etymology

This article or section needs to be revised: In word history developments there are i. A. No going back and forth. Linguistic too careless.
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The origin of the name lies in an old Germanic, no longer known term for certain field names. This still occurs today with the syllables nall, nöll, nell, nill, nüll, knill, knüll, ginüll, finill or ginoll. They are often combined with the syllables -berg, -feld or -bach vor. This results in extensive place names limited by geography and geology.

This Germanic term was then reinterpreted according to folk etymology with the Old High German defining words rich, rech, or also back (e.g. in Hunsrück ). The mountains were mentioned in the 9th century as Richberg or Rechberg. The Old High German determinants, direction or law, indicate extensive, enclosed or marked pasture areas or community marks. It is not known when the name Knüll established itself for the mountains.

Settlement history

This article or section needs to be revised: Whether there was ethnic continuity between shepherds and later settled people is apparently still a matter of dispute for the whole of Europe. Why should it be any different with Knüll?
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The oldest sites in Hausen date back to around 250,000 years before our era. It is a silicate quarry for the production of simple stone tools (Homo erectus). Numerous barrows along the various mountain ranges indicate, based on the grave goods (cord ceramics), that the landscape was inhabited as early as the Neolithic. The type represented here was predominantly the hunter, gatherer and shepherd, who settled on the slopes exposed to the south with a good overview of the landscape in order to see the migrating game better. The only sparse vegetation in this post-glacial period allowed a wide view of the landscape. With the Bronze Age around 2000 BC BC, but no later than the Iron Age, the shepherd people finally settled down and thus became a down-to-earth peasant people in the Knüll area. With this change in economic form, a change in economic areas also went hand in hand. The now down-to-earth farmers now preferred the fertile arable land in the lowlands and valleys. And so now both the southern mountain slopes and the valleys and lowlands were cultivated. However, cold and all too bad mountain slopes have been abandoned and are now covered with forest. In them, however, previous cultivation and settlement can be proven on the basis of several barrows and terraced embankments.

For a long time only the limited space around the Knüllköpfchen Knüll was mentioned. Therefore, in some sources, the Knüllköpfchen is also referred to as the highest mountain in the Knüllgebirge. This historical subdivision was less strictly due to geographical conditions than to the eastern border of the territory of the former county of Ziegenhain , which still follows the border from Schwalm-Eder-Kreis to Hersfeld-Rotenburg over the (Hoch-) Knüll.

Little was written about the regional historical development of the Knüll. This is largely due to the fact that it has always been a comparatively poor area, largely forested and in the past also difficult to access - very different from the surrounding agricultural landscapes such as the Schwalm, the Homberger Börde or the fertile Fulda valley with the temporary diocese Hersfeld. It was not until 1905, when the Schwalmstadt-Bad Hersfeld railway connection was built , that the Knüll was significantly developed. The royal Prussian forester Hugo Wilhelm Borgmann from Oberaula was particularly committed to this. He was also the founder of the Knüllgebirgsverein, whose main goal was to open up the Knüll for tourism and to connect it economically.

Castles

The following castles and palaces are located in the area around the Knüll, but mostly in neighboring natural areas:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c map and 356 Knüll-Hochland (including), in The natural areas of Hesse and their main units (Environmental Atlas Hessen), on atlas.umwelt.hessen.de
  2. ↑ Map services of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( information )
  3. ↑ The height line must be just below 560  m .
  4. ↑ near survey point 588.1  m ; however, the 592.5  m line is exceeded at the summit
  5. ↑ Measurement point 561  m 200 m southwest of the summit
  6. ↑ Water map service of the Hessian Ministry for the Environment, Climate Protection, Agriculture and Consumer Protection ( information )
  7. ^ "Geological overview map of Hesse". Historical atlas of Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  8. ^ Association of Friends of Mineralogy and Geology e. V. Heidelberg (Hrsg.): On the mineralogy and geology of the area around Göttingen . Göttingen 1978 ( awi.de [PDF]).

General sources

literature

  • Rudolf Pohl: Knüllführer. Signpost through the holiday region Knüll and Schwalm with a description of the Knüllgebirgsverein e. V. marked hiking trails . Olten & Wiegand, Homberg, 1974.
  • Knüllgebirge cycling and hiking map . 1: 500,000. KKV Kartographische Kommunale Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Nordhausen 2002, ISBN 3-933494-76-1 .
  • Rolf Meyer: The Knüll as a development area. Materials and reflections on the problem of regional development in peripheral low mountain areas . Geographisches Institut, Giessen 1973, ( Giessener geographische Schriften  30, ISSN  0435-978X ), 96 p., 13 ctn., 4 fig., Tab.
  • Otto Reuber: The basalts south of Homberg a. d. Efze to the Knüllgebirge . In: New Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geology and Paleontology ZDB -ID 123937-5 Beilagen-Volume 19, 1904, pp. 503-555, (Marburg, Phil. Diss., Nov. 1, 1904).

Web links

Commons : Knüllgebirge  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Knüllgebirge  - travel guide