Hyperborea

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World map according to Herodotus . At the top right are the countries of the Issedonen and Arimaspen, behind them in the extreme northeast the Hyperboreans.

Hyperborea ( Greek  Ὑπερβορέα ) is a fabulous paradisiacal land, located far to the north by the ancient Greek geographers and mythographers . Its inhabitants, the Hyperboreans ( ιπερβόρε (ι) οι Hyperboreioi ), were ascribed a particularly close connection with the god Apollon and his cult.

The ancient etymology of the name: "Beyond the north" ( Boreas was the god of the north wind) is scientifically unsecured. A derivation from Northern Greek * βόρις - mountain, which would indicate a residence "beyond the mountains", is also conceivable.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the myth of Hyperborea was received by occultists and right-wing esotericists .

Hyperborea in mythology

Phaeton , the son of Helios , is said to have fallen into the nearby Eridanos . His sisters, the Heliaden , were said to have been turned into black poplars on the banks of the Eridanos and their tears turned into amber . In addition to the heliads, numerous swans also mourned the fallen youth and their mourning song brought the news of the tragic fall all over the country. This is also where the legend of Cyknos can be heard , his friend mourning the fallen Phaeton on the banks of the Eridanos, who Apollon turns into a swan out of pity. Here is also the mythological root of the proverbial swan song .

In ancient mythology, Hyperborea, like its southern counterpart, the land of the Ethiopians, was considered a paradisiacal place with a particularly favorable climate and a special proximity to the gods. Pindar (approx. 522–446 BC) describes the Hyperboreans as a blessed people who know neither age nor illness and who devote themselves entirely to the service of the muses with dance, song, flute and lyre. However, it is "neither by ship nor on foot" possible to get there, only gods and heroes make the journey. These include Perseus , who, after an ode by Pindars, took part in the feasts of the Hyperboreans, where they sacrificed hecatombs of donkeys to Apollo , an otherwise very unusual sacrificial animal. However, the sacrifice of donkeys for Apollo seems to have been desired only in Hyperborea. A visitor to Hyperboreas from Babylon, who, having returned home, also wanted to sacrifice a donkey to Apollo, was threatened with death by the latter. The poet Bakchylides (520 / 516–451 BC) reports that Apollo transferred the pious king Croesus , who wanted to take his own life after conquering the city of Sardis , from the stake to Hyperborea.

According to the library of Apollodorus (1st century AD), the garden of the Hesperides with the golden apples is said to have been in Hyperborea, and Atlas is also said to have carried the vault of heaven there near the northern pole. Heracles came there in search of the apples and tricked Atlas into bringing him three of the apples. From there Herakles brought those olive trees to Olympia from whose branches the wreaths of the winners of the Olympic Games were wound.

The Hellenistic author Hecataeus of Abdera (around 300 BC) used the myth of Hyperborea to create a utopian model in his novel Peri Hyperboreion ( Περί Ὑπερβορείων ) . The text is lost, but from different fragments can be reconstructed that Hekataios a fictional journey from the Caspian Sea to the Okeanos further described and the hyperborean island Helixoia the north of Gaul should be. The climate allows two harvests a year. Their rulers and highest sacrificial priests of the Hyperboreans are the Boreads , gigantic children of Boreas. Flocks of swans came from the Riphae Mountains for the Festival of Apollo and joined in the hymns of the human singers. This part is referred to in the animal stories of Claudius Aelianus (1st / 2nd century AD).

Hyperborea and the Cults of Delos and Delphi

Herodotus (490 / 480–424 BC) reports most extensively on the Hyperboreans. It begins with the fact that there is actually no reliable information about the location of the country, but that the sanctuary of Apollo in Delos regularly receives consecration gifts from the country of Hyperborea wrapped in wheat straw. These gifts went a long way, and they were passed on from people to people: from the Hyperboreans to the Scythians , from there to the Adriatic Sea , then to the Dodonians , across Greece to Euboea and from there to Delos.

When consecration gifts were sent for the first time, however, they were not passed from people to people, but Hyperoche ( Ὑπερόχη ) and Laodike ( Λαοδίκη ), two virgins from Hyperboreea accompanied by five men (whose descendants were called Perpherees , Amallophoroi or Ulophoroi ) did Brought gifts. The bearers were highly honored in Delos and died there. Up until the time of Herodotus, the Delian youths and virgins would have honored Hyperoche and Laodike by laying a cut lock of hair on their grave. But when no one returned from the embassy to the land of the Hyperboreans, they passed over, as described, to sending their gifts to Delos through mediating peoples. According to Callimachus, it was not a matter of holy gifts wrapped in wheat straw, but of sheaves of the first fruits of the grain.

Before these seven messengers, however, two other virgins from Hyperborea named Arge ( Ἄργη ) and Opis had come to Delos. These did not bring consecration gifts, but the gods themselves to Delos, because they came to Delos accompanied by Apollon and Artemis - Eileithyia and from there the cult of these gods spread over the islands and all over Ionia. The ashes from the thighs of the victim were scattered on her grave next to Artemision.

Herodotus distinguishes between the two graves: the grave ( σῆμα "landmark", "tomb" at Herodotus) of Hyperoche and Laodike is located on the left within the sanctuary of Artemis, the grave of Opis and Arge ( θήκη "repository", "container “In Herodotus) lies behind the temple of Artemis. Two Bronze Age graves corresponding to the given location were found on Delos. These are tholoi , which correspond to Minoan tombs from the Early Minoan III / Middle Minoan I period. These tombs are notable in that they are the only tombs found on Delos. It is well known that 425/426 BC BC Delos "cleaned": all graves on Delos were opened, the bones were brought to the neighboring island of Rheneia and from then on nobody was allowed to die or be born on Delos. The fact that an exception was made for these two graves indicates that they may not be simple graves, but the Heroa of the cultically revered Hyperborean virgins. Accordingly, they are also referred to in the literature.

In particular, Opis seems to be closely related to Artemis, as Opis was also an epithet of Artemis. According to Herodotus, the introduction of the cult of Opis and Arge was the subject of the hymns of the legendary poet Olen . Olen appears in a very similar role in a report by Pausanias (115–180 AD) about the establishment of the oracle of Apollo in Delphi . He mentions a Delphic hymn poet named Boio and quotes one of her hymns in which the founding of the oracle is attributed to the Hyperboreans, among them two named Pagasos and Agyieos. The first priest of Apollo in Delphi was then Olen, who was also the first to give oracles in the form of hexameters and thus was the forerunner of Pythia. Pausanias limits the tradition of knowing Apollo's priestesses in Delphi.

In Callimachus of Cyrene (approx. 303 - 245 BC) the names Loxo and Hekaerge appear next to Opis ; all three are called the daughters of Boreas .

From the legends about the victory of the Greeks over the Celtic invaders under Brennus in 279 BC. Near Delphi, Pausanias reports that the ghost figures of legendary warriors mingled with the defenders, including next to Neoptolemus , son of Achilles , who was buried in Delphi , the Hyperboreans Hyperochos ( Ὑπέροχος ) and Amadokos ( Ἀμάδοκος ).

Since the sacred olive trees in Olympia also came from Hyperborea, three of the most important religious centers in ancient Greece, Delos, Delphi and Olympia, are linked to Hyperborea through myths.

Hyperborea in ancient geography

Herodotus

Herodotus mentions that the poet Aristeas in his poem Arimaspeia ( Ἀριμάσπεια ), which has not survived, told that behind the land of the Issidones he visited lies the land of the Arimaspen , behind them the land of the gold guarding griffins and behind them the land of the Hyperboreans, and that all of these races were constantly at war with one another, except for the Hyperboreans. Finally, Herodotus also states that the prophet Abaris supposedly came from Hyperborea. Herodotus reports all of this with pronounced skepticism and some mockery.

Strabo

Even more decidedly than Herodotus, Strabo (63 BC - 23 AD) denies the existence of Hyperborea, the Riphae and similar legendary areas. He thinks that lies like the one that Pytheas of Massilia (approx. 380-310 BC) spread, are only taken into account due to a lack of geographical knowledge of the regions concerned (here the countries beyond the Scythians).

Pomponius Mela

According to Pomponius Mela (1st century AD), the Hyperboreans lived beyond the coast of the Caspian Sea, where the Comars, Massagetes , Kadusians , Hyrcans and Hiberians resided. They are so long-lived that they voluntarily end their lives . Day and night each lasted six months.

Diodor

What Diodorus (1st century BC), who relies on the text "About the Hyperboreans" by Hecataeus of Abdera, knows how to report points in a completely different direction . According to this, the Hyperboreans lived on an island in the north where Leto , the mother of Apollo, was born. Apollo is worshiped more than any other god in Hyperborea. There is also a sacred area and a huge, circular temple of Apollo. Nearby is a city dedicated to God. The majority of the residents are kithara players who constantly played their instrument and sang hymns to Apollo.

Diodorus also reports on the connections between the Hyperboreans and the Greeks, already mentioned in Herodotus, that existed from mythical times. He states that Abaris came to the Greeks from Hyperborea and that, conversely, Greeks visited Hyperborea and left consecration gifts there with Greek inscriptions.

Finally, Diodorus reports that Apollo visits the island every 19 years, because then the stars would be in the same place again. He supplements this vague information with a reference to the Metonic cycle named after the Greek astronomer Meton - after 19 solar years almost exactly 235 lunar months have passed, so that calendar counts based on solar years and lunar months are synchronized again after this cycle. The god then dances on the autumn equinox until the rising of the Pleiades (around midnight) and plays the kithara.

Pliny

Pliny the Elder (23 / 24–79 AD) is significantly less skeptical than Herodotus or Strabo . According to him, moved across the river Tanais (the Don ) and the Maiotis -Sees (the Azov Sea ) the Arimaspians . Then you come to the well-known Riphae Mountains, behind which a region called Pterophoros ("feather-bearing") has to be crossed, because there it is always dark and cold and snow falls constantly in large, feathery flakes (hence the name ). Behind it, finally, is the land of Hyperborea.

There is the axis on which the firmament turns. The people there grow fabulously old, you don't know any worries or arguments, the mild climate makes houses unnecessary, you live in woods and meadows and only die when you throw yourself old and full of life from a certain rock after a banquet with friends. There the sun only rises once a year, namely at midsummer, and sets at midwinter, not - Pliny emphasizes this - as some ignoramuses claim, at the spring or autumn equinox. It is said that they sow there in the morning, the grain at noon, the tree fruits in the evening and spend the night in caves. He leaves no doubt about the existence of Hyperborea, since it has been proven several times that the Hyperboreans sent offerings to Delphi and Delos every year.

Modern reception

Symbol for the far north

Ortelius' map from 1572 with the "Oceanus Hyperboreus" in the extreme northwest

In modern times , Hyperborea was only used as a symbol for the far north. The Flemish cartographer Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598) described the North Atlantic between Iceland and Greenland as "Oceanus Hyperboreus" on his map of Europe in 1572 .

Localization attempts

Although Diodor's description is based on the novel of Hecataeus, a fictional text, it became the basis of various attempts to locate the land of Hyperborea in the real world. It was repeatedly identified with Britain that the round temple of the Hyperboreans mentioned in the sources was the megalithic stone circle of Stonehenge . It is difficult to determine when this assumption was first made. The proponents of the thesis included the German prehistorian Carl Schuchhardt (1859–1943) and before him the geographer Wilhelm Sieglin (1855–1935).

From the 1960s on, Gerald Hawkins (1928–2003) and Alexander Thom (1894–1985) interpreted Stonehenge as an archaeoastronomical instrument. Attempts were also made to establish a connection between the 56 so-called Aubrey holes of Stonehenge and the Metonic cycle , which can be considered remarkable in connection with the statements of Diodorus. In 1975 the ancient historian and ancient orientalist Emil Forrer (1894–1986) also assumed that the British Isles had been the land of the Hyperboreans. These theories remain controversial.

Due to the apparently present description of a polar night at Pliny, as it was also described by Pytheas, it was believed that Hyperborea could be identified with the Thule visited by Pytheas, although its location is also more than unclear. Scandinavia also became possible localizations of Hyperborea.

At the end of the 1940s, the German Atlantis researcher Jürgen Spanuth (1907–1998) located Hyperborea on the Cimbrian Peninsula and located its southern part in what is now Friesland . He argued with the statement of ancient Greek writers that the Hyperborean land is the only country in which amber is extracted. He made the central sanctuary of the "Hyperborean Apollon" described in the classics on the Stollberg near Bordelum .

In the 1950s, the Dutch linguist Albert Joris van Windekens (1915–1989) advocated the thesis that the Hyperboreans were a primitive cultural community that lived in the Macedonian-Thracian region and had been reinterpreted as a mythical people of the north in archaic and classical times be.

occultism

The legend of a culture-bearing people in the far north has been propagated by occultists since the 19th century . The French Martinist Antoine Fabre d'Olivet (1768–1825) claimed that there were four races of people : a black in Africa, a red in America, a yellow in Asia and a white in Europe and India, which descended from the Hyperboreans. These originally settled around the North Pole , which is therefore also known as the “cradle of humanity”. He relied on the Swedish polyhistor Olof Rudbeck , who believed he could localize Atlantis in Sweden in the 17th century.

Fabre d'Olivet's speculations were then combined with the originally linguistic thesis of Aryans , an allegedly highly developed race whose original home was often considered to be Hyperborea. This thesis was further developed by the Russian theosophist Helena Blavatsky (1831-1891), who taught that the Aryans were the fifth root race of mankind, while the Hyperboreans were the second: giant, semi-human monsters with little understanding that were reproduced by budding time immemorial would have. They went down in a torrential natural disaster. Blavatsky's somewhat dry statements about Hyperborea were embellished after her death by theosophists such as Annie Besant (1847–1933) and William Scott-Elliot (died 1930): According to this, the Hyperboreans, because they had only one etheric body , should only be visible to "trained occultists" have been. The founder of anthroposophy Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925) at the beginning of the 20th century disseminated similar insights that he claims to have gained supernaturally .

The Italian right- wing esotericist Julius Evola (1898–1974) claimed that godlike northmen ruled the polar region in a golden age . From there they had been driven out by a cosmic catastrophe and had spread their heroic masculine initiation cult , at the center of which was the worship of the sun , over the whole earth. In doing so, they came into conflict with the matriarchal culture of the southern peoples who worshiped the moon and earth. Evola links this legend of a Hyperborean descent of (European) humanity with the allegedly Hyperborean Holy Grail , which for him is the symbol of a re-establishment of a divine kingdom in Europe.

The French pre-astronaut Robert Charroux (1909–1978) describes in his Livre des secrets trahis (1964) the Hyperboreans as culture-bringing aliens from Venus and contrasts them with the Hebrews as enemies . The Chilean anti-Semite Miguel Serrano (1917–2009) links this story with the theory of the hollow earth : The Hyperboreans would have withdrawn into the hollow interior of the earth to protect against the devastating consequences of a pole reversal . He also uses them to interpret 1 Mos 6,4  EU , according to which “sons of God” with human women are said to have begat giants, the legendary Nephilim : This means the Cro-Magnon people , who are racially superior to the Neanderthals ; only the Aryans would have retained the memory of their origins under the sign of the " black sun ". He contrasts them with the Jews, who would attempt a world conspiracy to thwart the re-establishment of the hyperborean glory. In German-speaking countries, these anti-Semitic interpretations of the myth of Hyperborea are spread by the right-wing extremist trivial writer Wilhelm Landig (1909–1997) and the right-wing esotericist Jan Udo Holey (* 1967).

Nietzsche

The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) saw the Hyperboreans as a symbol of loneliness, sublimity and spiritual beauty. In the text Der Antichrist , Nietzsche used the Hyperboreans as a template for identification in 1888 in order to underline his status beyond modern society as "out of date" and to express his hermit:

"We are Hyperboreans - we know well enough how remote we live. [...] Beyond the north, ice, death - our life, our happiness ... We have discovered happiness, we know the way, we have found the exit from whole millennia of the labyrinth. Who else found him? - The modern man? 'I don't know yet another; I am everything that does not yet know '- sighs modern man ... We were sick of this modernity - of lazy peace, of cowardly compromise, of all the virtuous uncleanliness of modern yes and no. "

- Friedrich Nietzsche : The Antichrist: Curse on Christianity, Chapter 1

In this way Nietzsche emphasizes that his philosophy is a philosophy for a few.

Fantasy

In the fantastic horror literature by HP Lovecraft and other authors of the Cthulhu myth , Hyperborea is described as an ancient civilization on Greenland (→ Thule myth ), which flourished 750,000 years ago and ruled over large parts of Africa and Europe.

In the fantasy film Sindbad and the Eye of the Tiger (UK 1977), Hyperborea is the destination of the journey.

In the Hyborian Age devised by Robert E. Howard , in which the adventures of the barbarian hero Conan take place, there is a land called Hyperborea.

In the novel The Dark Tower by Stephen King , the boy Jake, one of the main characters of the story, from a book dealer named "Towers" repeatedly as "hyperboräischer Wanderer" is called. Possibly this is a throwback to HP Lovecraft, a declared great role model for King.

Video games

The computer game Rome: Total War knows a rebel province called Hyperborea high in the north, which has the well-developed capital of Themiskyra at the beginning of the game . On the map this city is roughly in the Valdai Heights .

In the adventure Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis , the eponymous hero meets an archaeologist who thinks Iceland is the Hyperborea of ​​Greek legends while on an excavation in Iceland. He also believes it was an alien spaceport ; People have kept a protective shield away.

music

The metal band Bal-Sagoth from England often tells in their songs about a fictional country called Hyperborea. The representation from Lovecraft's Cthulhu myth serves as a model.

The German electronic musician Tangerine Dream also released an album in 1983 called Hyperborea .

On the 1997 album Substrata by the Norwegian ambient musician Biosphere there is a song called Hyperborea , which takes up quotes from the Twin Peaks series .

The American Nintendocore band Horse the Band released the album A Natural Death in 2007 , the first song of which is called Hyperborea .

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Annemarie Ambühl: Hyperboreioi . In: The New Pauly Encyclopedia of Antiquity . Metzler, Stuttgart 2010, Vol. 5, Col. 801.
  2. ↑ Hans von Geisau : Hyperboreioi . In: The Little Pauly . dtv, Munich 1979, Vol. 2, Col. 1274.
  3. ↑ Ovid Metamorphoses 2,324; 2,365
  4. ^ Hyginus Mythographus Fabulae 152; 154
  5. ↑ Apollonios of Rhodos Argonautika 4.594ff
  6. ↑ Flavius ​​Philostratos imagines 1.11
  7. ↑ Pindar Pythian Odes 10.27ff
  8. ↑ Annemarie Ambühl: Hyperboreioi . In: The New Pauly. Encyclopedia of Antiquity . Metzler, Stuttgart 2010, Vol. 5, Col. 801.
  9. ↑ Also Kallimachos (Fragment 187) the sacrificial hyperboreischen donkey mentioned for Apollon.
  10. ^ Antoninus Liberalis , Metamorphoses 20.
  11. ↑ Annemarie Ambühl: Hyperboreioi . In: The New Pauly Encyclopedia of Antiquity . Metzler, Stuttgart 2010, Vol. 5, Col. 801.
  12. ↑ Libraries of Apollodorus 2, 5, 11.
  13. ↑ Pindar Olympic Odes 3.12 ff.
  14. ↑ Annemarie Ambühl: Hyperboreioi . In: The New Pauly. Encyclopedia of Antiquity . Metzler, Stuttgart 2010, Vol. 5, Col. 801.
  15. ↑ Marek Winiarczyk: The Hellenistic utopias . De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2011, pp. 49-68 (accessed via De Gruyter Online).
  16. ↑ Claudius Aelianus, Tiergeschichten 11.1.
  17. ^ Karl Otfried Müller: Stories of Hellenic Tribes and Cities. Vol. 2, Breslau 1824, pp. 271f
  18. ↑ Herodotus, Historien 4,32–34.
  19. ↑ a b Callimachos 4th Hymnos (on Delos) 275 ff.
  20. ↑ Herodotus, Histories 4,35.
  21. ^ Charlotte R. Long: Greeks, Carians, and the Purification of Delos. In: American Journal of Archeology , Vol. 62, No. 3 (July 1958), pp. 297-306.
  22. ↑ Thucydides, Peloponnesian War 1, 8, 1–2; 3,104,1-2.
  23. ↑ Herodotus Histories 4.35.
  24. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece 10: 5, 7-9.
  25. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece 1,4,4.
  26. ↑ Herodotus, Historien 4,13-15.
  27. ↑ Herodotus, Historien 4,36; on the hyperborean origin of the Abaris see also Plato , Charmides 158c.
  28. ↑ Strabon, Geôgraphiká 7,3,1.
  29. ↑ Pomponius Mela, Chorographia 1:12; Marek Winiarczyk: The Hellenistic Utopias. De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2011, p. 61 f. (accessed via De Gruyter Online).
  30. ↑ Diodor, Bibliothéke historiké 2,47,1-7.
  31. ↑ Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia 4.88–91; see also 6.34.
  32. ↑ Annemarie Ambühl: Hyperboreioi . In: The New Pauly. Encyclopedia of Antiquity . Metzler, Stuttgart 2010, Vol. 5, Col. 801.
  33. ↑ Marek Winiarczyk: The Hellenistic utopias . De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2011, p. 54 f. (accessed via De Gruyter Online).
  34. ↑ See e.g. B. an 1831 book review in Gentleman's Magazine. Vol. 101 (July - December 1831). P. 325 ff.
  35. ^ Carl Schuchhardt: Stonehenge. In: Prehistoric Journal 1910, p. 339.
  36. ^ Wilhelm Sieglin: History of the discovery of England in antiquity. Lecture given on October 3, 1899 at the 7th International Geographers' Congress in Berlin. P. 859, quoted in Richard Hennig : The beginnings of cultural and commercial traffic in the Mediterranean world. In: Historische Zeitschrift 139, issue 1 (1929), pp. 1–33.
  37. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from June 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archaeologyuk.org
  38. ^ Emil Orgetorix Forrer, "Homeric and Silenic America", San Salvador (self-published), 1975
  39. ↑ Jürgen Spanuth: My way to Atlantis . In: Merian (Reisemagazin) 2 (1949) 5th issue, pp. 67–71 ( online version )
  40. ^ Albert Joris van Windekens: Les Hyperboréens . In: Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 100, 1957, pp. 164–169.
  41. ↑ Umberto Eco : The History of the Legendary Countries and Cities. Hanser, Munich 2013, pp. 225 ff. And 241–244.
  42. ↑ Linus Hauser : Critique of the neo-mythical reason , Vol. 1: People as gods of the earth . Schöningh, Paderborn 2004, p. 327; James A. Santucci: The Notion of Race in Theosophy . In: Nova Religio. The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions , 11, Issue 3 (2008), p. 48.
  43. ^ Lyon Sprague de Camp : Lost Continents. The Atlantis Theme in History, Science, and Literature . Dover Publications, New York 1970, p. 60.
  44. ↑ Rudolf Steiner: From the Akasha Chronicle . Published by Marie Steiner . Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach 1986, pp. 98–110.
  45. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke : Black Sun. Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity . NYU Press, New York 2002, p. 314; Hans Thomas Hakl : Evola, Giulio Cesare (Julius or Jules) . In: Wouter J. Hanegraaff (Ed.): Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism . Brill, Leiden 2006. p. 348.
  46. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: Black Sun. Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity . NYU Press, New York 2002, pp. 117 f.
  47. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: Black Sun. Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity . NYU Press, New York 2002, pp. 180-185.
  48. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: Black Sun. Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity . NYU Press, New York 2002, pp. 142 f. and 294.
  49. ^ Wording according to the Critical Complete Edition, ed. by Colli / Montinari , ed. by P. D'Iorio, Paris, Nietzsche Source, 2009 ff.
  50. ↑ Example of lyrics with frequent mentions of Hyperboreas on darklyrics.com. Accessed May 2009.
  51. ↑ Bal-Sagoth on hplovecraft.com. Accessed May 2009.