K-drama

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The Yongin Daejanggeum Park is the film set of the broadcaster MBC for historical dramas and was u. a. Filming location of the series Jumong .

Korean Dramas ( Kor. 한국 드라마 Hanguk Drama ), mostly K-Drama for short , are television and web series from South Korea . They are considered to be the origin of the Korean wave , the worldwide success of South Korean pop culture .

Most series have between 12 and 24 episodes of 45 to 70 minutes each. Most dramas are broadcast between 10:00 PM and 11:00 PM, on two consecutive nights: Mondays and Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, or on weekends. The slot between 7:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. is usually reserved for drama series that run from Monday to Friday. These are mostly telenovelas . Usually, South Korean series have a director and a screenwriter , unlike, for example, American series, where several directors and authors usually work together and take turns. Furthermore, there are no sequels for most of the dramas through further seasons .

history

Number of televisions
in South Korea
year Televisions
1966 000000000043684.000000000043,684
1967 000000000073224.000000000073.224
1968 000000000118262.0000000000118,262
1969 000000000223695.0000000000223,695
1970 000000000379564.0000000000379,564
1971 000000000616392.0000000000616.392
1972 000000000905365.0000000000905.365
1973 000000001282122.00000000001,282,122
1974 000000001618617.00000000001,618,617
1975 000000002014927.00000000002,014,927
1976 000000002809131.00000000002,809,131

On December 31, 1961, the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) began operations as the first public broadcaster in South Korea. Shortly thereafter, the station began broadcasting its first television series. However, these were still regulated by the military government . The dramas were for educational rather than entertainment and the spread of government ideology. For example, the drama Real Theater (1964–1985) clearly showed anti-communist tendencies. Since 1969 broadcasters have also been allowed to generate income through advertising. This created more competition and higher investment in production. From the 1970s onwards, the KBS , MBC and TBC channels broadcast around 15 drama series daily. More and more families owned televisions and drama series became the main form of entertainment even before movies . However, the government has also started to exercise more control over the content and is expecting news and educational programs to increase.

In the 1970s, the production of long-lived drama series also began. Thus, the MBC series ran Susa Banjang ( Chief Detective ), with Starsky & Hutch can be compared from 1971 to 1989. As was kreativster stations TBC, was the more aggressive and also the time taboo subjects such as infidelity treated. In 1980, however, the station went into KBS. In the 1980s, color televisions found their way into South Korean living rooms. During this time, the television series began to open up several new topics. Historical dramas dealt with the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) and told heroic stories. Some series showed life in small towns and created nostalgia . Nevertheless, the range of topics and genes has been narrowed down to date by the strict control, so that mainly melodramas , soap operas and historical dramas were produced.

From 1987 South Korea developed into a democratic state and the extensive regulation of television and the entertainment industry was gradually lifted. At the same time, the television landscape changed due to technical changes, e.g. satellite television . In addition, a new television station appeared with the Seoul Broadcasting System . This led to higher investments in television series. The competition was fueled. Eyes of Dawn ( 여명 의 눈동자 Yemyeong-ui Nundongja , 1991–1992) is considered the first blockbuster drama in South Korea. The plot spanned several decades, from the time of the Japanese occupation to the Second World War and the Korean War .

Namiseom Island was one of the filming locations of the drama Winter Sonata (2002), a landmark on the Korean wave .

One of the greatest successes is the MBC series Jealousy (1994) with Choi Su-jong and Choi Jin-sil. Unlike most melodramas, this romantic series is about city life for young people. SBS made the most of the newfound freedom of television and produced one of the most successful dramas ever with Sandglass ( 모래 시계 Moraesigye ). Half the country watched the series. In the 1990s, a length of 12 to 24 episodes per series became the norm for South Korean broadcasters. Together with the technical development, this increased the quality of the programs. Some television series have been exported to China , Hong Kong , Taiwan and Japan . A Chinese newspaper discussed the increasing imports of South Korean products and series and referred to the phenomenon as 韓流 hán liú ' Korean wave '. It is the beginning of successful South Korean cultural exports.

In the mid-2000s, South Korean TV series prices were higher in Asia than US TV series. New players also emerged in South Korea. The cable television stations tvN and jTBC began to compete with the big stations KBS, MBC and SBS. In addition, the Internet giant began Naver , web series to produce. At the same time, the streaming services Hulu and DramaFever also made K-Dramas popular in the United States . South Korean television series gained worldwide fame via the Internet, with fans often moving into legal gray areas or illegally streaming the dramas with subtitles , as there were no legal providers in their home countries. Websites such as HanCinema, Soompi , Dramabeans, Dramawiki and MyDramaList established themselves and offered platforms, databases and forums for fans from all over the world. With Viki, another streaming service was established that focused on South Korean television series and became successful in the USA. The service is now part of the Japanese Rakuten group. American services also began producing K-dramas in the late 2010s. On the one hand because of the domestic fans, on the other hand to offer their streaming services in South Korea. Thus produced Amazon Studios The Idolm@ster.KR , Viki produced with Drama World , a series in which an American girl is drawn into the world of Korean dramas. YouTube shot the K-pop drama Top Management and Netflix began entering lavishly produced Korean drama series with Kingdom . At the same time, the streaming services KOCOWA and OnDemandKorea, which offer South Korean television series and films in the USA, also started in the USA . You entered into competition with DramaFever, which helped South Korean dramas in the USA to success. In 2018, however, Warner Bros. , to which DramaFever was part, ended the service. As a result, the previous providers of South Korean dramas in the USA are trying to establish themselves as the new top providers.

While K-dramas in the early days of the Korean wave mainly belonged to the genres love series, romantic comedy or historical drama ( 사극 Sageuk ), a greater variety of genres has developed in recent years. In 2014, the TV series Misaeng celebrated a great success with the theme of the South Korean working world. The series is based on a webtoon of the same name . The protagonist tries to prove himself in a trading company as an intern in the hope of a permanent position and to find his way around. The drama has been described as extremely realistic. Since the world of work is presented precisely, many could identify with it. The series covered topics such as gender and skill discrimination in the workplace, as well as bullying and subliminal rivalry between colleagues and departments. The series dispensed with a romance between the main characters and earned a lot of recognition for it.

As of 2019, the term Cine Drama ( 시네 드라마 ) - also known as Dramatic Cinema ( 드라마틱 시네마 ) and Cinematic Drama ( 시네마틱 드라마 ) - indicates a new type of television series. While there was previously a strict distinction between television and cinema, this is becoming more and more blurred due to elaborate drama productions. TV actors are also called talent in Korea to distinguish them from film and stage actors. But at the beginning of the 2010s, more and more film stars played in TV series, which already softened the line. Furthermore, television productions are overseen by the Korea Communications Commission , which sets the rules for television. This has meant that dramas have primarily focused on Confucian values ​​and romantic romance, while films were free to develop. But with the entry of the film production conglomerate CJ ENM and the streaming service Netflix into drama production, a new trend has developed. Especially since Netflix is ​​not subject to the KCC. The form, usually called cine drama , is characterized by the participation of film studios in drama series and high budgets. Furthermore, film directors are often hired for the dramas. The series rarely use the usual drama clichés and are characterized by cinematic camera work. Trap , Kingdom , Strangers from Hell (all three in 2019), SF8 , Team Bulldog: Off-duty Investigation , The School Nurse Files and School Strange Stories (all four in 2020) are considered pioneers of these cine-dramas .

production

Bae Suzy , the leading actress in Gu Family Book .

Initially, the television series were produced directly by the television stations themselves. However, since the 2000s, the production has increasingly been commissioned by independent studios. In 2012, around 75% of all drama series were produced this way. The competition is fierce: with 156 registered companies, only 34 television dramas were actually broadcast. The budget is split between the television broadcaster and the production studio. If big stars are hired, the television broadcaster usually pays a larger part of the budget. Product placement income is also typically shared. However, all advertising revenue goes to the broadcaster during the broadcast. That can be up to 300 to 400 million won per episode . Typically, an episode costs around 250 million won per episode, with historical dramas usually being more expensive. For example, an episode of Gu Family Book (2013) cost around 500 million won.

A large part of the budget in South Korea is raised for stars. In some cases, actors' pay can be 55 to 65 percent of the total budget. In Japan it is usually 20 to 30%, in the USA around 10%. The biggest stars receive up to 100 million won per episode. Bae Yong-joon is said to have received 250 million won per episode for his role in The Legend (2007). Actors are typically paid at the end of the month that the last episode of the series aired. It happens that the production companies go over their budget and cannot pay the salaries. In the case of smaller production companies, it has already happened that the company became insolvent, went bankrupt, and therefore could no longer pay the actors and staff. The television station didn't step in because the responsibility lay with the production studio. Series producer Kim Jong-hak spent 10 billion won (about 7.5 million euros) on the Faith series (2012). However, the program flopped and Kim was unable to cover staff salaries and other costs. Kim, who previously produced successful series such as Eyes of Dawn and Sandglass , committed suicide when he was investigated for embezzlement.

It is common for drama series that only the first episodes are filmed before the first episode is broadcast. Otherwise an episode will only be filmed shortly before it is broadcast. This allows the producers to respond to the mood towards the series and make changes if necessary. The Sign (2011) series is an extreme example . In fact, after Youjeong Oh, the last episode of the series only ended 50 minutes before it aired. The short-term shoots can also reduce production costs, as this also results in fewer shooting days.

Since the mid-2010s, drama series have increasingly been shot first and then broadcast. Descendants of the Sun began broadcasting after filming was completed. This was necessary because iQiyi had already acquired the sales rights in China in advance . In order to ensure that the series can be broadcast there in full, permission from the Chinese supervisory authorities for film, press and television was required in advance. In addition, large parts of the drama were shot abroad, which is why many scenes could not be planned and shot at short notice. Due to the success, the production method continues to prevail. Netflix's entry into the Korean market also favors this development.

music

Baek Ji-young (2012) is known for her contributions to the soundtracks of popular drama series.

Music plays an important role in drama series and in the drama industry. Original soundtracks (OST for short) are recorded for the series . The development began in the 1990s, when producers began to use songs by popular musical idols instead of purely instrumental music . The songs are written and recorded especially for the dramas. Tom Larsen, President of YA Entertainment, a North American distributor of South Korean television series, believes the songs are sophisticated enough to achieve independent success apart from the series.

It has been customary since the 2000s for the lead actors to work on the soundtrack. In part, it is due to the fact that K-Pop stars are often considered for roles. Some of the pop singers are aiming for an acting career after their time in a girl or boy group . Both Lee Min-ho and Kim Hyun-joong , the bandleader of SS501 , recorded songs for Boys over Flowers . Furthermore, a fictional band was formed in the drama You're Beautiful . The actors gave up together as the said band in the real world and played the soundtrack.

Some of the songs from the soundtracks climb high in the South Korean music charts. The success mostly correlates with the popularity of the series. Songs from the Secret Garden soundtrack, for example, had high download numbers and reached high chart positions. My Destiny by Lyn from the soundtrack for My Love from the Star reached number one on the Hong Kong and Taiwan charts . In addition, the song won the award for best soundtrack at the 2014 Baeksang Arts Awards . Furthermore, several songs from the soundtrack to Descendants of the Sun reached number one on the South Korean Gaon Charts .

The composers usually hire singers who have already been successful in the genre. The songs should reflect the mood and structure of the series. Sometimes singers contribute their own songs to the series. So was Baek Ji-young , their song That Man , who was scheduled for her own album, fits well to Secret Garden . Foreign singers are also hired for the soundtrack. For example, various songs from the dramas Angels Eyes , Soul Mate , I Need Romance and Goblin come from the Swedish singer Lasse Lindh .

But instrumentals can also be successful. Thus developed Sad Romance Jo Pyeong-gwon ( 지평권 ) from the soundtrack to Over the Green Fields ( 저 푸른 초원 위에 ) to a Internetmeme . The music seems very sad and is often used for parodies .

reception

The main characters of My Love from the Star - Jun Ji-hyun and Kim Soo-hyun - the Baeksang Arts Awards, 2014.

Basically, the success of South Korean dramas is explained by their Confucian values . Respect for the elderly and parents and family orientation play an important role in Korean series. Tom Larsen of the North American distributor YA Entertainment explains the success through the quality of the camera work, picturesque landscape shots and spectacular costumes, which made the series very stylish and attractive.

Furthermore, trends are set by successful drama series. In 2014, the K-drama My Love from the Star caused a rush for Chimaek ; these are Korean-style fried chicken and beer. Numerous restaurants have established themselves in South Korea. In the series, the protagonist likes to eat there. The drama developed into the most successful series to date on the Chinese video platform iQiyi. The way in which the series are viewed also fundamentally changes. More than 60% of viewers in China have watched My Love from the Star on their smartphones . South Korean television series also enjoyed success in Europe . 2012, the drama was Dream High in the Swiss Lucerne with the prestigious Golden Rose in the category Best Youth Series award.

A driving force behind the popularity is the intense participation of the fans. Fans exchange ideas online on forums like Soompi or tweet their thoughts on the drama they see on Twitter . You are engaged in writing reviews or summaries on websites and blogs . By being active on social networks and exchanging ideas with acquaintances, friends and family, fans are making K-dramas more and more popular. The drama industry is also influenced by its international fame. The demand for streaming offers is increasing, and TV broadcasters' income is increasing. Through the success and failure of the series, the producers receive direct feedback and use this for future productions.

Audience ratings

Top ratings for South Korean drama series on public television

Figures on the set of Dae Jang Geum . The set has been converted into a theme park for the series.
# drama channel First broadcast Highest national quota
AGB Nielsen Rating 		source
1 You and I ( 그대 그리고 나 ) MBC 1997-1998 66.9%
2 First Love ( 첫사랑 ) KBS2 1996-1997 65.8%
3 What is Love ( 사랑 이 뭐길래 ) MBC 1991-1992 64.9%
4th Sandglass ( 모래 시계 ) SBS 1995 64.5%
5 Hur Jun ( 허준 ) MBC 1999-2000 63.5%
6th A Sunny Place of the Young ( 젊은이 의 양지 ) KBS2 1995 62.7%
7th Sons and Daughters ( 아들 과 딸 ) MBC 1992-1993 61.1%
8th Taejo Wang Geon ( 태조 왕건 ) KBS1 2000-2002 60.2%
9 Eyes of Dawn ( 여명 의 눈동자 ) MBC 1991-1992 58.4%
10 Dae Jang Geum ( 大 長 今 ) MBC 2003-2004 57.8%

The highest ratings for South Korean drama series on cable television

K-pop star Hyeri and Park Bo-gum played the leading roles in the series Reply in 1988, which attracted millions of people to the screens due to its nostalgic factor. K-pop star Hyeri and Park Bo-gum played the leading roles in the series Reply in 1988, which attracted millions of people to the screens due to its nostalgic factor.
K-Pop - Star Hyeri and Park Bo-gum played the lead roles in the series Reply 1988 that captivated by their nostalgia factor millions of people on the screens.
Acting stars Lee Byung-hun and Kim Tae-ri played the lead roles in the hit historical drama Mr. Sunshine. Acting stars Lee Byung-hun and Kim Tae-ri played the lead roles in the hit historical drama Mr. Sunshine.
Acting stars Lee Byung-hun and Kim Tae-ri played the lead roles in the hit historical drama Mr. Sunshine .
# drama channel First broadcast Highest national quota
AGB Nielsen Rating 		source
1 The World of the Married ( 부부 의 세계 ) jTBC 2020 24.332%
2 Sky Castle (SKY 캐슬 ) jTBC 2018-2019 23.779%
3 Crash Landing on You ( 사랑 의 불시착 ) tvN 2019-2020 21.683%
4th Reply 1988 ( 응답 하라 1988 ) tvN 2015-2016 18.803%
5 Goblin ( 도깨비 ) tvN 2016-2017 18.680%
6th Mr. Sunshine ( 미스터 션 샤인 ) tvN 2018 18.129%
7th Itaewon Class ( 이태원 클라 쓰 ) jTBC 2020 16.548%
8th 100 Days My Prince ( 백일 의 낭군 님 ) tvN 2018 14.412%
9 Signal ( 시그널 ) tvN 2016 12.544%
10 Hospital Playlist ( 슬기로운 의사 생활 ) tvN 2020 12.134%

literature

Hyejung Ju: Transnational Korean Television. Cultural Storytelling and Digital Audiences . Lexington Books, Lanham / Boulder / New York / London 2019, ISBN 978-1-4985-6517-2 .

Web links

Commons : South Korea TV Series  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  41. ↑ 최고의 인기 드라마, 시청률 1 위 질주 .: "최고의 인기 드라마, 시청률 1 위 질주"
  42. ↑ AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu ( ko ) In: AGB Nielsen Media Research . Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
  43. ↑ May 2, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings .: "1st (JTBC) 금토 드라마 (부부 의 세계) 24.332%"
  44. ↑ February 1, 2019 Nationwide Cable Ratings .: "1st (JTBC) 금토 드라마 (SKY 캐슬) 23.779%"
  45. ↑ February 16, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings .: "1st (tvN) 사랑 의 불시착 <본> 21.683%"
  46. ↑ Seo Hyeon-jin: '응답 하라 1988' 시청률 역사 새로 쓰며 '종영'. In: Sports Today. January 17, 2016, accessed May 13, 2019 (Korean).
  47. ↑ January 16, 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings .: "1st (tvN) 응답 하라 1988 <본> 18.803%"
  48. ↑ January 21, 2017 Nationwide Cable Ratings .: "1st (tvN) 쓸쓸 하고 찬란 하신 도깨비 <본> 18.680%"
  49. ↑ September 30, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings .: "1st (tvN) 미스터 션 샤인 <본> 18.129%"
  50. ↑ February 29, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings .: "1st (JTBC) 금토 드라마 (이태원 클라 쓰) 16,548%"
  51. ↑ October 30, 2018 Nationwide Cable Ratings .: "1st (tvN) 월화 드라마 (백일 의 낭군 님 <본>) 14.412%"
  52. ↑ March 12, 2016 Nationwide Cable Ratings .: "1st (tvN) 시그널 <본> 12.544%"
  53. ↑ May 7, 2020 Nationwide Cable Ratings .: "1st (tvN) 슬기로운 의사 생활 <본> 12.134%"