Mikhail Alexandrovich Scholokhov

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mikhail Alexandrovich Scholokhov

Mikhail Sholokhov ( Russian Михаил Александрович Шолохов , scientific. Transliteration Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov ; * 11 . Jul / 24. May  1905 greg. In Kruschilinski, hamlet of Staniza Wjoschenskaja , now Rostov Oblast , †  21 February 1984 in Wjoschenskaja) was a Soviet writer and Nobel Prize winner .

Life

Scholochow was the son of Alexander Michailowitsch Scholochow (1865-1925) and his wife Anastasija Danilowna Tschernikowa (1871-1942). His parents belonged to the lower middle class, his father worked as a farmer, cattle dealer and miller. His mother was the widow of a Cossack, who only learned to read and write when Sholokhov was already a well-known author. As a child, Sholokhov only attended schools in Kargin , Moscow , Boguchar and Vyoschenskaya temporarily until he joined the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War in 1918, at the age of only 13 . In 1922 he moved to Moscow to become a journalist, where he began to write. He had to earn his living with hard physical labor and between 1922 and 1924 he worked as a dock worker and stonemason , also as an accountant . Periodically he attended literary courses. His first published work was a satirical article, The Examination (published October 19, 1923). In 1924 Scholokhov returned to his homeland in Vyoschenskaya, where he devoted himself exclusively to his writing. In the same year he married Maria Petrovna Gromoslawskaja (1901-1992), daughter of Pyotr Gromoslawski, the Cossack ataman of the Bukanowskaja district; the two had two sons and two daughters. In 1928 Scholokhov began work on the four-volume novel that would make him famous, the Silent Don , a work that he did not complete until 1940.

German Reclam edition of Ein Menschenschicksal (1972)

In 1932 he joined the CPSU and in 1936 became a member of the Supreme Soviet . From 1937 Sholokhov was a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR . His four-volume main work The Silent Don gives a coherent image of the rural life of the Don Cossacks in the field of tension of the First World War and the subsequent Russian Revolution, followed by the turmoil of the civil war between Reds and Whites. His work Neuland unterm Pflug , published in 1930, celebrates the mandatory introduction of the collective farm under Stalin. In 1941 he received the Stalin Prize , in 1955 the Order of Lenin and in 1960 the Lenin Prize .

From 1961 he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party . In 1965 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature in Stockholm for his major work The Silent Don, and in January 1966 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Philological Faculty of Leipzig University , which was dated to his 60th birthday, May 24, 1965.

"In the Soviet Union, the award of the Nobel Prize to Scholokhov was exploited by the conservatives to criticize the young prose more sharply because of the external assessment of good literature, since Scholokhov's novel had received further legitimation as a normative work."

criticism

Scholokhov's work and his affirmative, loyal political stance in the era of the Soviet Union did not go without criticism. His huge literary success is suspected of plagiarism . His literarily particularly impressive works The Silent Don (four volumes) as well as the Tales of the Don do not seem, in the opinion of critics, to correspond with a rather incomplete literary education and the experience and knowledge of human nature that Scholokhov would have gained as a young person in the civil war can. In the opinion of critics, the works of Scholokhov do not come from his own pen, but are possibly based on unpublished, but lost, writings of the Cossack writer Fyodor Kryukov , an opponent of the Bolsheviks. This suspicion was expressed in 1974 by Alexander Solzhenitsyn , the Russian Nobel Prize winner for literature, known as a dissident.

Konstantin Simonov, on the other hand , stated in an interview with Spiegel that Solzhenitsyn's hatred of everything Soviet had moved him to prove “that an honest book about the civil war like The Silent Don was not written by a Soviet writer and also by“ newcomers ”like Scholokhov could be written, but only by a White Guard and a native Cossack like Krjukow or another ”. However, there is no corresponding manuscript by Kryukov, which makes an analysis difficult.

In addition, in 2005 Felix Kuznetsov published parts of Scholokhov's manuscript as a facsimile in response to allegations of plagiarism.

As early as the 1980s, researchers such as German Jermolajew and Geir Kjetsaa used mathematical methods to show that the assumption of plagiarism is rather unlikely. According to Willi Beitz , the "legend of the alleged 'plagiarism' of Scholokhov" was initiated by Solzhenitsyn as a return coach, since Scholokhov had played a major role in the defamation and exclusion of Solzhenitsyn as a non-systematic writer in the late 1960s.

In contrast, the translator and writer Felix Philipp Ingold stated in an article in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung on August 23, 2006 that Scholochow did not write any of his major works himself. Rather, a literary work had been produced on behalf of the Soviet secret service based on the work of Kryukov, for which Sholokhov, who was loyal to the line, was built up as the author. “Scholokhov did not have to face detailed research. He was protected by his status as a functionary and highly official model writer of socialist realism. ”In 2015 the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reported on the research of the Russian-Israeli literary scholar Zeev Bar-Sella , who claims to have identified an entire collective of authors who co-authored“ The silent Don ” should have.

Honors

The river cruise ship Mikhail Sholokhov and the asteroid (2448) Sholokhov were named after Sholokhov .

Works

literature

  • Willi Beitz: Michail Scholochow - in a duel with time. Contributions to life and work . Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-631-58886-4
  • Karl Birkmann: I'm slowly marking the cross ... Russia between Bunin u. Solzhenitsyn. Markus, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-920135-22-9 .
  • Günter Jäckel, Ursula Roisch: Structure and Symbol. World renowned writer in analysis. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle an der Saale 1973.
  • Mikhail Sholokhov. Work and poetry. Materials of the. International Symposium "Scholochow and Us", Leipzig 18. – 19. March 1965 , red. by Erhard Hexelschneider. University of Leipzig, Leipzig 1966.
  • Robert Hotz, Michail A. Solochov (ed.): They fought for the homeland. Michail Scholochow as a writer, party writer a. "Enfant terrible". A documentation . Lang, Bern a. a., ISBN 3-261-00335-9 (= Eastern contexts; 2)
  • Willi Beitz (Ed.): Work and effect of M. Scholochow in the world historical process. Materials from an international symposium, Leipzig, 10. – 13. Dec 1975 . University of Leipzig, Leipzig 1977.
  • Harri Jünger: Michail Šolochovs Tichij Don and the tragic fate of Grigorij Melechov. In: Zeitschrift für Slawistik, 1977, issue 1.
  • AB Murphy, VP Butt, H. Ermolaev: Sholokhov's Tikhii Don: a commentary in 2 volumes . Department of Russian Language and Literature, University of Birmingham, Birmingham 1997 (Birmingham Slavonic monographs 27)
  • Christa Grewe-Volpp: Scholochow, a legacy sneak on the "Silent Don"? In: Karl Corino (Ed.): Forged! Fraud in politics, literature, science, art and music. Rowohlt Taschenbuch 8864. Reinbek 1992. (First edition 1988 by Greno-Verlag, Nördlingen)

Web links

Commons : Mikhail Sholokhov  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Karen Lass : From Thaw to Perestroika: Cultural Policy in the Soviet Union, 1953-1991. Böhlau, Köln / Weimar 2002, ISBN 978-3-412-16801-8 , p. 200
  2. ↑ Sylvia List: On the red Don. A Nobel Prize Winner as a Plagiarist? A book published by Solzhenitsyn claims that The Silent Don was not by Mikhail Sholokhov at all. In: Die Zeit , No. 40/1974.
  3. ↑ Such a book is not stolen. Spiegel interview with Konstantin Simonow . In: Der Spiegel . No. 49 , 1974 ( online ).
  4. ↑ Feliks Kuznetsov: "Tichij Don": Sud'ba i pravda velikogo romana . Moscow 2005
  5. ↑ Herman Ermolaev: Mikhail Sholokhov and His Art . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.
  6. ↑ Geir Kjetsaa et al .: The authorship of "The Quiet Don" . Oslo: Solum, 1984 (Slavica Norvegica 1).
  7. ^ Willi Beitz: Michail Scholochow - a terra incognita? In: Utopie Kreativ , H. 188, June 2006, pp. 542-552. PDF
  8. ↑ Alexander Solzhenitsyn - The fight of a man ; Documentary, France 2005, dubbed version, first broadcast on August 6, 2008, 60 min., Directors: Pierre-André Boutang, Annie Chevallay
  9. ^ Felix Philipp Ingold: Cloned Nobel Prize Winner. An epoch-making fraud - new debates about Mikhail Scholokhov. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , 23 August 2006.
  10. ^ Gregor Ziolkowski: The Russian writer Michail Scholochows died. 20 years ago ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: DeutschlandRadio , February 21, 2004 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dradio.de
  11. ↑ Kerstin Holm: The lust for fame of the Soviet Union in: FAZ, July 31, 2015
personal data
SURNAME Scholokhov, Mikhail Alexandrovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Шолохов, Михаил Александрович (Russian); Šolochov, Michail Aleksandrovič (scientific transliteration)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian writer
DATE OF BIRTH May 24, 1905
PLACE OF BIRTH Kruschilinski, Stanitsa Vyoschenskaya , today Rostov Oblast
DATE OF DEATH February 21, 1984
Place of death Vyoshenskaya