Muslim Brotherhood

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Muslim Brotherhood
Self-labeling Arabic الإخوان المسلمون al-ʾiḫwān al-muslimūn
Chairman Muhammad Badi'e
founder Hasan al-Bannā
Founded 1928
Headquarters Egypt
Alignment Pan-Islamism
Hassan al-Banna , founder of the Muslim Brotherhood

The Muslim Brotherhood or Muslim Brotherhood ( Arabic الإخوان المسلمون al-ichwān al-muslimūn , DMG al-iḫwān al-muslimūn  'Muslim Brotherhood') is one of the most influential Sunni - Islamist movements in the Middle East .

It was founded in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna in Egypt . Since then, the Muslim Brotherhood has spread to other countries, particularly Syria and Jordan . Its two offshoots, Ennahda and Hamas (Algeria), are part of the governments of Tunisia and Algeria and the political process there. In the Gaza Strip, on the other hand, its branch Hamas set up an Islamist dictatorship after a democratic election, while its Libyan branch (the Justice and Development Party ) is one of the main factions in the Second Libyan Civil War . The National Congress Party ruling in Sudan also refers to the Muslim Brotherhood as its roots. It is considered to be the first revolutionary Islamic movement.

The Muslim Brotherhood is seen in Western countries as a radical Islamist organization. After the upheaval in Egypt in 2013 and the subsequent dismissal of Mohammed Morsi , the Muslim Brotherhood was banned in Egypt and classified as a terrorist organization.

History in Egypt

Egypt under colonial rule

Egypt had been an Ottoman province since 1517 and was long shaped by influences from the Islamic-Arab region, Africa and Europe. However, the conquest of Egypt by Napoleon in 1798 shifted this balance significantly towards Europe. Even if France's rule was short-lived, the intervention marked a fundamental upheaval for Egypt and the Islamic world. France's victory, which was easily achieved militarily, destroyed the illusion of the superiority of the Islamic world and had enormous economic and social consequences. Napoleon initiated a series of reforms aimed at modernizing the country. After France withdrew, Muhammad Ali Pasha came to power in 1805, ruled the country as Ottoman governor and founded the dynasty that ruled until 1953 . In 1882 the British used an army revolt as a pretext to occupy the country and take over the Suez Canal . Egypt was now formally part of the Ottoman Empire , but was actually ruled by the British.

In response to Napoleon's occupation, several schools of thought emerged in the course of the 19th century for the right path to modernization in the country. Some intellectuals made use of the country's Islamic past, while others were guided by the European Enlightenment . A third way tried to reconcile the first two, arguing that neither total imitation nor unconditional rejection of European ideas could be the right way to go for an Egyptian renaissance. However, the colonialism of the European nations, which denied the Islamic countries equal participation in modernity, increasingly led to a return to Islamic values ​​from the 1870s onwards. The Persian Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani (1838–1897) formulated the idea that Islam is not just a religion, but a model of civilization that contains all the elements necessary for modernization. For Afghani this meant a return to the principles written down by the Prophet in the Koran, and on this basis he developed the concept of an Islamic socialism, which, in contrast to Western socialism, was rooted in religion. This made Afghani a major pioneer of Islamism .

At the end of the 19th century, a national movement emerged and connected with the goals of anti-colonialism. A number of liberal and national parties were formed in the early 20th century. Despite the spread of liberal ideals, British rule was authoritarian and hindered the emergence of a liberal and open society. In 1919 a revolution broke out against British colonial rule. This uprising was led by a new generation of secular liberal nationalists under Saad Zaghlul . The British initially reacted harshly, but were forced to respond to the demands after nationwide demonstrations and strikes. On February 28, 1922, the independence of Egypt was recognized in principle by the British government and granted state sovereignty as the Kingdom of Egypt . However, the constitution concentrated a significant amount of power in the person of the king and contained restrictions that continued to allow the British to interfere in the country's internal affairs. As a result, the ruling Wafd party under Zaghlul saw itself constantly threatened by the palace's efforts to establish royal rule for the next twenty years. In addition, the British tried to contain the influence of the Wafd party in order to protect British interests. This undermined the government's legitimacy and encouraged the rise of nationalist and Islamist groups from the 1930s onwards.

Foundation and expansion in the Kingdom of Egypt (1928 to 1952)

Hasan al-Bannā with retinue (1935)

As Hasan al-Bannā himself writes in his memoirs, he founded the Muslim Brotherhood in March 1928 in Ismailia together with six other men who were under the influence of his lectures, complained about the supremacy of the British in Egypt and actively campaigned for the strengthening of Islam and the Umma wanted to use. They took an oath of allegiance to God and vowed to live as brothers and to place themselves fully in the service of Islam. In order to distinguish themselves from previous formalistic forms of organization - society, club, order or union, the men chose the simple name al-Ichwān al-Muslimūn , the "Muslim Brothers", for their ideas and activities-oriented community .

The aim of the new community was the spread of Islamic moral concepts and the support of charitable actions and social institutions, but also the liberation of the country from foreign occupation as well as the fight against the British-Western "decadence" which, in their opinion, was manifesting itself in the country. Initially, the Brotherhood was a religious society that wanted to spread its Islamic moral concepts in the environment of secularist tendencies and claims of Great Britain and supported charitable actions. As early as the turn of the 20th century, forerunners of the later Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt began to spread three theses:

  1. The emergence of the European renaissance is based on an encounter between the West and Islam;
  2. Since the 19th century the West has been running a “cultural offensive” against the Arab world with the aim of destroying their relationship to Islam and dominating it without military intervention;
  3. there was a predominant decadent tendency in the west and Islam would take a leading role in the near future.

In the 1930s the brotherhood became more politicized and advocated the return to original Islam and the establishment of an Islamic order. She saw the religion as threatened and only wanted to recognize as legitimate rulers those who ruled in accordance with Sharia law .

Al-Banna turned to the Egyptian king and other Arab heads of state in 1936 with this aim in his treatise “Departure to the Light” ( naḥwa n-nūr ). He also advocated armed, offensive jihad against non-Muslims and their helpers. In 1938 the “Brotherhood” carried out violent protests against Jews under the anti-Semitic slogans “Down with the Jews” and “Jews out of Egypt”. In 1938 al-Banna's work “The Death Industry” appeared, in which the turning away from life was radicalized and the glorification of martyrdom unfolded: “To that nation that perfects the industry of death and that knows how to die nobly, God gives a proud life in this world and eternal favor in the life to come. The illusion that had humiliated us consists of nothing more than love for a cosmopolitan life and hatred of death. "(Al-Banna)

Al-Banna formulated the basic beliefs of the Muslim Brotherhood in five sentences: “God is our goal. The prophet is our guide. The Koran is our constitution. The Jihad is our way. Death to God is our noblest wish. ” The Muslim Brotherhood use these principles as a motto to this day. The submission of the members of the Muslim Brotherhood to these aims corresponds to that they submit in absolute obedience to the leadership of the Brotherhood.

Labiba Ahmed, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood Women's Group

The brotherhood grew very quickly and spread to neighboring countries. At the end of the 1930s still a group of a few hundred, in 1941 it had around 60,000, in 1948 around 500,000 members and hundreds of thousands of sympathizers. It was organized in a strictly hierarchical manner, had its own mosques, companies, factories, hospitals and schools, and occupied important positions in the army and trade unions. She attached great importance to education and training in line with her Islamic vision of society. So she managed to gain great influence in the Egyptian state.

From 1938 until the beginning of the war in 1939, the Muslim Brotherhood received financial support from the German Reich through the German agent in Cairo Wilhelm Stellbogen . The German government subsidized several Egyptian anti-British groups, but the Brotherhood received the highest payments. The brotherhood used the funds for arms purchases and propaganda in the spirit of the emerging Middle East conflict in the then Mandate Palestine. The Muslim Brotherhood already participated as voluntary fighters in the Arab uprising in Palestine. The military arm of the organization later emerged from their cells.

Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine (1948)

In the early 1940s, the Brotherhood set up a secret military apparatus. She took part in anti-British actions. After attacks by the Muslim Brotherhood and the discovery of the secret society , Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukraschi Pasha banned the Brotherhood in December 1948, whereupon he himself fell victim to an attack by the Brotherhood shortly afterwards. The authorities, in turn, responded with increased persecution. Al-Banna was finally shot in Cairo on February 12, 1949, probably on behalf of the Egyptian royal family; the assassin was not caught.

Salih Aschmawi was al-Banna's successor as head of the brotherhood for a short time. As early as 1950, the brotherhood was rehabilitated and the prisoners released. Under the new leader Hasan al-Hudaibi , it continued to pursue its goals: education and social improvements for the masses, a nationally oriented economy, and the liberation and unity of the Arab world . In the early 1950s, the Brotherhood's resistance against the British led to a downright guerrilla war.

After the "Free Officers" revolution and under Nasser

The Muslim Brotherhood also supported the coup d'état of the "Free Officers" in July 1952. Some of the officers, including Anwar as-Sadat , were even Muslim Brotherhood themselves. Tensions soon increased between the Brotherhood and the new government under President Nasser , and there were also internal conflicts. Eventually it escalated and the government again banned the Brotherhood on January 14, 1954, but re-opened it in March. Nevertheless, the brotherhood carried out an assassination attempt on President Nasser on October 26, 1954, but this was unsuccessful. This was followed by brutal repression; many supporters were arrested. It was Zainab al-Ghazali and her women's network who maintained the connection between the imprisoned Muslim Brotherhood and the outside world during this period. However, al-Ghazali was arrested herself in 1965 and sentenced to death for her political activities.

Among those arrested in 1954 was the ideologue Sayyid Qutb, who joined the Muslim Brotherhood in 1951 . During his imprisonment, he developed a new, more militant ideology: In his main works, the Koran commentary “ In the shadow of the Koran ” and the martial script “ Signs on the Way ”, he declared that even Muslim societies could find themselves in a state of (pre-Islamic) “ignorance and ignorance “( Jāhilīya ) are and should therefore be overthrown by orthodox Muslims in order to establish an Islamic state . After a brief release and re-arrest in 1965 as part of a new wave of persecution after a plot of conspiracy was uncovered, Qutb was finally executed in 1966. Another ideologue of the Muslim Brotherhood who was executed under Nasser was the civil judge ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAuda. He had argued in his writings that Muslims are obliged to fight for Sharia legislation and to fight against laws that contradict it.

In particular, the collapse of Nasserism after the Six Day War in 1967 and the "export" of Egyptian teachers and technicians to the Arabian Peninsula in the wake of the oil boom after 1973 strengthened the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood again.

Tolerated under Sadat

In 1971, President Sadat released key Muslim Brotherhood leaders from prisons, including Zainab al-Ghazali, and allowed the organization to resume activity without officially lifting the ban. The brotherhood continued to enjoy great success, especially at the universities, but also among the impoverished rural refugees - at that time their number was estimated at one million active members and several million sympathizers. From 1972 Umar at-Tilimsani took over the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood and propagated non-violent struggle. In 1976 Sadat legalized two journals of the Muslim Brotherhood, ad-Daʿwa ("The Call") and al-Iʿtiṣām ("The Preservation"), which subsequently became important platforms for criticizing Sadat's policy of economic liberalization and improved relations with the West .

After the radical groups Takfīr wa-l-Hijra ( Declaration on Infidels and Emigration ) and Islamic Jihad ( al-Jihad al-Islāmī ) split off at the end of the 1970s , the Egyptian Brotherhood was one of the moderate Islamist organizations that used violence as a means which rejects politics in principle, but expressly approves it in the fight against "occupiers". This restriction is particularly aimed against Israel . As a concession to the Islamists, Sadat partially introduced the Sharia as official criminal law and created a religious council ( Shura ). In Article 2 of the Egyptian Constitution, Sharia was declared the basis of Egyptian law. Nevertheless, the Brotherhood agitated against Sadat. Therefore, in September 1981, he arrested around 1,000 Muslim Brotherhoods. Initially, the Muslim Brotherhood was also suspected of being responsible for Sadat's murder on October 6, 1981, but this turned out to be false.

Election successes under Mubarak

Sadat's successor, Mubarak, released the majority of the moderate Muslim Brotherhood from prisons in January 1982. Detached from its importance as a political group, the Muslim Brotherhood has also developed into a driving force of the Egyptian economy over time. This trend was initiated back in the 1970s by Anwar as-Sadat's new political course. Many of the Muslim Brotherhood, who fled the persecution by President Nasser abroad and became prosperous there, returned to Egypt after his death and now began to invest the capital they had saved in their own companies. Today there are allegedly eight Muslim Brotherhood among the 18 entrepreneurial families and their partners who are considered to be the actual controllers of the Egyptian economy. By the late 1980s, all of the Muslim Brotherhood-controlled companies domestically and internationally had an estimated total capital of US $ 10-15 billion.

In 1986 Hamid Abu Nasr took over the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood. In 1984 and 1987 the Brotherhood participated in the parliamentary elections with great success through alliances. In the 1987 election, candidates affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood won 38 of the 444 seats in the People's Chamber by running for the Egyptian Labor Party and the Socialist Liberal Party, respectively. Before the parliamentary elections in November 1995 , the Muslim Brotherhood formulated a “Compendium of Democratic Goals”, which are set out in 15 guiding principles. These include support for free and fair elections , freedom of religion , freedom of expression and assembly, and the independence of the judiciary . However, the government made sure that the Muslim Brotherhood did not enter parliament. Of the 150 candidates for the Brotherhood who ran for Independence or for the Labor Party, none were elected. Some candidates close to the Muslim Brotherhood were even arrested. In early 1996, Mustafa Mashhur became the new leader of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Since it was not allowed to run as a party, the Brotherhood also appeared in the subsequent elections with independent candidates. In the parliamentary elections in 2000 she was able to move into the parliament with 17, in the 2005 election with 88 members, making her the strongest opposition force. During the election campaign, their representatives expressly endorsed the principles of democracy and pluralism . Since 2005 in particular, the movement has caused a stir internationally with its involvement in the Egyptian parliament, when, contrary to the expectations of many experts, it made considerable efforts to reform the political system towards a more democratic one. For example, Samer Shehata from Georgetown University and Joshua Stacher from the American University in Cairo recognized this commitment in a detailed analysis in the Middle East Report . They summarized: “ Brotherhood MPs are attempting to transform the Egyptian parliament into a real legislative body, as well as an institution that represents citizens and a mechanism that keeps government accountable ”.

In 2008, the Egyptian parliament passed a law banning the circumcision of girls and marriages under the age of 18. This met with sharp criticism of the then officially banned Muslim Brotherhood, which sees the ban as a contradiction to Islam.

The Muslim Brotherhood today has around one million active members in Egypt and runs various charitable institutions such as hospitals and social centers, especially in the poorer areas. Feeding the poor and creating jobs for young people have led to the Muslim Brotherhood receiving support, especially from the lower classes.

Revolution in Egypt (from 2010)

Since the beginning of 2010, Hussein Mahmoud has been the General Secretary of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. The Muslim Brotherhood has been undergoing a transformation for several years: while older members prefer a theocracy rather than a system, young, well-known representatives, on the other hand, mainly demand the introduction of a democracy with Islamic elements.

These differences also resulted in different levels of participation during the 2011 revolution in Egypt , in which the Muslim Brotherhood as an organization played a rather subordinate or passive role. Some of the younger Muslim Brotherhood took part in the protests and, among other things, distanced themselves from the idea of ​​the possible introduction of Sharia law beyond what was previously applicable. As a result, some of them were expelled from the Muslim Brotherhood and founded the Egyptian Current Party . The Muslim Brotherhood themselves declared that they would reject the idea of ​​a religious state in Egypt. First, they declared that in the event of a regime change they would not participate in a new government. The chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood, Muhammad Badi'e, initially rejected an offer from Mubarak's vice-president Omar Suleiman to all opposition groups while Mubarak was still in office. This position was later revised in favor of a summit meeting between the opposition and the government.

In contrast to the secular forces in the opposition, the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt spoke out in May 2011 against postponing the elections and against drafting a new constitution beforehand. However, they support the protests for a change in the electoral law to prevent the election of former politicians of the Mubarak regime.

As the end of Mubarak's government became apparent, the Muslim Brotherhood founded the Freedom and Justice Party on April 30, 2011 , of which Saad al-Katatni became General Secretary . In the parliamentary elections at the end of 2011 , the party won almost half of the parliamentary seats.

Mohammed Morsi's government (2012-2013)

Mohammed Mursi (2013)

For the presidential election in Egypt in 2012 , the party wanted to nominate the vice-head of the Muslim Brotherhood, Chairat el-Schater , as a candidate, who was not approved by the electoral commission. The leader of the party, Mohammed Morsi , who had also belonged to the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood, was therefore sent into the race as a reserve candidate . He won the election and was President of Egypt from June 30, 2012 until his overthrow on July 3, 2013. Although Morsi ended his membership in the Freedom and Justice Party and the Muslim Brotherhood as soon as his electoral victory became known, because he said he wanted to be president of all Egyptians, the Muslim Brotherhood thus effectively provided the first freely elected head of state in Egypt.

The Muslim Brotherhood's recipe for political success was offensive charity combined with a show of strict religiosity. This extremely capital-intensive campaign recipe could result in impressive individual projects because many Muslim Brotherhoods are wealthy and the Muslim Brotherhoods have an international network of supporters. Many Egyptians chose the Muslim Brotherhood because they believed that they would then run many more charitable projects. But the financial means were lacking for this. In addition, there was a severe economic crisis during Morsi's tenure, so that the number of Egyptians living below or on the poverty line rose to 40 million. In addition, there were rising food and fuel prices. Rich Arab countries lost confidence in the Egyptian government and cut financial aid. Instead of addressing the economic and social problems, the first draft law of the Morsi government dealt with lifting the ban on female genital mutilation , which secular groups fundamentally criticized - the majority of Egyptians saw at least a wrong priority setting.

Morsi's term in office was heavily influenced by the government's efforts to consolidate the power of the Islamists in Egypt in the long term. In December 2012, Mursi attempted to give himself special powers by decree that would have elevated him over any laws. Demonstrations were violently broken up by armed forces of the Muslim Brotherhood, killing dozens of protesters. In the wake of ongoing protests on the first anniversary of Mohammed Morsi's accession to power, the army leadership deposed him on July 3, 2013 after an urgent ultimatum and appointed the civil interim president Adli Mansur the next day . Morsi's supporters called for massive protests that turned into violence and were brutally suppressed. Muslim Brothers who had called for violence were tried, others went underground. After the mass protests of the Islamists subsided, the transitional government tried to return to normalcy.

The Muslim Brotherhood was again banned in 2013 and classified as a terrorist organization

Muhammad Badi'e (2011)

The Muslim Brotherhood was banned by a court order on September 23, 2013. At the beginning of September, a military tribunal had sentenced 52 supporters of the Brotherhood to several years in prison.

On December 25, 2013, the Egyptian government classified the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization. She was previously accused of being responsible for the bomb attack on a police building in Al-Mansura , in which 16 people died.

At the end of April 2014, in a mass trial, the court in al-Minya sentenced 683 supporters of the deposed former President Mohammed Morsi to the death penalty by hanging , including chairman Muhammad Badi'e ; previously, 529 Mursi supporters were sentenced to death in a similar mass trial in March 2014.

Other countries

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Alongside so-called Wahhabism , the brotherhood is one of the most influential elements of Islamism . Members of the brotherhood were at times Umar Abd ar-Rahman , who later founded the more radical al-Jamaʿa al-islamiyya , and Aiman ​​az-Zawahiri , who is now considered the first man in al-Qaeda and denounces the Muslim Brotherhood for the fact that they are now in elections compete. According to the fraternity, there are branches in over 70 countries around the world.

In 2007, the US think tank Nixon Center believed that the Muslim Brotherhood could become a potential ally of the United States in the Middle East because it opposed global jihad and advocated democracy. The Nixon Center pointed to its own doubts about the Muslim Brotherhood's credible commitment to democracy and to a very wide range of positions represented.

Palestine

The Brotherhood supported the Arabs in Palestine as early as the 1930s . There has been an organizational branch in the former Transjordan since 1946 . By 1947 there were 25 branches with 20,000 members in Palestine alone. The Brotherhood took part in the war against Israel in 1948. Today Hamas is a subsidiary of the Muslim Brotherhood. Hamas carried out 40 percent of the attacks on Israeli buses, nightclubs and coffee houses, in which more than a thousand Israelis were killed. The war on terror lost its intensity in the course of the slow peace negotiations, but also because Israel sealed off the West Bank with a wall from Israel, which makes it very difficult to cross the border uncontrolled. In 2005 Hamas won a majority of the votes in the Gaza Strip in the elections to the Palestinian Legislative Council and has been the government there ever since. In 2006, Israel carried out air strikes on Hamas leaders, and Hamas attacked Israel with rockets. This resulted in a three-week open war between Israel and Hamas in 2008, which Hamas could not withstand. In the period that followed, Israel sealed off the Gaza Strip. The international network of the Muslim Brotherhood then organized aid flotillas.

Syria

In Syria , the branch of the Brotherhood was founded in 1937 by scholars around Mustafa as-Siba'i (1915–1964) who were members of the Egyptian Brotherhood. After their uprising and the Hama massacre in 1982, the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria under Ali Sadreddin al-Bajanuni came to an almost complete standstill. The Muslim Brotherhood did not achieve any military success in the civil war in Syria . Radical Salafist groups like Al-Qaida or the Islamic State were much more successful here.

Tunisia

In Tunisia, there is the Renewal Movement ( En-Nahda ) as an offshoot. In October 2011, the Ennade won 41.5 percent of the vote in Tunisia's first free election and formed a government with secular parties that created a constitution that is not based specifically on Islamic law. Two leaders of the liberal opposition were later assassinated, and there was suspicion that Ennahda would ally with radical Islamists to eradicate democracy and create a state of God. In autumn 2013, Ennahda gave up the post of prime minister, thus demonstrating a democratic attitude. The political scientist Cengiz Günay suspects that participation in the democratic process brought about a change in the internal objectives of the Ennahda. For the real problem of the country, the poverty and lack of prospects for many young people, Ennahda has not yet been able to develop any solutions. As in Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood's slogan “Islam is the solution” has lost credibility in Tunisia due to the economic failures.

Morocco

In Morocco there is the Justice and Development Party (Morocco) , which emerged from the Muslim Brotherhood. Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane distanced himself from the Muslim Brotherhood in 2011. Unlike them, the Justice and Development Party does not seek interference in people's private lives.

Muslim Brotherhood in other Arab countries

  • In Sudan they led in 1983 the sharia one, when the National Islamic Front one of the major parties had become.
  • In Jordan ( Islamic Action Front , Arabic Jabhat al-Amal al-Islami) they are the most important opposition party. In 1994 they strongly opposed the Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty .
  • In Libya , the Muslim Brotherhood founded the Justice and Development Party in 2012 .
  • There have been Muslim Brotherhoods in Saudi Arabia since the 1930s. When Hasan al-Bannā wanted to found a branch organization in the Hejaz in October 1946 , this was rejected, but in the 1960s the Muslim Brotherhood from Egypt gained a strong foothold in the educational system and in the media. In particular at the Islamic University of Medina , founded in 1961 , their share increased steadily over the course of the 1960s, and they even made up the majority at the King Abdulaziz University of Jeddah, founded in 1967 and the Umm al-Qura University , which was spun off in 1981 the lecturer. Among the particularly well-known Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood teaching in Jeddah were Sayyid Qutb's brother Muhammad Qutb , who was released in 1971, Sayyid Sābiq, the author of the book “The Jurisprudence of the Sunna” ( Fiqh as-sunna ) and Muhammad al-Ghazāli, the until the mid-1980s headed the Department for Daʿwa and "Fundamentals of Religion" ( uṣūl ad-dīn ). The Muslim Brotherhood also provided most of the staff in religious secondary schools, known as "scientific institutes" ( maʿāhid ʿilmīya ). The massive influx of Muslim Brotherhoods, most of whom were influenced by Sayyid Qutb's ideas, had a major impact on the religious field in Saudi Arabia. A separate Saudi movement emerged in the 1970s that sympathized with the ideas of the Muslim Brotherhood and became known as "the Islamic awakening" (a “ -ṣahwa al-islāmīya ). The Saudi interior minister has criticized the Muslim Brotherhood several times in the past. In March 2014, it was classified as a terrorist organization in Saudi Arabia.
  • In Lebanon , there is a spin-off since 1936th
  • In Algeria , the subsidiary FIS won the elections in 1991 , after which they were annulled.

Muslim Brotherhood in Europe

The Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe (FIOE) functions in Europe as the umbrella organization for various organizations that are close to the Muslim Brotherhood . As the international umbrella organization, it maintains foreign relations and officially represents the position of being the central point of contact in the Sunni-Islamic area.

Great Britain was the first western country to establish contact with the Muslim Brotherhood. It began in 1941 and intensified in the 1950s when MI 6 and a group of Tory MPs and the Muslim Brotherhood forged plans to assassinate President Nasser . Instead, Great Britain decided together with France to make an unsuccessful attempt to annex the Suez Canal and other parts of Egypt in order to overthrow Nasser.

In 2014, British Prime Minister David Cameron commissioned a team of high-ranking British diplomats and intelligence officials, including the head of MI 6 , to investigate the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood originating from the UK, in particular any links to extremist and terrorist activities. Security experts rated the procedure as unusual, because if there was a concrete suspicion of control of terrorist activities, the government would commission the secret services to investigate without informing the public. As a result of the investigation, the British government announced undefined restrictions on the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood on its territory, which it accused of proximity to extremist groups in the Middle East. She refrained from prohibiting the brotherhood.

In September 2019, Qatar State announced a funding program aimed at strengthening the influence of political Islam across Europe by funding 140 mosques, cultural centers and schools, all of which are related to the Muslim Brotherhood. According to research by the ARD, the connections of the Muslim Brotherhood extend to the top of the state of Qatar and the ruling Al-Thani family .

Muslim Brotherhood in Germany

As early as 1994, the Central Council of Muslims in Germany was founded in Germany with considerable participation from the Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated organizations IGD , IZ Munich and IZ Aachen . Through various associations, the Muslim Brotherhood still has a great influence on the Central Council of Muslims.

Supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood in Germany often use “Islamic Centers” for their activities. The organization with the largest number of members, with a few hundred supporters, is the “ Islamic Community in Germany” . V. “(IGD), renamed the German Muslim Community eV (DMG) in 2018 , which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2008 under the chairmanship of Ibrahim el-Zayat . It emerged from the “Moscheebauinitiative in München e. V. “, which the Islamic Center Munich (IZM) established. In addition to the headquarters in the IZM, the IGD maintains "Islamic Centers" in Nuremberg, Stuttgart, Frankfurt am Main, Cologne, Marburg, Braunschweig and Münster. According to the Lower Saxony Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the brotherhood had 1,800 members in Germany in 2005 . In its detailed inventory from May 2006, the Office for the Protection of the Constitution of North Rhine-Westphalia emphasized that the ideas of the Muslim Brotherhood were incompatible with the German Basic Law :

“Despite all the differentiation between the various schools of thought within the Muslim Brotherhood, the majority of the ideological ideas represented there are incompatible with the principles of democracy, the rule of law and a political order based on human dignity anchored in the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Muslim Brotherhood's absolute claim to truth, which it bases on the knowledge of divine truth, is in contradiction to fundamental democratic principles such as pluralism of opinion and popular sovereignty. The order sought by the Muslim Brotherhood shows clear features of a dictatorial or totalitarian system of rule that rejects the self-determination of the people and calls into question the principles of freedom and equality of people. "

The youth organization of the Muslim Brotherhood in Germany is the Muslim Youth in Germany eV In a statement by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution in 2009 it says:

“The Muslim Youth in Germany eV (MJD) offers its members a wide range of training and leisure activities. The information conveyed in the training courses appears suitable to have a disintegrative effect and to emotionalise the participants against "Western society". "

- 2009 : Federal Constitutional Protection

According to the state reports for the protection of the constitution from Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg , the Muslim Brotherhood exercises at the “ Islamic Center Munich e. V. “has a significant influence. Supporters of the Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood founded the "Islamic Avant-garde" with an organizational focus in the "Islamic Center" in Aachen in the early 1980s . The supreme leader of the Brotherhood at the time, Mohammed Mahdi Akef , who lived in Cairo , described the President of the IGD, Ibrahim el-Zayat , in an ARD television report as the “head of the Muslim Brotherhood in Germany”. Ibrahim El-Zayat resisted this designation. In a reply on the Muslim Brotherhood website, he denied being a "member of the Muslim Brotherhood". In addition to Ibrahim El-Zayat , Mehmet Erbakan is said to be a member of the Muslim Brotherhood in Germany . The non-profit society "Saxon Meeting Place" is evidently connected to the Muslim Brotherhood. Under the preacher Dr. Saad Elgazar, meeting centers and prayer rooms were opened in nine Saxon cities in six months.

In an interview with the FAZ in November 2019, Burkhard Freier , the head of the Office for the Protection of the Constitution in North Rhine-Westphalia , expressed his concern about the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood in Germany in politics and society:

“Legalist extremism is represented in Islamism in particular by the Muslim Brotherhood. By legalistic extremism we understand movements whose ideology is anti-constitutional, which are on the way to changing the state and the constitution, but who do not regularly use violence ... Legalistic extremists rely more on modern than on traditional language and forms. (They) try not only to influence society, but also to influence politics. This applies in particular to the Muslim Brotherhood, who are well educated, represented across Europe and well networked in politics.

The strategy of the Muslim Brotherhood is long-term and skilfully disguised. They smuggle a political Islam especially into the Muslim part of society, which society and the Muslims themselves often do not recognize properly. There is a risk that the worldview of the Muslim Brotherhood, who understand religion and state as a unit, will become mainstream among Muslims. If the Muslim Brotherhood were to continue its growth with unchanged ideology, then in the long term this would mean a division in society, namely that some of the Muslims living here have a completely different idea of ​​democracy. That would lead to demarcation and mistrust ... If you look ... at the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, it becomes clear that they do not want to establish a democracy in our sense, but a state in which the laws of Sharia apply.

We do not understand the Muslim Brotherhood as a religious movement, but as a political ideology that falls back on religion, namely a traditional - and in parts also fundamentalist - Islam. It is a political Islam, not a religious one. "

Muslim Brotherhood in Austria

In August 2017, Lorenzo Vidino of the George Washington University, in cooperation with the University of Vienna , the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and Counter Terrorism, and the Austrian Integration Fund, carried out a study on the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood in Austria . According to this study, the Islamist movement is also active in Austria and has considerable connections and influence here. People and organizations close to the Muslim Brotherhood have taken on key positions in the life of Muslim immigrants in Austria. For example, the Islamic Religious Education Academy (IRPA) is "undoubtedly under its influence" due to various connections to the Muslim Brotherhood. Organizations and people with connections to the Muslim Brotherhood also played a central role in the reception of asylum seekers arriving in Austria from predominantly Muslim countries; however, their efforts would run counter to the measures of Austrian politics, since their values ​​would contradict the constitutional values ​​of Austria. The Muslim Brotherhood would aim to divide society and strengthen the influence of political Islam. A critical discussion of Islam is also categorically rejected as “Islamophobia” and anti-Muslim incidents are deliberately oversubscribed by Islamist circles. Against the background of the sharp rise in Islamic radicalization, the spread of the Muslim narrative must be viewed with concern as a victim.

On the basis of the study, Efgani Dönmez criticized the links between the SPÖ and the Muslim Brotherhood and cited as an example a member of the brotherhood who was active in Vienna as the operator of childcare facilities supported by the city. The Viennese SPÖ member of the state parliament Omar Al-Rawi is also said to have a close relationship with the brotherhood.

The Muslim Brotherhood also has a great influence within the IGGiÖ , and associations such as “Liga Kultur”, which is mainly present in Vienna and Graz, are seen to be closely related to the Muslim Brotherhood.

Southeast Asian movements modeled on the Muslim Brotherhood

In addition, Southeast Asian Muslims have launched Islamic movements that are based on the Muslim Brotherhood. Students from Malaysia founded the Islamic Representative Council (IRC) in Brighton in 1975 . They strived for the establishment of an Islamic order, but, in contrast to other Islamic groups, believed that the best way to do this was to establish cells based on the model of the Muslim Brotherhood. They bet on achieving an Islamization of society through educational work ( tarbiya ) and infiltration of already existing organizations with their own supporters. Followers of the movement who returned to Malaysia after completing their studies spread their ideology in the universities there. The group still exists in Europe today under the name of IKRAM United Kingdom & Eire . Another Southeast Asian group that is explicitly oriented towards the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood is the Indonesian Justice and Welfare Party (PKS - Partai Keadilan Sejahtera ).

Supreme Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood

See also

literature

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  • Olivier Carré, Gérard Michaud: Les Frères musulmans: Egypte et Syrie; 1928-1982 . Paris 1983.
  • Rachel Ehrenfeld: The Muslim Brotherhood Evolution: An Overview. In: American Foreign Policy Interests 33 (2011), pp. 69–85. doi: 10.1080 / 10803920.2011.571059 .
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  • Jürgen Endres: Between violence and non-violence. Muslim Brotherhood and Islamist militants in Egypt . Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 1997, ( Universität Hamburg - IPW, Research Center for Wars, Armaments and Development Working Paper 1997, 4, ISSN  1432-8283 ), (At the same time: Hamburg, Univ., Master's thesis, 1996).
  • Martyn Frampton : The Muslim Brotherhood and the West: a history of enmity and engagement . Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2018
  • Johannes Grundmann: Islamic Internationalists. Structures and activities of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Islamic World League . Reichert, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-89500-447-2 , ( HECEAS / Current Debate 2).
  • Amr Hamzawy , Nathan J. Brown: The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Islamist Participation in a Closing Political Environment. (PDF; 474 kB) Carnegie Papers, No. 19, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 2010.
  • Gilles Kepel : The Prophet and the Pharaoh. The example of Egypt. The development of Muslim extremism. Piper, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-492-03786-0 .
  • Gudrun Krämer: God's state as a republic. Contemporary Muslims on Islam, Human Rights and Democracy. Nomos, Baden-Baden 1999, ISBN 3-7890-6416-5 .
  • Paul Landau: Le Saber et le Coran. Tariq Ramadan et les Frères Musulmans à la conquête de l'Europe . Du Rocher, Monaco 2005, ISBN 2-268-05317-2
  • Latifa Ben Mansour: Frères musulmans, Frères Féroces. Voyages dans l'enfer du discours islamiste . Ramsay, Paris 2002, ISBN 2-84114-583-2 .
  • Richard P. Mitchell: The Society of the Muslim Brothers. Oxford UP, London 1969; Reprint 1993, ISBN 0-19-215169-X , series: Middle Eastern monographs 9 (with the documents on the prohibition).
  • Annette Ranko: The Muslim Brotherhood. Portrait of a powerful connection. Edition Körber Foundation, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-89684-157-5 .
  • Emmanuel Razavi: Frères musulmans. In l'ombre d'Al Qaeda . Jean Cyrille Godefroy, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-86553-179-1 .
  • Yvette Talhamy: The Muslim Brotherhood reborn. The Syrian uprising . Middle East Quarterly 19, 2012, pp. 33-40 online
  • Xavier Ternisien: Les Frères Musulmans . Fayard, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-213-62280-9 .
  • Ted Wende: Alternative or wrong way? Religion as a political factor in an Arab country . Tectum, Marburg 2001, ISBN 3-8288-8315-X .
  • Carrie Wickham: The Muslim Brotherhood. Evolution of an Islamist Movement . Princeton University Press, Princeton 2013.
  • Christian Wolff: The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. From utopia to realpolitik . Diplomica, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8366-6434-9 , (also: Erlangen-Nürnberg, Univ., Diploma thesis, 2008).
  • Mohammed Zahid: The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt's Succession Crisis. The Politics of Liberalization and Reform in the Middle East , Library of Modern Middle East Studies 81, IB Tauris, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-84511-979-9 . C. Wolff: Review , in: H-Soz-u-Kult November 22, 2010.
  • Barbara Helga Elfrieda Zollner: The Muslim Brotherhood: Hasan Al-Hudaybi and Ideology , Routledge, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-43557-4 .
  • Protection of the Constitution of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia: Topic in focus: The ideology of the brotherhood , Düsseldorf 2006 (PDF file, 92 kB)
  • Imad Mustafa: Political Islam. Between the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas and Hezbollah. Promedia. Vienna, 2013 ISBN 978-3-85371-360-0 .

Web links

Commons : Muslim Brothers  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  35. ↑ See Carré / Michaud 122.
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  84. ↑ " The danger of social division " , interview with Burkhard Freier, head of the NRW constitution protection, FAZ, November 11, 2019
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  93. ↑ Yvonne Widler: "Everything for Allah": Why terrorist attacks are not the greatest danger. Retrieved May 6, 2019 .
  94. ↑ Cf. Zainah Anwar: Islamic Revivalism in Malaysia. Dakwah among the Students. Petaling Jaya 1987. pp. 27-30.
  95. ↑ Cf. Andreas Ufen: Ethnicity, Islam, Reformasi: the evolution of the lines of conflict in the party system of Malaysia . Wiesbaden, VS, publ. For social science. 2012. p. 126.
  96. ↑ See the self-presentation of the group: - ( Memento of the original from October 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ikramuke.org
  97. ↑ on the civil war in Syria in 2012