Operation Atalanta

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EU NAVFOR Somalia
operation area Somalia
German name EU Naval Forces Somalia (EU NAVFOR Somalia)
English name European Naval Force Somalia (EU NAVFOR Somalia)
Based on UN resolution 1816 (2008)
Type of mission naval military mission
Beginning December 2008
status ongoing
management Major General Antonio Planells Palau
Operating strength (max.) 750 (currently 600)
costs € 5.1 million (2019)
Location of the operational area LocationSomalia.svg
Satellite image of the region

The European Union Naval Force - Somalia (EU NAVFOR Somalia) - Operation Atalanta is a multinational mission of the European Union (EU) that has existed since 2008 to protect humanitarian aid deliveries to Somalia, to promote free navigation and to combat piracy off the Somali coast on the Horn of Africa in the Gulf of Aden and also denotes a mixed multinational naval association ( flotilla ). The mission is the EU's first naval operation and was last extended to December 2020 on July 30, 2018.

The abbreviation NAVFOR stands for Naval Forces 'naval forces' . The operation name Atalanta is based on the virgin huntress of the same name from Greek mythology .

history

background

The coast off Somalia is considered to be one of the most dangerous waters in the world due to the threat of pirates. In the Gulf of Aden, in particular, which forms a central shipping route, especially for oil deliveries from the Middle East, it is necessary to protect merchant ships. The EU mission, succeeding the NATO operation Operation Allied Provider to.

In 2008, Somali pirates hijacked more than 30 ships.

Lineup

The Italian frigate ITS Maestrale was part of Operation Atalanta in 2015/2016
EU emblem on a German warship
Deployment of a boarding team on a speedboat

In September 2008, a cell (European Union Naval Coordination Cell - EU NAVCO) was set up with the task of coordinating the protection of shipping off the Somali coast within the framework of Resolution 1816 of the UN Security Council .

At the beginning of November 2008 the European Union decided to send several warships and soldiers to combat piracy off the coast of Somalia as part of the EU NAVFOR Somalia mission (Operation Atalanta) and to replace the previous NATO operation Allied Provider with ships from the Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 . The EU operation took over the tasks of EU NAVCO and began on December 8, 2008 with French and British ships. It was initially limited to a period of twelve months.

On March 23, 2012, the operational area was expanded to include the Somali coastal area and inland waters.

Course of the operation

The operation began on December 8, 2008, an initial operational capability was achieved on December 13, and the first mission took place with the escort of the motor ship Semlow from Mombasa to Mogadishu by the British frigate HMS Northumberland .

On December 25, 2008, German soldiers fended off a pirate attack on the Egyptian freighter Wabi al Arab . The capture was prevented by using an on- board helicopter from the Karlsruhe frigate . The pirate boat was later picked up by the Karlsruhe and the attackers disarmed, but later released again.

The French soldiers of the frigate Floréal brought up two suspicious ships on January 27, 2009 and arrested their crew.

On March 3, 2009, some pirates were arrested after attacking a freighter. Helicopters from the frigate Rheinland-Pfalz and the cruiser USS Monterey were involved .

According to the EU, a total of 15 pirate groups were broken up in the first three weeks of March 2010 by units from Atalanta and the NATO operation Ocean Shield .

On August 13, 2011, Germany took over the command of the operations, with the frigate Bavaria as the flagship. The German Navy has increased its contribution for the time of the German leadership and dispatched maritime patrols alongside the frigate Cologne . The German command ended on December 6, 2011.

On May 15, 2012, facilities of suspected pirates on the Somali coast were fired upon from the air for the first time, in agreement with the Somali transitional government. Pirate equipment had been destroyed, and no Somali was harmed and no soldier from the EU mission set foot on Somali soil. All forces had safely returned to the EU warships after the end of the mission.

On October 14, 2013, Somali pirate leader Mohammed Abdi Hassan and his deputy Mohammed Aden were arrested for piracy at Brussels-Zaventem Airport .

From 2009 to July 2015, 313 ships with a total of 959,804 tons of relief supplies for the United Nations World Food Program (WFP) and 126 ships for the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) were protected by the naval operation. A total of 155 pirates have been handed over to the authorities for prosecution and 128 of them have so far been convicted by a court.

On March 13, 2017, the tanker Aris 13 was boarded by pirates in the Gulf of Aden with eight sailors from Sri Lanka on board. The ship then set course for Aluula . After four days the pirates left the hijacked ship. The crew was then supplied with food by seamen from the French frigate Courbet (as part of EUNAVFOR Atalanta).

development
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Suspicious events 008th 059 099 166 074 020th 5 1 2 2
Pirate attacks and hostage-taking 024 163 174 176 035 007th 2 0 1 6th

assignment

Operational goal

The Spanish frigate Viktoria while escorting a convoy through the Gulf of Aden

The main mandate of the naval association is the protection of humanitarian aid deliveries from the United Nations World Food Program to Somalia and the protection of logistical sea transports from the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). Other components of the contract provide for the protection of merchant shipping in the Gulf of Aden and the fight against all piracy, as well as participation in the surveillance of fisheries off the Somali coast. According to the decision of the Council of the European Union of 10 November 2008, the Mission for the Defense against Raids at Sea is empowered to use all means necessary to carry out its task.

At an informal meeting on February 24, 2010, the EU defense ministers decided to expand the mission from the end of March to include surveillance of the ports from which pirates operate and the neutralization of the pirates' mother ships.

The Political and Security Committee (PSK) of the EU decided on May 13, 2011, in response to the deteriorating situation, to change the operational plan and to introduce new rules of engagement for Atalanta. The new measures include the increased use of individual protection teams for ships (Vessel Protection Detachments; VPD), the provision of forces and skills for hostage rescue operations, the use of irritants for order enforcement and the more robust approach against the pirates' mother ships.

Legal basis

The legal basis of the operation is provided by general international law , the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982, the provisions of the following resolutions of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC):

  • 1814 (2008) of May 15, 2008,
  • 1816 (2008) of June 2, 2008,
  • 1838 (2008) of October 7, 2008,
  • 1846 (2008) of December 2, 2008,
  • 1851 (2008) of December 16, 2008,
  • 1897 (2009) of November 30, 2009,
  • 1950 (2010) of November 23, 2010,
  • 2020 (2011) of November 22, 2011,
  • 2077 (2012) of November 21, 2012,
  • 2125 (2013) of November 18, 2013,
  • 2184 (2014) of November 12, 2014

and the following resolutions of the Security Council in connection with Joint Action 2008/851 / Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the Council of the European Union of 10 November 2008 and the following decisions of the Council of the EU:

  • Decision 2009/907 / CFSP of December 8, 2009,
  • Decision 2010/437 / CFSP of July 30, 2010,
  • Decision 2010/766 / CFSP of 7 December 2010,
  • Decision 2012/174 / CFSP of March 23, 2012,
  • Decision 2014/827 / CFSP of November 1, 2014 and the
  • Decision 2016/2082 / CFSP of 28 November 2016 and any necessary multilateral agreements.

organization

In addition to ships with helicopters, reconnaissance aircraft and airborne protection forces also take part in EU NAVFOR Somalia. Djibouti is mainly used as the logistical base .

Nations involved

Currently, Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain are constantly participating in the operation. Norway was the first non-EU country to operate a ship from August 2009 to January 2010. In addition, several states are sending personnel to the Operation Headquarters in Northwood.

Austria contributes an estimated 191,000 euros, but does not send any troops.

guide

ITS Etna, EU flagship NAVFOR from December 2009 to April 2010

The Operation Headquarters as the headquarters on the military strategic level was located in Northwood near London. A security center has been set up there to serve as a point of contact for shipping. Operation Commander was a British rear admiral or major general . In the course of the UK's exit from the European Union, the mission's headquarters were relocated to the Spanish naval headquarters SPMARFOR in Rota , Spain . The commander of this headquarters, a vice-admiral in the Spanish Navy, will in future be the same as Operation Commander.

No. country Rank Surname Beginning of the appointment
1. United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Rear admiral Philip Jones 0November 8, 2008
2. United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Rear admiral Peter Hudson 0June 3, 2009
3. United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Major general Buster Howes June 14, 2010
4th United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Rear admiral Duncan Potts 0August 1, 2011
5. United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Rear admiral Robert "Bob" Tarrant January 16, 2013
6th United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Major general Martin Smith August 28, 2014
7th United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Major general Rob Magowan 03rd June 2016
8th. United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom Major general Charlie Stickland 07th November 2017
9. SpainSpain Spain Vice admiral Antonio Martorell Lacave 29th March 2019
10. SpainSpain Spain Major general Antonio Planells Palau 1st October 2019

The association is led on site by the Force Commander :

No. country Rank Surname Beginning of the appointment flagship
1. GreeceGreece Greece Sea captain Antonios Papaioannou 0December 8, 2008 Frigate F Psara (F 454)
2. SpainSpain Spain Sea captain Juan Garat Caramé 0April 6, 2009 Frigate Numancia (F 83)
3. NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands Commodore Pieter Bindt August 13, 2009 Frigate Evertsen (F 805)
4th ItalyItaly Italy Flotilla admiral Giovanni Gumiero December 13, 2009 Utility Etna (A 5326)
5. SwedenSweden Sweden Flotilla admiral Jan Thörnqvist April 14, 2010 Patrol boat Carlskrona (P 04)
6th FranceFrance France Flotilla admiral Philippe Coindreau August 14, 2010 Destroyer De Grasse (D 612)
7th SpainSpain Spain Flotilla admiral Juan Rodriguez Garat December 14, 2010 Utility Patiño (A 14) (until January 24, 2011)
8th. GermanyGermany Germany Flotilla admiral Thomas Jugel August 13, 2011 Frigate Bavaria (F 217)
9. SpainSpain Spain Flotilla admiral Jorge Manso Revilla 0December 6, 2011 Utility Patiño (A 14)
10. FranceFrance France Flotilla admiral Jean-Baptiste Dupuis 0April 7, 2012 Utility Marne (A 630)
11. ItalyItaly Italy Flotilla admiral Enrico Credendino 0August 6, 2012 Landing ship San Giusto (L 9894)
12. SpainSpain Spain Flotilla admiral Pedro Ángel García de Paredes Pérez de Sevilla 0December 6, 2012
13. PortugalPortugal Portugal Commodore Jorge Novo Palma 0April 6, 2013 Frigate NRP Álvares Cabral (F331)
14th NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands Commodore Peter Lenselink 0August 6, 2013 Landing ship Johan de Witt (L801)
15th FranceFrance France Flotilla admiral Hervé Bléjean 02nd December 2013 Dock landing ship FS Siroco (L9012)
16. GermanyGermany Germany Flotilla admiral Jürgen zur Mühlen 0April 6, 2014 Frigate Brandenburg (F215)
17th ItalyItaly Italy Flotilla admiral Guido Rando 0August 6, 2014 Destroyer Andrea Doria (D 553)
18th SwedenSweden Sweden Rear admiral Jonas Haggren February 13, 2015 Landing ship Johan de Witt (L801)
19th SpainSpain Spain Flotilla admiral Alfonso Gómez Fernández de Córdoba 0May 6, 2015 Landing ship Galicia (L51)
20th ItalyItaly Italy Flotilla admiral Stefano Barbieri 0October 8, 2015 Frigate Carabiniere (F593)
21st GermanyGermany Germany Flotilla admiral Jan C. Kaack March 23, 2016 Frigate Bavaria (F 217)
22nd NetherlandsNetherlands Netherlands Flotilla admiral René Luyckx 0August 6, 2016 Frigate Tromp (F803)
23. SpainSpain Spain Flotilla admiral Rafael Fernández-Pintado Muñoz-Rojas February 24, 2017 Dropship Galicia (L51)
24. ItalyItaly Italy Flotilla admiral Fabio Gregori July 27, 2017 Frigate Virginio Pheasant (F591)
12 / 17-04 / 18 No Force Commander on site, guided tour by Deputy Operation Commander from HQ Northwood
25th ItalyItaly Italy Flotilla admiral Simone Malvagna 5th April 2018 Frigate Carlo Margottini
26th SpainSpain Spain Flotilla admiral Alfonso Nanclares 0August 6, 2018 Dropship Castilla (L52)
27. SpainSpain Spain Flotilla admiral Ricardo Hernandez 0March 9, 2019 Frigate Navarre
28. ItalyItaly Italy Flotilla admiral Armando Paolo Simi 23rd July 2019 Frigate ITS Marceglia
29 PortugalPortugal Portugal Commodore José António Vizinha 03rd December 2019 Frigate Numancia SpainSpainSpain 
30th SpainSpain Spain Flotilla admiral Ignacio Villanueva Serrano 0May 3, 2020 Frigate Santa María (34th rotation)

The Force Commander of the 34th Rotation, Flotilla Admiral Ignacio Villanueva Serrano, was only embarked with a seven-week delay because he himself was infected with COVID-19 . During this time, the chief of staff took over the leadership.

Contribution of the Bundeswehr

mandate

A German marine during Operation Atalanta

The German participation took place from December 22, 2008 by resolution of the Bundestag of December 19, 2008 with 491 yes-votes (88 percent) of 558 votes cast. The focus of the German contribution lies in the "protection of the ships of the World Food Program ", also through the use of "armed forces on board these ships, especially when they cross the territorial waters of Somalia". In addition, the German forces are to "in individual cases and if necessary [...] grant protection to civilian ships in the operational area" and to "monitor the areas off the Somali coast, including the Somali", as well as "to deter, prevent and put an end to acts of piracy or armed robbery that could be committed in the operational area ”.

Since June 2009, the activities of the German armed forces within the framework of Atalanta have also included the deployment of marine protection forces on board merchant ships. To protect them, around ten soldiers with weapons, ammunition and their own provisions are quartered on an endangered ship, provided the necessary legal requirements are met.

On April 18, 2012, the German government decided to expand the operational area of ​​the operation to include the coastal areas and inner coastal waters of Somalia. On this basis, German soldiers can also take action against the pirates' logistical facilities (e.g. boats, weapons depots) from the air. Use is permitted up to a maximum of two kilometers from the beach into the interior of the country. A ground deployment of German soldiers is not planned, with the exception of rescue measures. At the same time, the German mandate was extended to May 31, 2013. 305 of the 570 members of the Bundestag - the majority of the black-yellow coalition - approved these decisions on May 10, 2012. The three opposition parties SPD, Greens and Die Linke refused to agree to the newly defined mission.

A renewed mandate extension was approved on May 22, 2014 by 461 MPs, 70 against and 51 abstained. At that time, the mandate had a personnel limit of 1200 soldiers and was limited to May 31, 2015.

On April 29, 2015, the German government decided to continue the participation of armed German forces in Operation EU NAVFOR Atalanta with up to 950 soldiers until May 31, 2016. On May 12, 2016, the German participation was extended until May 31, 2017 at the latest. The personnel limit was reduced to 600 soldiers. On May 18, 2017, 461 of 630 MPs (73.2%) approved a further extension of German participation until May 31, 2018 at the latest; the upper limit of 600 soldiers was retained. In 2018, participation was extended to May 31, 2019. On April 8, 2019, it was decided to renew the mandate until May 31, 2020. The personnel limit was reduced to 400 soldiers. [outdated]

Applied forces

The German frigate Karlsruhe

The German Navy was the first ship to use the Karlsruhe frigate . In the meantime, various frigates, supply ships and fuel tankers have been used.

Germany temporarily provides the Deputy Operation Commander at headquarters in Northwood. In the stationing country Djibouti, personnel are on duty in the "Support Element ATALANTA", which operates the logistical base for the ships in the Horn of Africa. In the intermonsoon periods - when the sea conditions in the Gulf of Aden and in the Indian Ocean permit piracy activities - a P-3C "Orion" long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft is also used.

Since the transfer of Force Command to the Netherlands and the withdrawal of the frigate Bavaria on August 6, 2016, Germany has not provided any sea-going units for Atalanta .

Table overview
Period of use German contribution Contingent leader Remarks
December 2008 - February 2009 Frigate Karlsruhe FKpt Hans-Joachim Kuhfahl
February 2009 Frigate Rhineland-Palatinate
Frigate Emden
Fuel tanker Spessart,
Einsatzgruppenversorger Berlin
March 2009 - April 2009 Emden and Spessart removed from SNMG 1 .
May 2009 - July 2009 Berlin detached from SNMG 2 .
June 2009 - August 2009 Frigate Brandenburg FKpt Torsten Ites
August 2009 - December 2009 Frigate Karlsruhe
Frigate Bremen FKpt Götz Eichberg
January 2010 - May 2010 Frigate Emden FKpt Ulrich Brosowsky
May 2010 - September 2010 Frigate Schleswig-Holstein FKpt Nils Brandt
September 2010 - November 2010 Frigate Cologne
fuel tanker Rhön 		FKpt Christopher Karow
November 2010 - March 2011 Frigate Hamburg FKpt Frank Schwarzhuber Estonian boarding team
February 2011 - July 2011 P-3C ORION maritime patrol aircraft FKpt Wilhelm Tobias Abry
March 2011 - August 2011 Frigate Lower Saxony
August 2011 - December 2011 Frigate Bavaria
Frigate Cologne
Sea patrol aircraft P-3C ORION 		FKpt Andreas-Peter Graf von Kielmansegg
( Kdt Bavaria)
September 2011 - November 2011 Bavaria's flagship for Force Commander FltlAdm  Thomas Jugel
September 2011 – December 2011
November 2011 - February 2012 Frigate Lübeck FKpt Martin Ruchay
February 2012 - June 2012 Task force supply Berlin
from March 2012 additionally: P-3C ORION maritime patrol aircraft 		FKpt Martin Waldmann
May 2012 - September 2012 Frigate Bremen
maritime patrol aircraft P-3C ORION 		FKpt Ingolf Schlobinsky
August 2012 - November 2012 Frigate Sachsen
maritime patrol aircraft P-3C ORION 		FKpt Andreas Krug Estonian Vessel Protection Team
November 2012 - April 2013 Frigate Karlsruhe
Maritime patrol aircraft P-3C ORION
Autonomous Vessel Protection Detachment (2 contingents) 		FKpt Volker Blasche
April 2013 - August 2013 Frigate Augsburg FKpt Bernhard Veitl
August 2013 - December 2013 Frigate Lower Saxony
from October 2013 additionally: P-3C ORION maritime patrol aircraft 		FKpt Kurt Leonards 
December 2013 - April 2014 Frigate Hessen
maritime patrol aircraft P-3C ORION 		FKpt Dirk Jacobus
April 2014 - August 2014 Frigate Brandenburg
fuel tanker Rhön ( with Vessel Protection Detachment)
Maritime patrol aircraft P-3C ORION 		FKpt Gerald Liebich
(Kdt Brandenburg) 		Flagship for Force Commander FltlAdm Jürgen zur Mühlen
March 2014 - July 2014
July 2014 - October 2014 Task force supply Berlin
Maritime patrol aircraft P-3C ORION 		FKpt Marcel Rosenbohm with embarked naval rescue center
October 2014 - February 2015 Frigate Lübeck
maritime patrol aircraft P-3C ORION 		FKpt Peter Semrau
October 2014 - December 2014 Dutch boarding team
February 2015 - June 2015 Frigate Bayern
Maritime patrol aircraft P-3C ORION
Frigate Hessen
Einsatzgruppenversorger Berlin 		FKpt Frank Ensign Dutch boarding team on Bavaria
March 2015 - July 2015 FKpt Rainer Bormann
(from June 2015)
April 2015 Hesse and Berlin as part of the Mission and Training Association in 2015 subordinated to OP Atalanta for three weeks
August 2015 - March 2016 Corvette Erfurt
from September 2015 additionally: P-3C ORION maritime patrol aircraft 		KKpt Andreas Kaspar
(Kdt Erfurt) 		First use of a K130 corvette, crew change in October 2015 and February 2016
FKpt Bodo Ahlers
(from September 2015 Kdt P-3C Detachment )
KKpt Robert Schmidt
(from December 2015 Kdt Erfurt)
FKpt Thomas Klitzsch
(from February 2016 Kdt Erfurt)
March 2016 - August 2016 Frigate Bavaria
fuel tanker Spessart
from June 2016 additionally: P-3C ORION maritime patrol aircraft 		Fltl Adm Jan C. Kaack Bavaria's flagship for Force Commander FltlAdm Jan C. Kaack
September 2016 - December 2016 P-3C ORION maritime patrol aircraft KKpt Christian Borchardt
December 2016 - January 2017 DVUG
From February 2017 a German operating theater group in the French hospital in Djibouti . 		FKpt Jens Brömel On February 1, 2017, the German Supply and Support Group (DVUG) was restructured and renamed the German Share Support Element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA).
January 2017 - March 2017 German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) FKpt Michael van Engelen
March 2017 - June 2017 Maritime patrol aircraft P-3C ORION
additionally: German operating theater group in the French hospital in Djibouti . 		FKpt Heiko Millhahn (until May 3, 2017)
FKpt Henry Pönisch (from May 3, 2017)
June 2017 - September 2017 German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) KKpt Michael Zischke
(until July 25, 2017)
KKpt Emmanuel Pirierros
(from July 25, 2017)
September 2017 -

December 2017

P-3C ORION maritime patrol aircraft

German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA)

KKpt Emmanuel Pirierros
(until October 12, 2017)
FKpt Axel Schilling
(from October 12, 2017)
December 2017 - March 2018 German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) FKpt Axel Schilling
(until February 16, 2018)
FKpt Stefan Neugebauer
(from February 16, 2018)
March 2018 - June 2018 P-3C ORION maritime patrol aircraft

German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA)

FKpt Stefan Neugebauer
June 2018 - September 2018 German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) FKpt Jörg Reppin
September 2018 -

December 2018

P-3C ORION maritime patrol aircraft

German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA)

KKpt / FKpt Etienne Wilke
December 2018 - March 2019 German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) FKpt Dirk Müller
March 2019 - June 2019 Maritime patrol aircraft P-3C German part Support Element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) KKpt Michael Langhof
June 2019 - September 2019 German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) KKpt Sascha Overmeyer 28. Assignment contingent
since September 2019 Maritime patrol aircraft P-3C and German support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) FKpt Thomas Szczepanski 29th German contingent EUNAVFOR Somalia Operation ATALANTA
December 2019 - March 2020 German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) KKpt Oliver Wellinger
March 2020 - June 16, 2020 Maritime patrol aircraft P-3C and German support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) FKpt Michael Stephan Tobias Buchert
Since June 16, 2020 German share of support element ATALANTA (DEU A SEA) FKpt Marko Feldmann

Criticism in Germany

Critics of the mission noted that the mission does not address the societal causes of piracy. There are also doubts as to whether the encroachments on fundamental rights against suspects are sufficiently legitimized by law.

In connection with the planned expansion of the operation to coastal areas of Somalia, the opposition criticized the mandate as an "incalculable adventure" . Bystanders could be endangered, and at the same time it would be easy for the pirates to move their infrastructure further inland, beyond the scope of the mandate. Proponents, on the other hand, said that expanding the mandate would make pirates' business much less convenient.

Others

All civil and military ships can provide emergency aid in the event of a pirate attack. In addition to Operation Atalanta, which is specifically intended for this purpose, various nations are participating in the fight against piracy in this sea area.

Further peace missions in Somalia

In addition to EU NAVFOR Somalia, the following missions are currently active on site:

See also

literature

  • Dieter Weingärtner: Modern piracy, criminal law and human rights. Thoughts on the occasion of the German participation in the ATALANTA sea operation. In the S. (Ed.): The Bundeswehr as an army in action. Developments in national and international law (= Inner Leadership Forum . Volume 33). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2010, ISBN 978-3-8329-6129-9 , pp. 95-124.

Web links

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ - ( Memento from October 12, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ^ Operation Atalanta. In: marine.de. Accessed December 31, 2018 .
  3. ↑ EUNAVFOR - Mission. EUNAVFOR, accessed on August 2, 2019 .
  4. ^ Operation Atalanta. In: marine.de. Accessed December 31, 2018 .
  5. ↑ a b EU-NAVCO presentation, October 15, 2008. (PPT; 3.21 MB) (No longer available online.) European Council, archived from the original on December 23, 2008 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 (English, details).
  6. ↑ British Admiral: Unresolved Questions About Dealing with Pirates. In: EU.Info Germany. December 9, 2008, accessed January 16, 2015 .
  7. ↑ Council Decision 2012/174 / CFSP of March 23, 2012. March 23, 2012, accessed on May 1, 2015 .
  8. ↑ BRITISH WARSHIP COMPLETES 1st EU NAVAL MISSION. (PDF; 120 kB) (No longer available online.) EU NAVFOR Somalia, December 18, 2008, archived from the original on August 8, 2010 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 (English, press release).
  9. ↑ BMVg press and information staff: German Navy provides emergency aid in the event of a pirate attack - 1st update: Pirates disarmed. (No longer available online.) In: Einätze. Bundeswehr, December 25, 2008, archived from the original on December 29, 2008 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 .
  10. ^ German frigate stops pirate attack. CNN, December 25, 2008, accessed January 16, 2015 .
  11. ↑ Operation EU NAVFOR warship FLOREAL captures suspected pirates. Council of the European Union, January 30, 2009, accessed January 16, 2015 .
  12. ↑ Bundeswehr thwarted pirate attack. In: Sueddeutsche.de. May 17, 2010, archived from the original on June 19, 2009 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 .
  13. ↑ Iranian Dhow Released By Pirates. European Union, March 18, 2010, accessed January 16, 2015 .
  14. ↑ Bundeswehr now commands anti-pirate operations. In: Berliner Morgenpost. August 14, 2011, accessed January 16, 2015 .
  15. ↑ Germany leads the “Atalanta” mission in the Horn of Africa. In: Berliner Morgenpost. August 14, 2011, accessed January 16, 2015 .
  16. ^ "Atalanta" mission: EU troops shoot at pirate camps on Somalia's coast for the first time. In: Spiegel online. May 15, 2012, accessed January 16, 2015 .
  17. ↑ United Press International : Wanted Somali pirate arrested in Brussels, October 14, 2013.
  18. ↑ Key Facts and Figures - EU Naval Force Somalia - Operation Atalanta. In: http://eunavfor.eu/ . July 3, 2015, accessed March 7, 2015 .
  19. ↑ Somali pirates hijack oil tankers. In: The Standard. March 14, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2017 .
  20. ↑ Crew from Freed Fuel Tanker Aris 13 Welcome Reassurance Visit by French Navy Sailors from EU Naval Force Operation Atalanta Frigate FS Courbet. Retrieved March 18, 2017 (English).
  21. ↑ Mission. (No longer available online.) EU NAVFOR Somalia, archived from the original on July 4, 2011 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 (English, Operation ATALANTA).
  22. ↑ Joint Action 2008/851 / CFSP of the Council of 10 November 2008 on the military operation of the European Union as a contribution to the deterrence, prevention and control of acts of piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast , accessed on 16 January 2015
  23. ↑ EU NAVFOR Somalia - OPERATION ATALANTA Expands Its Mission On Piracy. European Union, February 26, 2010, accessed January 16, 2015 .
  24. ↑ Decision (CFSP) 2016/2082 of the Council of the European Union of November 28, 2016 In: Official Journal of the EU, November 29, 2016. Accessed on June 5, 2017.
  25. ↑ Factsheet on EU NAVFOR Somalia; Status: August 2008 (PDF; 244 kB) ( Memento from January 16, 2015 in the web archive archive.today )
  26. ↑ Inquiry response. In: 292 / AB XXIV.GP. Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs (Austria), January 22, 2009, accessed on January 16, 2015 .
  27. ↑ Piracy - The Menace at Sea. Maritime Security Center - Horn of Africa, archived from the original on April 18, 2012 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 .
  28. ↑ Summary of the opening speech by Rear Admiral Jones on the occasion of the press conference at the beginning of Operation Atalanta ( Memento from January 16, 2015 in the web archive archive.today ). Brussels, 9 December 2008 (PDF, 92 kB).
  29. ↑ a b Javier SOLANA, EU High Representative for the CFSP, congratulates Rear Admiral HUDSON on taking office as EU Operation Commander of Operation EU NAVFOR - ATALANTA. (PDF) (No longer available online.) COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, June 3, 2009, archived from the original on August 8, 2010 ; accessed on January 20, 2015 .
  30. ^ New Operation Commander. (No longer available online.) In: Press Releases. EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office, June 14, 2010, archived from the original on June 17, 2010 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 .
  31. ^ New Operation Commander. (No longer available online.) In: News, Press Releases and tagged EU NAVFOR. EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office, August 1, 2011, archived from the original October 11, 2011 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 .
  32. ↑ Major General Martin Smith MBE. (No longer available online.) In: Chain of Command. European Union, archived from the original on April 1, 2016 ; accessed on May 1, 2015 .
  33. ↑ Major General Rob Magowan CBE. In: Chain of Command. European Union, accessed on June 17, 2016 .
  34. ↑ Major General Magowan hands over Operation Command of EU NAVFOR Somalia to Major General Stickland. November 7, 2017, accessed November 19, 2017 .
  35. ↑ EU NAVFOR OHQ STARTS ITS ACTIVITIES IN ROTA. In: https://eunavfor.eu/ . PAO EUNAVFOR ATALANTA, March 29, 2019, accessed on July 7, 2019 .
  36. ^ V. Adm. Martorell Hands Over Operation ATALANTA Command to Major General Planells | Eunavfor. Retrieved October 13, 2019 .
  37. ↑ CHANGE OF COMMAND AT FORCE HEADQUARTERS. (PDF; 1.32 MB) (No longer available online.) EU NAVFOR - ATALANTA, April 6, 2009, archived from the original on August 8, 2010 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 .
  38. ^ Italian Navy takes over lead of EU NAVFOR. (No longer available online.) EU NAVFOR Public Affairs Office, December 13, 2009, archived from the original on August 16, 2011 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 .
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