Parish church Schöngrabern
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The parish church of Schöngrabern, Our Lady, Birth of Mary is an easted , Romanesque , Roman Catholic church in Schöngrabern , a cadastral parish of Grabern in Lower Austria . According to the ordinance of the Federal Monuments Office, it is under monument protection .
The parish is located in the Hollabrunn deanery in the Vicariate Unter dem Manhartsberg belonging to the Archdiocese of Vienna .
The building is a late Romanesque hall building , which is slightly elevated in the northern part of Schöngrabern. On the outside of the apse there is a rich ornamentation of figures, known as the Stone Bible .
history
13th to 15th centuries
The church was built in the 13th century from two types of quartz-bonded sandstone ( arenite ) from a quarry in the area that has now been completely dismantled. At the time of construction, Schöngrabern was owned by the powerful ministerial family of the Kuenringer . The construction of the church began around the year 1210. Many indications suggest that the construction of Hadmar II von Kuenring as a memorial before his cruise or as an atonement for the capture of Richard the Lionheart and his arrest in the Kuenringerburg Dürnstein began and before his cruise was completed by 1217 at the latest. Other sources assume that it was completed around the year 1230. The fact that 19 different stonemasons' marks - mostly in the middle of the blocks - which are characteristic of the time around the year 1200, speaks for the year 1217 . Such a large group of masons should have been able to build the church in about five to ten years.
The church was initially a branch church of the parish of Sankt Agatha in Hausleiten , before it was raised to its own parish in 1307. In the eighties of the 13th century, the parish loan passed from the Kuenringern to the Wallseer . They were followed by the sovereign and the Dachsbergers. After their extinction, Duke Albrecht V enfeoffed the Styrian Stubenbergs with fiefs as Schöngrabern on November 5, 1434 . In 1476 the gentlemen of Guntersdorf were mentioned in a document as the holder of the patronage right before the authorities and bailiwick went to the Roggendorfer in 1480 . During this time (14th / 15th century) a Gothic extension was made north of the choir square .
16th to 18th century
Subsequently, the mansion changed several times , all of them were personalities with far-reaching relationships (Weispriach, Sereny, Ludwigsdorf, Teufel). The last Roggendorf resident, Hans Wilhelm, had converted to Protestantism and, as landlord, determined the denomination of the common people.
Therefore, at the end of the 16th century, evangelical preachers were deployed, for example from 1587 the Stuttgart-born M. David Schweitzer, who became known after the earthquake of 1590 for the constitution of a penitential sermon and was in office at least until 1593. The recatholicization took place during the Counter-Reformation , as in 1626 Baron of Hell, not to lose the patronage, began the Catholic priest Erhard Stengl as pastor.
In 1661 there is also the first documentary mention of a tower above the choir square, for which two new bells were purchased. In 1664 the church received a new organ made in Vienna after the old instrument had become unusable.
At the end of the 17th century iron locks were inserted between the outer walls because they threatened to collapse under the pressure of the vaults and the weight of the tower.
In 1715 the baroque renovation of the church began by replacing the Gothic altar with a Baroque altar made by Matthias Paumann in Znojmo .
Late 18th century to the present
Extensive renovations were carried out between 1781 and 1791 and at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1786 the vault of the nave was broken in and the tower above the choir square was removed. The western part was extended, the nave was extended by a yoke and the new tower was built. In the course of this renovation work, the organ had to be removed from the gallery, and since it could no longer be set up afterwards, a new instrument with eight registers was purchased from the Znojmo organ builder Josef Silberbauer .
Hanging domes were installed in the nave , the Romanesque south portal was walled up and a uniform roof was created over the choir and nave by means of masonry over the choir square. A chapel was added to the south of the nave, the extension to the north of the choir from the 14th / 15th centuries. Demolished in the 19th century. These construction measures were in connection with the church reforms of Emperor Joseph II , because Schöngrabern was intended as a parish church for this area in the course of the abolition and amalgamation of parish districts.
After a church fire during the French War of 1809, the destroyed nave vault was renewed, in 1816 the instrument still in use was purchased in place of the organ, which was also destroyed, and in 1840 the original presbytery vault was replaced by a copy of the ribbed vault made of wood. A sacristy from 1841 is added to the south of the choir. In 1866, after a lightning strike, the tower was raised and the simple pyramid roof of the tower was replaced by a neo-baroque spire, and in 1872 the interior was painted in Roman - Byzantine style.
After removing the mortar from the 18th century from the outside of the nave, the Romanesque structural elements such as round arch friezes , monthly representations , ashlar and the south portal have been exposed again since 1907; individual figural reliefs have been renovated.
In 1936/37 the interior was renovated, the painting from the 19th century was removed and Gothic frescoes in the nave and choir as well as a pointed arched door panel were exposed. The consoles in the nave and the bases of the triumphal arch pillars have since presented themselves again without the baroque cladding.
In 1952, individual apse reliefs were restored, in 1960 the chapel, which was added to the south of the nave in the 18th century, and the sacristy added in 1841, demolished and Romanesque components were found. In 1961 the apse was restored and in 1963 a chapel room was added to the north-west of the church and the baroque pulpit was removed to reveal the image of St. Christopher from around 1350 behind it .
From 1975 to 1978 the high altar was removed and the Romanesque altar table ( refectory ) exposed, the vault in the choir square was renewed and the vault ribs and the original keystone were reinstalled. A horseshoe-shaped reinforced concrete frame secures the vault statically. The parish church of Oberhofen near Innsbruck received the baroque high altar. On the occasion of this restoration work, an archaeological investigation in the area of the presbytery was carried out in 1976 . Four priest graves were uncovered, which, due to the brick formats and a coin find, dated to the period between 1619 and 1720.
In 1982, conservation work was carried out on the southern section of the apse. Further conservation work on the apse was carried out in 1995. On this occasion, the central cornices above the lower round arch friezes on the north and south facades were covered with old roof tiles to protect them from weather damage.
The last restoration and conservation for the time being took place on the south choir facade in 1996. All 66 stonemason's marks on the south facade were recorded and their location was recorded in a plan.
Building description
The outer
The facade of the nave is divided into three zones: the low, recessed apse is adjoined to the west by the recessed choir square, followed by the four-axis part of the nave from the 13th century and finally the one-bay extension from the 18th / 19th century. Century with the late baroque tower that was also added at the time . The nave is the tallest part after the tower, followed by the choir square, which has been lowered by half a meter (by the height of the arched frieze with a tooth cut ). Finally, the apse is two meters lower.
The apse, choir square and the original part of the nave are built over a circumferential high profiled base cornice in stone-faced ashlar masonry and divided horizontally in two zones by eaves cornices with round arch friezes and profiled cordon cornices. The nave extension and the tower are simply divided into plaster fields.
At the apse there are three arched windows with double bulge frames and flanking, partially damaged "free-floating" columns with shafts in relief . A cuboid in the lower zone on the south side contains a memorial inscription dated 1585 for the rector Niclas Eighorn. A second is engraved in the third ashlar layer above the base cornice in the eastern central section of the apse. It is marked 1580 and shows a cross as an emphatic introduction. The inscription was apparently partly made illegible after the re-Catholicization and is probably related to the Protestant visitation of 1580.
The reliefs in the three bays on the outside of the apse are also called the Stone Bible . They address virtue and vice , biblical scenes and the struggle between good and evil. In several reliefs there are depictions of animals and the devil. These iconographic and stylistic relief representations of salvation history themes and ornamental figures are considered Biblia pauperum in stone.
On each of the choir walls there are two arched windows on consoles with an oculus above . The stone-faced part of the nave is divided vertically into two zones by pilasters . They are each two window axes wide and also have arched windows on consoles. The choir square and the stone-view part of the nave thus have a total of twelve windows. On the south side is the Romanesque stepped portal , which was exposed again in 1907, in a deep embrasure with multi-stepped and partially damaged bulges. To the right of this, traces of the fire of 1809 are visible in the quarry stone masonry, to the left a rectangular Romanesque relief stone depicting a boar hunt and the wheel of life, also known as the wheel of times or fate, and interpreted as a monthly relief (December / January). The chapel room added in 1963 is located on the north side.
The one-bay nave extension is divided horizontally by a grooved cornice, has a rectangular stone-walled portal and above it a basket-arched window with a keystone on a console. The entire nave is covered by a hipped roof.
The western tower presented received its three-zone structure when it was raised in 1866. The sound floor is structured by pilasters and has arched windows, above which are the clock gable and tower dome .
The inner
The interior is almost twelve meters wide, the clear height of the vaults is about ten meters. The building thus exceeds the usual framework of a Romanesque village parish church. The size of the room is underlined by the elaborate large ashlar masonry, the large, high-lying windows and the wall steps in front of the choir square and the apse.
Choir
The main emphasis of the equipment is in the area of the choir. For example, the bases of the apse arch are only in relief on the front, i.e. facing the altar. The apse arch is tiered with half-columns and services , the bases presented bear grimaces .
The almost square, Romanesque, recessed choir bay is closed off by the ribbed vault, which was reconstructed in 1975/76. During the reconstruction, parts of the original vault ribs and the original keystone were used, which were found in 1960 when the sacristy and the south chapel were demolished. A dome encloses the rib cross. The vault rests on corner columns with cube capitals in relief . The column shafts bear high reliefs of the four evangelist symbols , which open books - the respective Gospels - hold. Above it are wickerwork and heads as well as animals and monsters.
There is a portal on both sides of the choir square. The walled-up north portal with profiled, fluted pointed arches served as access to the one from the 14th / 15th. Century and in the 18./19. Gothic annex demolished in the 19th century. On the outside of the choir square there are only a few remains of the walls of this portal. The simple portal on the south side was the entrance to the sacristy, which was added in 1841 and demolished again in 1960. On the inside it is designed as a rectangular portal, on the outside as a round arch portal.
The apse is almost unadorned. The simple Romanesque box altar was exposed in 1977.
Towards the nave, the choir square is opened up by a recessed, stepped, semicircular triumphal arch with services on profiled bases. The cube capitals are partially in relief.
Longhouse
The nave consists of three bays. The two eastern Romanesque bays date from the construction period and their vaults rest on mighty wall pillars. Approaches to the original west gallery can be seen on both sides of the walls of the nave. On the southern wall of the easternmost yoke is a round arch niche, which marks the walled access to the chapel, which was added in the 18th century and demolished in 1960. The western yoke with vestibule and gallery dates from the end of the 18th century.
Gallery and tower
Since the gallery and tower are an extension from the 18th / 19th Century, architecture and furnishings differ significantly from the original Romanesque building. Pilasters with belt arches and square vaults support the western organ loft with classical parapet and organ .
The late baroque tower is accessed by a spiral staircase on the south side .
Furnishing
apse
At the front of the apse is the cast of the Romanesque cross from St. Rupert's Church in Vienna . In the center stands the canteen, which was exposed after the baroque altar was dismantled in 1977, with a protruding plate on a profiled base. On the north side of the apse there is a Romanesque sacrament niche and opposite, on the south side, a lava niche is set into the surrounding wall. Both are framed with semi-circular braided band ornaments in relief . The sacrament niche is closed by a wrought iron grille.
Choir square
The base zone of the apse arch is covered with building sculpture : a human head on the northeast pillar and a snake and a human head on the southeast pillar. At the apex of the vault there are four male heads in the corners of the rib cross, which symbolize the four cardinal points.
The eight-sided holy water font is dated with the years 1611 and 1682. Located on the south wall the 1936-37 exposed Gothic murals which a Schutzmantelmadonna with donor and Saints Catherine and Margaret , Bishop Wolfgang of Regensburg and King Oswald represent the how, Catherine and Margaret in some areas of the 14 Holy Helpers counts .
The base of the triumphal arch to the nave is also covered with architectural sculptures. On both pillars there are fragments of animals (rabbits or dogs), on the north pillar there is also a snake and on the south pillar a tuber.
Longhouse
Between the windows on the north wall of the nave there is a monumental representation of St. Christopher from around 1350 as well as three Romanesque, walled-in apostles from the original Romanesque west portal. Saint Christopher is shown with a margrave hat and ermine cloak as the patron saint of the country . Next to him is a small figure who is interpreted as the hermit who advised the saint to serve God through works of charity. The year 1466 is written above the picture of St. Christopher. In that year the Bishop of Passau asked for the canonization of Margrave Leopold in Rome.
On the south wall is a charcoal drawing of a small devil with a stilted foot, holding a writing board to a larger, winged devil figure, on which the latter makes entries with a quill pen. This representation is interpreted as the devil with the register of sins . To the left of the triumphal arch there are remains of a Gothic ornamental wall painting.
On both sides of the nave there are depictions of the Stations of the Cross from 1816.
organ
The gallery bears the organ by Johann Georg Fischer from 1816 , which is one of his few surviving works and was made in Klosterneuburg . The instrument has 13 registers , which are divided into two manuals and pedal . The positive is integrated into the parapet of the gallery . The five-axis front of the main structure is still in Baroque tradition: the two pointed corner towers, the raised central round tower and the connecting flat fields are finished off with gilded acanthus and slightly profiled cornices. On the other hand, the Rückpositiv with its three rectangular flat fields and the crowning urns is designed in the style of classicism.
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- Remarks
- ↑ C-Fis made of wood
- ↑ wood, Gedackt
- ↑ Incorrect name, today an open wooden flute
- ↑ C – H made of wood
- ↑ new
- ↑ e – a repeat E – A; the original short octave was later changed
- ↑ a b c wood
Bells
In the sound floor of the tower there are three tin bronze bells , which were cast by the Josef Pfundner bell foundry in Vienna at a price of 42,698 schillings and consecrated on Whit Monday, June 6, 1949:
- The large bell with a diameter of 112 cm has the tone f, weighs 942 kg and is dedicated to St. Consecrated to Joseph. She carries pictures of St. Joseph and St. Leopold and the inscription “To the honor of God by the parish church Schöngrabern and the parishioners”.
- The middle bell with a diameter of 96 cm has the tone a, weighs 551 kg and bears the image of Mary with the baby Jesus. She is consecrated to the Blessed Virgin and Mother of God.
- The small bell with a diameter of 75 cm has the tone c, weighs 256 kg and is based on the patronage of the parish church ("Mary's Birth") of St. Consecrated Mother Anna, whose picture is attached to the bell.
The ringing consisted of four bells since 1925; they were melted down during World War II and replaced by these three new bells in 1949. Only the death bell ( train bell ) remained and is still in use today. The three larger bells are rung from the sacristy with an electric drive, the train bell can only be rung by hand in the tower.
literature
- Schöngrabern, Parish Church of Our Lady, Birth of Mary, southeast of the church Pfarrhof . In: Dehio manual. The art monuments of Austria. Lower Austria north of the Danube. Edited by Evelyn Benesch, Bernd Euler-Rolle u. a. Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, Vienna 1990, ISBN 3-7031-0652-2 , pp. 1051ff.
- Richard Kurt Donin : On the history of art in Austria . Verlag Margarete Friedrich Rohrer, Innsbruck-Vienna 1951, pp. 13-21.
- Rupert Feuchtmüller : Schöngrabern - The stone Bible. Verlag Herold GmbH, Vienna / Munich 1979, 2nd edition 1980, ISBN 3-7008-0167-X .
- Hermann Fillitz (Ed.): Schöngrabern. International colloquium of the Austrian National Committee of the CIHA (Comité International d'Histoire de l'Art) in cooperation with the Federal Monuments Office 17./18. September 1985: Conference report. Self-published by the Austrian National Committee of the CIHA, Vienna 1985.
- Martina Pippal : The parish church of Schöngrabern. An iconological study of their apse reliefs. Series of publications by the Commission for Art History of the Austrian Academy of Sciences - Volume 1; Hermann Fillitz (Ed.), Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1991, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-7001-1911-9 .
- Franz Wolf: Schöngrabern through the ages. Local history . Self-published in 1995.
- Gustav Heider : The Romanesque Church of Schöngrabern in Lower Austria / A contribution to Christian art archeology , Verlag Carl Gerold & Sohn, Vienna 1855
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Lower Austria - immovable and archaeological monuments under monument protection. ( Memento of September 21, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF), ( CSV ( Memento of September 21, 2017 in the Internet Archive )). Federal Monuments Office , as of June 9, 2017.
- ↑ investigation report of Erich Pummer Ges.mbH, Rossatz, from the parish archives Schöngrabern
- ↑ Wolf: Schöngrabern through the ages . 1995, p. 118.
- ↑ Foundation book of the convent Zwettl "liber fundatorum zwetlensis monasterii" ( " bear skin ").
- ↑ Feuchtmüller: Schöngrabern - The stone Bible . 1980, p. 9.
- ↑ Feuchtmüller: Schöngrabern - The stone Bible . 1980, pp. 11, 68.
- ↑ Rupert Feuchtmüller: The stone Bible. The Romanesque church of Schöngrabern. Lentia, Munich 1962.
- ^ Dehio manual. 1990, p. 1051.
- ↑ Feuchtmüller: Schöngrabern - The stone Bible. 1980, p. 11.
- ↑ Wolf: Schöngrabern through the ages . 1995, p. 97.
- ^ Conference report of the International Colloquium 1985, p. 76 ff.
- ^ Bernhard Raupach: Presbyterologia Austriaca Or historical news of the life, fate and writings of the Evangelical Lutheran preachers, which in the Ertz-Duchy of Austria under and above the Enns . Felgin, Hamburg 1741, p. 168 ( full text in the Google book search).
- ↑ Wolf: Schöngrabern through the ages . 1995, p. 100.
- ↑ Wolf: Schöngrabern through the ages . 1995, p. 120 f.
- ↑ Market judge minutes p. 257.
- ↑ Wolf: Schöngrabern through the ages . 1995, p. 122.
- ↑ Wolf: Schöngrabern through the ages . 1995, p. 127.
- ↑ Wolf: Schöngrabern through the ages . 1995, p. 132.
- ^ Gustav Melzer, EM Winkler: Find reports from Austria , Volume 15, 1976, p. 316 f.
- ^ Final report of the Federal Monuments Office of August 16, 1995 from documents of the parish Schöngrabern.
- ^ Final report of the Federal Monuments Office of November 9, 1996 as well as documents from the parish of Schöngrabern.
- ↑ Erika Doberer: The apse reliefs of Schöngrabern in the change of the art historical view . Reprint of the Austrian magazine for art and monument preservation . Volume 38, 1984, p. 166 f.
- ↑ Peter Diem: The Romanesque Church of Schöngrabern - The stone Bible (essay) in the Austria Forum.
- ↑ Feuchtmüller: Schöngrabern - The stone Bible . 1980, p. 171
- ^ Dehio manual. 1990, p. 1052.
- ^ Conference report of the International Colloquium 1985, p. 125.
- ↑ Martina Pippal: The parish church of Schöngrabern. , Page 68
- ↑ Theodor Brückler (ed.): Heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand as a curator of monuments - the "art files" of the military chancellery in the Austrian State Archives (war archive). Bundesdenkmalamt Vienna published by Böhlau, Vienna 2009, p. 152 f. (Studies on monument protection and preservation; 20), ISBN 978-3-205-78306-0
- ↑ Home book of the Hollabrunn district . Part 2. Self-published by the district school council, Hollabrunn 1951, p. 100 ff.
- ^ Documents of the parish Schöngrabern
Coordinates: 48 ° 36 ′ 7 ″ N , 16 ° 3 ′ 53 ″ E
