Sector (Antarctica)

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9 Antarctic sectors
5 Antarctic sectors

A sector of the continent of Antarctica is a region or part of this continent in a geographical sense. In the literature, the effort to achieve a division or partitioning of the southern and northern polar regions into geographical units in the form of circular sectors (" pie pieces ") is referred to as the sector principle or theory ( English sector principle, sector theory ). designated.

In contrast to some other geographical sectors, the definition of such units of Antarctica touches on several content areas or geographic subject areas, u. a. the Geodesy and political geography .

Geographical classification

Geographical place names -or. information

Island or coast

The first positioning on the continent took place in 1821. Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen named two islands in front of and on the Antarctic Peninsula , on January 10th Peter I Island and January 28th Alexander I Island . This was followed by Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1840 with the name of the discovered Côte de Clarie .

coast

From 1840 onwards, like the Côte de Clarie ( see tables below ), other stretches of coast were given names:

Thus, names were available for the entire coastline of the Antarctic mainland. The inland beginning of the boundaries between the individual coastal sections is in the US Board on Geographic Names. The US Geological Survey is expressed in angular measurements (with an accuracy of degrees and minutes of arc ). This allows a definite place in the geographical latitude and longitude of the earth. There was only overlap in the naming of the Берег Правды by the USSR in the 1950s on the earlier proclaimed Kaiser Wilhelm II coast of the country of the same name.

For this purpose, the terms Russian Берег , English Coast , French Côte and Norwegian Kyst were used in the respective national languages equivalent to the German-language content of coast. The coast of the Côte de la terre Adélie borders the Côte de Clarie , where JD d'Urville also landed. This became the Terre Adélie , the sector of French territorial claims.

country

The third of the large groups of place names or indications are countries, such as the just mentioned Terre Adélie or Adelieland. Here the equivalents are called Russian Земля or French Terre .

Although proclamations of territorial claims were rare in the 19th century, a trend began for expeditions that the Antarctic expeditions were not only out to discover, but also aimed at the formal takeover of the lands they had discovered.

sector

Clements Markhams Sectors
Sectors or quadrants 1912

The oldest division of the continent into sectors is based on four sectors with an angle of 90 ° each . These district districts are also quadrants and accordingly the geographical units of this division are called Antarctic quadrants .

The British geographer Clements Markham, among others, proposed such a division of the country, his partitioning dates from 1899.

Ocean sector

For sciences, for example zoology , a division of the waters around Antarctica took place based on the respective adjacent oceans . The Pacific is between 130 ° East 50 ° West and the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sectors accordingly between 50 ° West and 130 ° East. The figures differ by ± 10 °. The indicator part extends z. B. depending on the literary sources from 60 ° to 90 ° East and from 60 ° to 100 ° East.

Sector ≤ 90 °
Sectors:
  • Ross Dependency
  • Australian Antarctic Territory
  • Adélieland
  • Dronning Maud Land
  • British Antarctic Territory
  • Chilean Antarctic Territory
  • Argentine Antarctic Territory

    • Further division proposals followed the concept of the four 90 ° sectors or quadrants. This reduced (apart from the larger part of the Australian Antarctic Territory ) the angular dimensions of the circular sectors to less than 90 °. Bounded in the west and east by selected longitudes , the units converged at the geographic south pole . In both divisions, sectors with 90 ° or less than 90 °, the center of the circle is the south pole. This is therefore a multi-country corner, namely a four-country corner with a 90 ° division model and a multi-country corner of a higher degree with more than four sectors, each with an angle of less than 90 °.

    Political geography

    historical overview

    From 1908 several states began to formulate territorial claims for parts of the continent of Antarctica. These national claims (with the exception of Peter I Island , which is claimed by Norway ) are several sectors of the circle, ie “pieces of cake”, the number of which varies with the number of claimants. In the literature, terms such as "pieces of cake" u. Ä. to find ( English pie slices , pie pieces or pie-shaped sectors bounded by meridians ). The Australian Antarctic Territory consists of two sectors separated by the French claimed Adélieland . The British, Chilean and Argentine sectors largely overlap.

    Due to the Antarctic Treaty, national territorial claims south of the 60th parallel have been suspended  since it came into force on June 23, 1961.

    Tables

    Stretches of coast

    Surname Location
    Antarctic Peninsula (east coast):
    Nordenskjöld Coast 58 ° 50'-61 ° 01'West
    Oscar II Coast 61 ° 01′-62 ° 37′W
    Foyn Coast 62 ° 37′-65 ° 16′W
    Bowman Coast 65 ° 16'-62 ° 56'W
    Wilkins Coast 62 ° 56'-61 ° 23'W
    Black Coast 61 ° 23'-59 ° 54'W
    Surname Location
    Antarctic Peninsula-Palmerland (east coast):
    Lassiter Coast 59 ° 54'-62 ° 20'W
    Orville Coast 62 ° 20′-69 ° 40′W
    Zumberge Coast 69 ° 40 '' - 78 ° 30'W
    Antarctic mainland (east coast):
    Prince Regent Luitpold
    Coast    		 36 ° -27 ° 54'W
    Caird Coast 27 ° 54'-20 ° W
    Crown Princess Märtha
    Kyst    		 20 ° West–
    5 ° East
    Princess Astrid Kyst 5 ° –20 ° East
    Princess Ragnhild
    Kyst    		 20 ° -34 ° E
    Prins Harald Kyst 34 ° -40 ° E
    Crown Prince Olav Kyst 40 ° -44 ° 38′E
    Kemp Coast 56 ° 25′-59 ° 34′E
    Mawson Coast 59 ° 34′-66 ° 54′E
    L. Christensen Kyst 66 ° 54'-71 ° E
    I. Christensen Kyst 72 ° 33′-81 ° 24′E
    Leopold and Astrid Kyst 81 ° 24′-87 ° 43′E
    Берег Правды
    K. Wilhelm II Coast     		88 ° –100
    ° E 87 ° 43–91 ° 54 '
    Queen Mary Coast 91 ° 54′-100 ° 30′E
    Knox Coast 100 ° 31′-109 ° 16′E
    Budd Coast 109 ° 16′-115 ° 33′E
    Sabrina Coast 115 ° 33′-122 ° 05′E
    Banzare Coast 122 ° 05′-130 ° 10′E
    Cote de Clarie 130 ° 10′-136 ° 11′E
    Côte de la terre Adélie
    (Côte Adélie)    		 136 ° 11′-142 ° 02′E
    George V Coast 148 ° 02′-153 ° 45′E
    Oates Coast 153 ° 45′-164 ° 09′E
    Pennell Coast 164 ° 09′-170 ° 14′E
    Borchgrevinkkysten 170 ° 14′-165 ° 25′E
    Scott Coast 165 ° 25'-169 ° E
    Surname Location
    Antarctic Peninsula (west coast):
    Davis Coast 59 ° 24'-61 ° 02'West
    Cote de Danco 61 ° 02'-63 ° 47'W
    Graham Coast 63 ° 47'-65 ° 53'W
    Cote Loubet 65 ° 53'-67 ° 05'W
    Cote Fallières 67 ° 05'-68 ° 51'W
    Antarctic Peninsula Palmerland (West Coast):
    Rymill Coast 68 ° 51'-66 ° 47'W
    English Coast 66 ° 47'-79 ° 45'W
    Surname Location
    Antarctic mainland (west coast):
    Bryan Coast 79 ° 45′-89 ° 35′W
    Eights Coast 89 ° 35′-103 ° 24′W
    Walgreen Coast 103 ° 24'-114 ° 12'W
    Bakuti's Coast 114 ° 12′-127 ° 35′W
    Hobbs Coast 127 ° 35′-136 ° 50′W
    Ruppert Coast 136 ° 50′-146 ° 31′W
    Saunders Coast 146 ° 31'-158 ° 01'W
    Shirase Coast 157 ° 54'-151 ° W
    Surname Location
    Inner Ross Sea
    ( Ross Dependency ):
    Siple Coast 151 ° -≈153 ° W
    Gould Coast ≈153 ° W-168 °
    Amundsen Coast 168 ° -167 ° 22'W
    Dufek Coast 167 ° 22'W.-172 ° 45 '
    Shackleton Coast 172 ° 45′-160 ° 45′E
    Hillary Coast 160 ° 45′-169 ° E
    Connection see Scott Coast

    See also

    literature

    • US Board on Geographic Names. US Geological Survey, Reston.

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Charles Bourel de La Roncière and G. Clerc-Rampal: Histoire de la marine française . Volume 5. Larousse. Paris, 1934, p. 244.
    2. ^ Noël Mamère: Report d'Information sur l'Arctique et l'Antarctique. Assemblée nationale Paris, 2015, p. 139.
    3. ^ Donald Rothwell: The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996, ISBN 0-521-56182-5 , p. 53.
    4. ^ GP Glasby: Antarctic Sector of the Pacific. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam 1990, ISBN 0-444-55566-8 , p. 11.
    5. ↑ PP Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 27. American Geophysical Union, 1987, p. 222.
    6. ↑ Francesco Francioni, Tullio Scovazzi: International Law for Antarctica. Kluwer Law International, The Hague 1997, ISBN 90-411-0364-3 , p. 643.
    7. ^ Adrian John Howkins: Frozen Empires: A history of the Antarctic sovereignty dispute between Britain, Argentina, and Chile, 1939-1959 . University of Texas at Austin, Ann Arbor 2008, p. 58.
    8. ^ John Hobbie Roscoe: American Force Manual, regional photo interpretation series, Antarctica (AFM 200-30). US Department of the Air Force, 1953.
    9. ^ Suzanne Lalonde, Ted L. McDorman: International Law and Politics of the Arctic Ocean. Brill, Leiden 2015. pp. 216ff. ISBN 978-90-04-28458-6 .

    Web links