Sindarin

Sindarin
Project author	JRR Tolkien
speaker	People in the fantasy world of Middle-earth
Linguistic ; classification	Constructed language Fictional languages Elven languages from Tolkien's world; Sindarin ;
particularities	numerous forms of ; initial mutation ( e.g. lenation )
Language codes
ISO 639 -1	-
ISO 639 -2	art (other constructed languages)
ISO 639-3	sjn

Tolkien's world
characters
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Sindarin and Quenya are the most famous fictional languages used by the British author J. R. R. Tolkien in his tales of the world of Middle-earth he invented. They are spoken of by the elves who live there. Tolkien came into contact with different languages in his early childhood, as he grew up in the care of a clergyman and learned Latin and Greek. He dealt intensively with old legends and sagas that had an influence on his stories.

Emergence

The first language J. R. R. Tolkien invented was the nonsense language "Nevbosh" that he invented as a child. It was based on invented words, whereby you can clearly hear the English base. Tolkien had already worked on the further development of the Gothic language in his early years . Tolkien met and fell in love with the Finnish language in 1912 while reading the Finnish national epic Kalevala . Since he found Finnish phonetics particularly beautiful, he decided to use it to develop his own language. Quenya and Sindarin were the first languages he himself developed for his mythology.

“Typically, he began with introduction and phonology, which was also his particular strength scientifically. He had learned this from his academic teacher Joseph Wright [...] at his kitchen table, Tolkien learned ablaut series until he could intuitively master them. As his contemporaries confirm, he had a downright uncanny feeling for historical vowel changes that are even more difficult to grasp than consonantic sound shifts . "

- Helmut W. Pesch : The invention of languages as the basis of Tolkien's work

Tolkien left behind several encyclopedias and dictionaries with many words in Quenya or Sindarin, in which his approach of a historical philologist - working in reverse - is reflected; you can already see it from the fact that the words are arranged according to their linguistic roots . According to the prevailing doctrine of the time, these were only theoretical constructs and not to be understood as the synchronous existence of an original language. In his designing activity he was more successful than his discipline in the analytical discipline: where this failed in the development of an original language, he proceeded from the primitive Quendish as such and gradually let a tree of languages arise from it. The invented words come mainly from a few areas: history, mythology, poetry and naming. The text corpus he created was all in all quite small and limited to a few text genres in the larger pieces.

There are some poems and prayers that he translated into both languages. For example the Lord's Prayer in Sindarin:

original	literally translated
Ae Adar nín i vi Menel no aer in eneth lín tolo i arnad lín caro den i innas lín bo Ceven sui ve Menel. Anno ammen sír i · mbas ilaurui vín ar diheno ammen i · úgerth vín sui mín i gohenam di ai gerir úgerth ammen.	O our father, he is in heaven , let your name be hallowed, your kingdom come, your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us today the bread daily and forgive us our sins just as we, who forgive those who have caused sins to us.

Linguistic development

The Sindarin is part of a developed family of languages. Originally, all of the Elves of Middle-earth had a language in common, called Ur-Elvish, or primitive Quendish. It was only when they went to Valinor that this language split into several dialects. The Vanyarin of the Elves who went to Valinor and never returned to Middle-earth, the Noldorin of the Elves who returned with Feanor, and the Telerin of the Elves who went late or never to Valinor.

From one of these dialects, the Telerin, the old Sindarin later developed in Middle-earth, which partly mixed with the language of the returned Noldor, from which the new Sindarin emerged. It is the vernacular of the Elves. Sindarin also learned and spoke the Edain, the people of the three peoples of the Elf Friends. It had a strong impact on their own language and many words were adopted into people's common language.

Characteristic

Sindarin is a particularly melodious language. A major difference to Quenya is the retention of the typical Elvish letter combination 'th', which stands for the sound 'S'. For example, in the name of Ithildur (S.), Isildur (Q.). In Sindarin the sound combination 'mb' changed to 'b', 'nd' to 'd' and 'ñg' to 'g', while in Quenya its development led to 'm' and 'n'. Example: Goldo or Golodh (S.), Noldo (Q.) = 'Noldorelb', Bar (S.), Mar (Q.) = 'Heim', dangar- (S.), nancar- (Q.) = 'Turn away'.

Plural forms

Plural forms are formed in Sindarin by umlaut . Originally there was a plural formation for the Elvish languages by simply adding an '-i', as is sometimes still practiced in Quenya. Example for Quenya; atan, el (sg.) becomes atani, eli in the plural.

That's how it turned out

vocal	a	e	y / ŷ	i / î	O	u	au / aw	ai
umlaut	a → ai	e → i	remains	remains	o → y	u → y or ui	au / aw → oe	ai → î
	adan → edain	Edhel → Edhil	ylf	gîl	amon → emyn	tulus → tylys	gwaun → gwoen	cair → cîr
German	human	Elf	cups	star	mountain	poplar	goose	ship
	tâl → tail	certh → cirth	mŷl	ithil	Orch → Yrch	dûr → duir	naw → noe	mail → mîl
German	foot	rune	gull	moon	Orc	dark	idea	dear

The vowel 'a' is an additional exception to this rule. If in a monosyllabic word a rubbing, liquid or nasal sound follows the 'a', the 'a' is in some cases changed to 'ei' or 'e'.

a -lph	a -lch	a -ng	a -rn
a → ei	a → ei	a → e	a → e
alph = swan	falch = gorge	fang = beard	narn = story
eilph = swans	haggle = gorges	feng = beards	nern = stories

Phonology

The phonology of Sindarin was constructed by JRR Tolkien based on that of Welsh ; therefore, the two languages overlap in terms of their prosodic and phonotactic features. The Germanic languages Anglo-Saxon , Old Norse and Old Icelandic also exerted influences on the sound structure of Sindarin , whereby these mainly come into play in relation to grammar and especially the plural formation of Sindarin, which is strongly based on the Germanic umlaut .

Consonants

Sindarin knows a total of 25 pulmonic-egressive consonants, which with a few exceptions correspond to those of German , with 23 individual consonantic phonemes and 2 further allophones of a single phoneme to be distinguished.

The following table lists all Sindarin consonants:
Pulmonary egressive consonants of Sindarin according to the IPA
Place →	labial				Coronal				Dorsal			Glottal
↓ Art	Bilabial		Labiodental		Dental		Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
nasal	m						n			ŋ
Plosive	p	b					t	d		k	ɡ
Fricative			f	v	θ	ð	s			x		H
Approximant							ɹ		j
Flap							ɾ
Vibrant							r̥	r
Lateral approximant							l̥	l
Labialized approximant										ʍ	w

Notes ([A 1] - [A 26])0
↑ Where phonetic signs appear in pairs, the left phonetic sign represents a voiceless sound and the right phonetic sign a voiced sound. ↑ This sound is always transcribed with m⟩ . ↑ This sound is transcribed with n⟩. ↑ A transcription of this sound is based realized by ⟨ng⟩ or ⟨n⟩ If [ŋ] in the presence or medially speaking (mostly before [ɡ] and [k]), is usually ⟨n⟩ (followed by ⟨ g⟩ or ⟨c⟩) written; if ⟨ng⟩ or ⟨nc⟩ occurs at the beginning or in the middle of a word, this sequence of letters should be pronounced as [ŋɡ] or [ŋk]. If [ŋ] appears in the final , one usually transcribes ⟨ng⟩ and less often ⟨ñ⟩. In rare cases in which [⁠ ŋ ⁠] is in the presence or medially before a vowel and is not accompanied by another consonant (as in [ ŋɔldɔr ]), it can also be transcribed with ⟨ñ⟩. ↑ This sound is preferably transcribed with ⟨p⟩. It should be noted that the voiceless plosives [p], [k] and [t] can never take position after vowels, because they are weakened in the context of the lenition of Sindarin to the voiceless plosives [b], [ɡ] and [d] were; in Quenya who does not know such a mutation, the voiceless plosives received after vowels: The Sindarinwort ma b or ( hand ) has in Quenya the correspondence ma p a , the soft Sindarin a g lar ( fame ) is in Quenya a c lar and the Sindarin term a d an ( human ) becomes a t an in Quenya . ↑ This sound ⟨b⟩ serves as a transcription symbol. ↑ This sound is always transcribed with ⟨t⟩. It should be noted that the voiceless plosives [p], [k] and [t] can never take position after vowels, because they are weakened in the context of the lenition of Sindarin to the voiceless plosives [b], [ɡ] and [d] were; in Quenya who does not know such a mutation, the voiceless plosives received after vowels: The Sindarinwort ma b or ( hand ) has in Quenya the correspondence ma p a , the soft Sindarin a g lar ( fame ) is in Quenya a c lar and the Sindarin term a d an ( human ) becomes a t an in Quenya . ↑ This sound is preferably transcribed with ⟨d⟩. ↑ A transcription of this sound is realized using ⟨c⟩ and never ⟨k⟩. It should be noted that the voiceless plosives [p], [k] and [t] can never take position after vowels, because they are weakened in the context of the lenition of Sindarin to the voiceless plosives [b], [ɡ] and [d] were; Quenya who does not know such a mutation, the voiceless plosives received after vowels: The Sindarinwort ma b or ( hand ) has in Quenya the correspondence ma p a , the soft Sindarin a g lar ( fame ) is in Quenya a c lar and the Sindarin term a d an ( human ) becomes a t an in Quenya . ↑ This sound is transcribed with ⟨g⟩. ↑ Both dientf⟩ and ⟨ph⟩ serve as a transcription symbol for this sound: As a rule, ⟨f⟩ is used to reproduce [f] if [f] is in the initial or internal word; ⟨Ph⟩ is used as a transcription symbol for the short spoken [f] when it appears in the final (the character ⟨f⟩ at the end of a word stands for a final [v]), and reproduces the long spoken [fː] that im Initial or internal. It should also be noted that the short spoken [f] (unlike the long articulated [fː]) can never take a position in the final part of a word or before the nasal [n] because it is weakened here to [v]. ↑ A transcription of this sound is realized using ⟨v⟩ or ⟨f⟩: Here, ⟨v⟩ is always used if [v] is in the initial or internal wording, while ⟨f⟩ is used to reproduce [v] when it is is spoken at the end. It should also be noted that the older Sindarin had a nasalized [ṽ] transcribed with mh⟩, which later developed into the simple [v]. ↑ This sound is always transcribed with ⟨th⟩, based on English. ↑ The transcription of this sound is based on Germanic philology with ⟨dh⟩. ↑ A transcription of this sound is realized using ⟨s⟩ or ⟨ss⟩; According to the current state of knowledge, the transcription with ⟨s and ⟨ss⟩ takes place irregularly: The only thing that can be determined is that ⟨s⟩ is mainly (but not exclusively) transcribed in the initial and internal voice, while ⟨ss⟩ is basically (but not in this case either) exclusively) occurs in the final and not in the initial volume. With regard to the different transcription possibilities of the sound [f] (namely ⟨f⟩ and ⟨ph⟩) and the gemination of the nasals [m] and [n] and the lateral approximant [l], it can be assumed that ⟨s⟩ always that short spoken [s] and ⟨ss⟩ reproduces the long articulated [sː]; However, so far there is no evidence of this. It should be noted that in Sindarin there is no voiced execution of this sound ([z]). ↑ This sound is preferably transcribed with ⟨ch⟩ with regard to Germanic linguistics; compare the German a ch ([ˈa x ]). ↑ This sound ⟨h⟩ serves as a transcription symbol. [h] is in Sindarin - unlike the French - not silent. ↑ This sound is transcribed with r⟩; [ɹ] is a free allophone to [r], which is the standard pronunciation of the transcription letter ⟨r⟩. ↑ This sound is always transcribed with ⟨i⟩. It should be noted that [j] only occurs in the initial and before vowels. ↑ A transcription of this sound is realized using ⟨r⟩; [ɾ] is a combinatorial allophone for the standard pronunciation of the transcription letter ⟨r⟩ [r] and can only relate to a position between vowels. ↑ This sound is transcribed with ⟨rh⟩. ↑ This sound is preferably transcribed with ⟨r⟩; [r] knows two allophones: the free allophone [ɹ] and the combinatorial allophone [ɾ] that only occurs between vowels. ↑ A transcription of this sound is realized using ⟨lh⟩. Sometimes you can read that instead of [l̥] a lateral fricative anstelle is spoken in Sindarin ; With regard to the voiceless pronunciation of the graphemes ⟨rh⟩ [r̥] and ⟨wh⟩ ([ʍ]), however, the voiceless pronunciation as a lateral approximant [l̥] can be considered more likely than the pronunciation as fricative. ↑ This sound ⟨l⟩ serves as the transcription symbol. ↑ This sound is transcribed as ⟨wh⟩ or hw⟩. ↑ This sound is transcribed with ⟨w⟨.

Gemination

Some consonants of Sindarin know the principle of Gemination : You are in the home or final position (but not in the initial sound ) of a lexeme speaking (the word) with double Length: So the consonant [m] is about geminated (doubled) spoken during his short form [m] is simply articulated .

With regard to the change in the syllable structure of those Sindarin lexemes in which geminates (geminated consonants) occur, it is necessary to distinguish between polysyllabic (polysyllabic) and monosyllabic (monosyllabic) lexemes:

In Sindarin polysyllabic lexemes, geminates can appear either internally or internally (but of course not in both positions at the same time):

If they take up position in the final, the syllable structure does not change and the geminates form - like the simply spoken consonants - the syllable coda of the final syllable of the lexeme in which they occur.
If, on the other hand, a Geminate is pronounced as a polysyllabic word, the syllable structure changes and the double consonant behaves ambisyllabically : It now forms the syllable coda of the syllable whose nucleus is the monophthong or diphthong that precedes it, and the syllable attachment of the syllable whose nucleus is the dem Double consonants following monophthong or diphthong, where a simply spoken consonant would have formed either the syllable coda of the preceding syllable or the starting point of the following syllable.

In monosyllabic lexemes, geminates can only appear in the final and accordingly form the syllable coda of the syllable of the lexeme; the Geminates do not change the syllable structure of monosyllabic Sindarin words.

The consonants of Sindarin capable of gemination are:

the voiceless labiodental fricative [f], which can only appear as [f In] when internally minted and thus only transcribed in polysyllabic lexemes with the digraph ⟨ph⟩ (as an example, a ph arch with the pronunciation [ˈa fː arx] and the Meaning dry, dry serving)
the voiced lateral alveolar approximant [l], which occurs mainly in the internal and much less often in the final doubled than [lː] and then transcribed with ⟨ll⟩ (for example in ca ll on with the pronunciation [ˈka lː ɔn] and the meaning hero )
the voiced bilabial nasal [m], which, as a geminated [m⟩] transcribed with ⟨mm, takes a position both internally and finally (for example in ha mm ad with the pronunciation [ˈha mː ad] and the meaning of clothing, item of clothing ) and
the voiced alveolar nasal [n], which occurs as a longer spoken [nː] transcribed with ⟨nn⟩ - similar to [mː] - both internally and finally (such as in a nn on with the pronunciation [ˈa nː ɔn ] and the meaning of gate ).

Vowels

The vowels of Sindarin

front

central

back

closed

i • y

u

ɛ

ɔ

a

0almost closed

0half closed

medium

half open

almost open

open

In the case of pairs of symbols, the symbol on the left represents the
unrounded vowel and the symbol on the right represents the rounded vowel.
Back tongue vowels are always rounded and front tongue vowels,
with the exception of the [y], must be spoken unrounded.

Notes ([B 1] - [B 6])0
↑ This sound is always transcribed with ⟨i⟩. It should also be noted that in Sindarin an [i] can never take a position in front of vowels; here it mutates to a [j] (whereby the transcription does not change). While an [i] in Sindarin can never form the first element of a diphthong , it forms the second element in some cases: So with [ai̯], [ɛi̯] and [ui̯]. ↑ This sound is transcribed using the symbol ⟨y⟩. A peculiarity of the sound [y] is that in Sindarin it is never part of a diphthong (the Sindarin does not know any diphthongs like [ay̯] or [ya̯]), therefore only as a monophthong and consequently in the internal only between consonants, only in the initial occurs before consonants and in the final only after consonants. ↑ [u] is transcribed with both ⟨u⟩ and ⟨w⟩: Here, ⟨u findet is always used, where wobeiw⟩ is used when [u] is the second element of a final diphthong: It becomes gaw instead of gau for [ɡau̯] transcribed with the meaning void, gap . [u] can be the first as well as the second element of a diphthong: so it is the second in [au̯] and the first element in [ui̯]. ↑ This sound is especially well transcribed with ⟨e⟩. [ɛ] can be both the first and the second element of a diphthong: This is the first element in [ɛiɛ] and the second element in [aɛ̯]. A special feature of [ɛ] is that it has replaced the rounded vowel [œ] (transcribed as ⟨œ⟩ or incorrectly licherweiseoe⟩) in the older Sindarin: the original Gœlydh ([ˈɡœlyð]) became Gelydh ([ ˈꞬɛlyð]). ↑ Basically, ⟨o⟩ serves as the transcription symbol for this sound. In Sindarin, [ɔ] is never the second element of a diphthong, but the first element of one (see [ɔɛ̯]). ↑ This sound is usually transcribed with ⟨a⟩. It is interesting that in Sindarin [a] cannot in any case be the second element of a diphthong, while in some cases it is the first element of such a thing (for example in [aɛ̯], [ai̯] and [au̯]). One can often read that the back vowel [ɑ] is articulated instead of the front tongue vowel [a]; Judging by Tolkien's own pronunciation of Elvish, however, the ⟨a⟩ of Sindarin and Quenya is a fore and not a back vowel, which means that a pronunciation as [ɑ] can be excluded.

Sindarin is a relatively low-vowel language: It has six monophthongs ([a], [ɛ], [i], [ɔ], [u] and [y]) and six diphthongs ([aɛ̯], [ai̯], [au̯ ], [ɛi̯], [ɔɛ̯] and [ui̯]).

Monophthongs

Sindarin has, as can be seen from the adjacent vowel trapezoid and has already been mentioned, six monophthongs (simple vowels ): four front tongue vowels ([a], [ɛ], [i] and [y]) and two back tongue vowels ([ɔ] and [u]) or both three unrounded ([a], [ɛ] and [i]) and three rounded ([ɔ], [y] and [u]) vowels.

The Sindarin monophthongs can be spoken both short (for example [a]) and long (for example [aː]); A distinction in length of the spoken vowels leads in the Sindarin vocabulary - unlike in German - to a semantic distinction; Phonematic differences exist between the short and long vowels of Sindarin .

Short monophthongs do not receive a diacritical mark in the Sindarin transcription , but if precision is required they can be marked with a breve (˘): Basically, the short vowels [a], [ɛ], [i], [u], [ ɔ] and [y] according to this order just ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨o⟩ and ⟨y⟩ are transcribed, whereby when marked with a breve consequently ⟨ă⟩, ⟨ĕ⟩ , ⟨Ĭ⟩, ⟨ŭ⟩, ⟨ŏ⟩ and ⟨y̆⟩ would be transcribed. An example of a word with short vowels provides ⟨ a d a n⟩ or ⟨ ă d ă n⟩ meaning man and pronunciation [adan].

In the transcription of Sindarin, long monophthongs - unlike short monophthongs - are always diacritical; Here, a distinction is sometimes made between long vowels of polysyllabic ( polysyllabic ) and monosyllabic (monosyllabic) lexemes (words):

Long monophthongs of polysyllabic words are marked with an acute accent (´): [aː], [ɛː], [iː], [uː], [ɔː] and [yː] are used as vowels of a polysyllabic word in this order ⟨á⟩, ⟨ é⟩, ⟨í⟩, ⟨ú⟩, ⟨ó⟩ and ⟨ý⟩ are transcribed. The word hierzud ú nadan⟩ or ⟨d ú nădăn⟩ with the meaning Western man and the pronunciation [ˈduːnˌadan] may serve as an example .
Long monophthongs of monosyllabic words are marked with a circumflex (^): [aː], [ɛː], [iː], [uː], [ɔː] and [yː] are used as vowels of a monosyllabic word in this order ⟨â⟩, ⟨ ê⟩, ⟨î⟩, ⟨û⟩, ⟨ô⟩ and ⟨ŷ⟩ are transcribed. The word ⟨d û r⟩ with the pronunciation [ˈduːr] and the meanings dark, sinister , which is known to many from the combination of Barad-dûr ( dark tower ), may serve as an example.

Based on classical philology , a macron (¯) can also be used to mark the long vowels of Sindarin - regardless of whether they are long monophthong mono- or polysyllabic lexemes : [aː], [ɛː], [iː], [uː ], [ɔː] and [yː] are then transcribed as ⟨ā⟩, ⟨ē⟩, ⟨ī⟩, ⟨ū⟩, ⟨ō⟩ and ⟨ȳ⟩, respectively.

Diphthongs

In addition to its six monophthongs , Sindarin also knows six diphthongs , which are classified as falling diphthongs due to their emphasis on the first element (vowel) : three diphthongs with [a] as the first element ([aɛ̯], [ai̯] and [au̯] ) and one diphthong each with the first element [ɛ] ([ɛi̯]), [u] ([ui̯]) and [ɔ] ([ɔɛ̯]).

All Sindarin diphthongs naturally consist of two short vowel elements, since for phonotactic reasons no diphthongs can be formed from long vowel elements: The vowel pair [au̯], which consists of the short vowels [a] and [u], can be used as a diphthong in one syllable can be pronounced, while a pronunciation of the vowel combination [au] as a diphthong in Sindarin is not possible because it cannot be articulated in a syllable (instead it is a hiat ).

The diphthongs of Sindarin are based on the transcription of those characters vowels, from which they are composed, transcribed : For [aɛ̯] is ⟨ae⟩ for [AI] ⟨ai⟩ and [ɛi̯] ⟨ei⟩ transcribed, while [UI] with ⟨ui ⟩ And [ɔɛ̯] is translated into the Latin script with ⟨oe⟩ . The only exception is the diphthong [au̯], which, if it is at the end of a lexeme, is transcribed with ⟨aw⟩ and otherwise, according to the rule, with ⟨au⟩.

This phoneme table serves as an aid to the pronunciation of the Sindarin words:
Spelling	According to ( IPA )	Example word		pronunciation
a	[⁠ a ⁠]	A rwen	[ A rwɛn]	[a] as in French. a voir ([ˌ a vwaʀ]), and almost as dt. m a chen ([m ä χn̩]) spoken .
ae	[ aɛ̯ ]	ae ar	[ Aɛ̯ ar]	[aɛ̯] is almost as dt. Ae rodynamik ([ˌ AEE ʁo (ː) dy (ː) näːmɪk]) or French. Aé robic ([ˌ AE spoken ʀɔbik]).
ai	[ ai̯ ]	he ai n	[ˈƐr ai̯ n]	[AI] is almost like in Germany. egg ([ äɪ̯ ]), M ai ([m äɪ̯ ]), M ei se ([m äɪ̯ spoken zə]).
au or aw	[ au̯ ]	au r	[ AU r]	[AU] is almost like in Germany. au s ([ äʊ̯ spoken s]).
b	[⁠ b ⁠]	B eren	[ B ɛrɛn]	[b] as in dt. B all ([ b spoken Äl]).
c	[⁠ k ⁠]	C eleborn	[ K ɛlɛbɔrn]	[k] as in dt. k lar ([ k eng (ʰ) läːɐ̯]). c rop ([ k ɹɒp]) or French. c o q ([ k ɔ k spoken]).
ch	[⁠ x ⁠]	na- ch aered, Foro ch el	[naˈ x aɛ̯rɛd], [ˈfɔrɔ x ɛl]	[x] is spoken like in German a ch t ([ˈä x tʰ]).
d	[⁠ d ⁠]	d ael	[ D aɛ̯l]	[d] as in dt. d ann ([ d spoken än]).
ie	[⁠ ð ⁠]	nar ie	[ˈNar ð ]	[ð] is used as in English th is ([ ð ɪs]) articulated .
e	[⁠ ɛ ⁠]	e r e d	[ Ɛ r ɛ d]	[ɛ] is like in German B e tt ([ˈb ɛ tʰ]) and almost like in English. t e n ([ˈt ɛ̝ n]) spoken.
egg	[ ɛi̯ ]	ei thel	[ Ɛi̯ θɛl]	[ɛi̯] is almost like in English. gr ey ([ˈɡɹ ɛɪ̯ ]) spoken.
f	[⁠ f ⁠]	f alas	[ F alas]	[f] is articulated as in German Ha f t ([ˈhä f tʰ]).
f	[⁠ v ⁠]	ne f	[ˈNɛ v ]	[v] is like the German V ase ([ v talked äːzə]).
G	[⁠ ɡ ⁠]	G il- g alad	[ Ɡ il ɡ alad]	[ɡ] as in dt. G ott ([ ɡ spoken ɔtʰ]).
H	[⁠ h ⁠]	H ador	[ H adɔr]	[h] as in dt. H of ([ h spoken äʊ̯s]).
hw	[⁠ ʍ ⁠]	hw ind	[ ʍ ind]	[ʍ] as a voiceless [w] as in English wh at ([ ʍ ɒt]), spoken.
i	[⁠ i ⁠]	i mlad	[ I mlad]	[i] is articulated as in German Mus i ker ([ˈmu (ː) z i kʰɐ]).
i	[⁠ j ⁠]	I oreth	[ J ɔrɛθ]	[j], as shown in dt. J unge ([ j ʊŋə]) or Engl. y ou ([ j u]) spoken.
y	[⁠ y ⁠]	Y rch, er y d	[ Y rx], [ɛr y d]	[y] is as in dt. B ü ro ([B y ʁoː]) or French. l u ne ([l y articulated n]).
l	[⁠ l ⁠]	l just	[ L ɛbɛn]	[l], as shown in dt. L atte ([ l spoken ätʰə]).
lh	[ l̥ ]	lh ain	[ L Ain]	[l̥] is to be spoken as voiceless [l].
m	[⁠ m ⁠]	M oria	[ M ɔria]	[m] as in dt. M atte ([ m to speak ätʰə]).
n	[⁠ n ⁠]	n imrais	[ N imrai̯s]	[n] should be spoken as in German n ass ([ n äs]).
n	[⁠ ŋ ⁠]	Ortha n c, ni n glor,	[ˈƆrθa ŋ k], [ˈni ŋ ɡlɔr]	[ŋ] is spoken like in German Lu ng e ([ˈlʊ ŋ ə]).
ng	[⁠ ŋ ⁠]	Glamdri ng	[ˈꞬlamdri ŋ ]	[ŋ] is spoken as in German Ha ng ([ˈhä ŋ ]).
O	[⁠ ɔ ⁠]	o r o d	[ Ɔ r ɔ d]	[ɔ] as in dt. o ffen ([ ɔ articulate FN]).
oe	[ ɔɛ̯ ]	n oe g	[ˈN ɔɛ̯ g]	[ɔɛ̯] should be spoken as in Latin p oe na ([ˈp ɔɛ̯ na] meaning punishment ).
œ or oe	[⁠ œ ⁠]	arn œ diad or arn oe diad	[ˈArˈn œ diad]	[œ] as in dt. ö fter ([ œ spoken ftʰɐ]).
p	[⁠ p ⁠]	p aur	[ P AUR]	[p] as in dt. P rall ([ p talk ʁäl]).
ph	[⁠ f ⁠] or [ F ]	a ph arch	[ˈA fː arx]	[f] as in dt. Sym ph onie ([ˌzʏm f spoken o (ː) Ni]); [fː] is to be spoken as double [f].
gw	[ gw ] or [ gʷ ]	gw ael	[ G aɛ̯l] or [ gw aɛ̯l]	[gw] or [gʷ] is like in English. Gw ent ([ ɡʷ ɛnt] or [ ɡw to speak ɛnt]).
r	[⁠ r ⁠]	R au r os	[ R AU r ɔs]	[r] should be spoken as in Spanish pe rr o ([ˈpɛ r o] meaning dog ).
rh	[ r̥ ]	Rh ûn	[ R un]	[r̥] is to be spoken as a voiceless [r].
s	[⁠ s ⁠]	s igil	[ S igil]	[s] is to be spoken as in German Nu ss ([ˈnʊ s ]).
th	[⁠ θ ⁠]	Th ingol	[ Θ iŋgɔl]	[θ] is like in engl. th in ([ θ articulate ɪn]).
t	[⁠ t ⁠]	t achol	[ T axɔl]	[t] as shown in dt. T unnel ([ t speak ʊnl̩]).
u	[⁠ u ⁠]	u ngol	[ U ŋɡɔl]	[u] is to be spoken as in German z u before ([ˌʦ u ˈfoːɐ̯]) and almost as in German N u ss ([ˈn ʊ s]).
among others	[ among others ]	h ua n	[ˈH u.a n]	[ua] is to be spoken almost like in German d ua l ([ˈd u.ä l]) when it is spoken in a hurry, monosyllabic and with the syllable on the u and not, as is normally the case, with the Stress on the second syllable ([ˌduˈäːl]).
ue	[ u.ɛ ]	c ue n	[ˈK u.ɛ n]	[u.ɛ] should be spoken as [u] followed by [ɛ].
ui	[ ui̯ ]	f ui n	[ˈF ui̯ n]	[ui̯] is almost like speaking in German pf ui ([ˈpf ʊi̯ ]).
v	[⁠ v ⁠]	for v enna	[forˈ v ɛnːa]	[v] as in dt. W elt ([ v articulate ɛltʰ]).
w	[⁠ w ⁠]	Ar w en	[ˈAr w ɛn]	[w] is like in engl. w ind ([ w ɪnd]) to pronounce.

accent

Like most Indo-European languages , Sindarin uses a dynamic accent to accentuate its words; This dynamic accent is also a word accent: The Sindarin lexemes are emphasized - as in German - by intensifying the breath pressure of certain of their syllables.

The emphasis of the words of Sindarin is based on high that the most spoken languages with dynamic word stress, therefore strongly depends on the quantity of the syllable summit forming vowels and can by the Pänultimaregel of Latin or the Three More Act of ancient Greek are described below:

Two-syllable lexemes are always stressed on the penultimate syllable ( panultima ); they are thus always Paroxytona .
The emphasis in three- and more-syllable lexemes falls on the penultimate syllable (panultima) if this is naturally long - i.e. has a long monophthong or a diphthong as a syllable apex - or if it is closed - i.e. ends consonantically - and covers the last syllable of the lexeme - thus starting with a consonant - is.
The emphasis on three- and more-syllable lexemes falls in all other cases apart from the one described above and especially on the penultimate or third-last syllable (Antepenultima), if this is short - i.e. has a short monophthong.

Monosyllabic lexemes - like certain prepositions and articles - are sometimes unstressed in Sindarin (and logically to be regarded as clitics ) because they cause phonological mutations in the words that follow them .

Initial mutations

A special phonological feature of Sindarin, which it has in common with the island Celtic languages such as Irish and Welsh , are the initial mutations that occur under certain circumstances ; Here the initial consonant of a word that is subject to an initial mutation is articulated differently than in its original form or is completely silent.

Due to the phonetic sign-sound ratio of Sindarin, the initial mutations are not only articulatory, but also morphologically implemented, so that the changed pronunciation of a word is accompanied by an equally changed spelling.

Five types of initial mutation are known to Sindarin: a lenition , a nasal mutation , a plosive mutation , a liquid mutation and a mixed mutation .

Lenition

In the context of Lenition or Lenition be anlautende Fortes (such as [⁠ p ⁠] or [⁠ m ⁠] ) by a preceding vowel (monophthong or diphthong) as [⁠ i ⁠] (in Sindarin of certain products in the singular) to their corresponding Lene (such as [⁠ b ⁠] to [⁠ p ⁠] or [⁠ v ⁠] to [⁠ m ⁠] weakened). The following table lists the changes in Sindarin phonetic sounds that were associated with lenization.

Examples of lenition through article i :
line	an initial consonant	with Article	meaning	double initial consonant	with Article	meaning
p	paur	i baur	the strength, power	plad	i blad	the palm
t	tôl	i dôl	the island, the head	drown	i drann	the administrative district
c	cair	i gair	the ship	claur	i glaur	the glamor, the fame
b	benn	i venn	the man	brass	i vrass	the embers, the heat
d	doron	i dhoron	the Oak	on it	i dhraug	the wolf
G	galadh	i'aladh	the tree	glamor	i'lamor	the noise
m	mellon	i vellon	the boyfriend
lh	lhaw	i (th) law	the ears, the pair of ears
rh	rhach	i (th) rach	the plague, the injustice
s	sereg	i hereg	the blood
H	harad	i charad	the South	hwest	i west	the breath, the breath
Special forms Words of the root stems mb-, nd-, ng-
(m) b	Federation	i mouth	the nose, the bull
(n) d	dagor	i nagor	the battle
(n) g	goldor	i ngoldor	the Noldor Elves
Initial consonants without mutation
n	ninglor	i ninglor	the iris
l	lembas	i lembas	the bread of life
f	faroth	i faroth	the hunter
r	smelled	i smelled	the steed, the horse
th	thoron	i thoron	the Eagle

Examples

After one of the mutation rules is a anlautendes "s" ( [⁠ s ⁠] ) by the Lenition to an "h" ( [⁠ h ⁠] ).

sarn = "stone" becomes i-harn = "the stone" by prefixing the article "i"

But there is already a word “harn”. In order to distinguish them from each mutated to another rule "h" ( [⁠ h ⁠] ) to "ch" ( [⁠ x ⁠] ).

harn = "helmet" becomes i-charn = "the helmet" by prefixing the article "i"

A well-known example of the non-application of lenization is the inscription on the gate of Moria :

"Pedo mellon a minno!" - "Speak friend and come in!"

Strictly speaking, would this "pedo v Ellon a Minno" are because the "m" ( [⁠ m ⁠] ) that the imperative "pedo" and thus in a vowel ( [⁠ ɔ ⁠] follows) to "v" ( [⁠ v ⁠] be) lenited would. Possibly this inscription is a special case because it is a riddle and the gate only opens when the word is pronounced correctly, ie "mellon".

Nasal mutation

The Nasalmutation when certain words on one occurs Nasal like "n" ( [⁠ n ⁠] to follow). It is triggered, for example, by the definite article in the plural, “in”, the preposition “an” for after, for, to, through, with or “dan” for against . The following table lists the Sindarin sound changes associated with the nasal mutation.

Examples of the nasal mutation by the preposition to :
line	Single sounds	Nasal mutation	meaning	Sound groups	Nasal mutation	meaning
p	an + paur	a phaur	with strength, power	an + plad	a phlad	with the palm of your hand
t	an + tôl	a thôl	to the island, to the head	an + trann	a thrann	to the administrative district
c	to + cair	a chair	with the ship, towards the ship	to + claur	a chlaur	with glory, with fame
b	an + benn	a menn	for the man	an + brass	a mrass	through embers, with heat
d	an + doron	a noron	to the oak	on + draug	on draug	through the wolf, towards the wolf
G	an + galadh	a ngaladh	to the tree	an + glamor	of glamor	with noise
Alignment → double consonants become a simple short form or with an ellipsis
m	an + mellon	a (m) mellon (mm → m)	for the friend, for the friend
lh	an + lhaw	al lhaw → a 'law	with the ears, for the pair of ears
rh	an + rhach	ar rhach → a 'rach	by a plague, wrongly
s	to + sereg	as sereg → a sereg	with blood
H	an + harad	ah harad → a charad	to the south	an + hwest	ah hwest → a (ch) west	with the breath
Special forms Words of the root stems mb-, nd-, ng-
(m) b	an + bund	a mbund	with the nose, towards the bull
(n) d	an + dagor	a ndagor	to battle
(n) g	an + goldor	a ngoldor, añ goldor	with the Noldor Elves
Initial consonants without mutation
n	an + ninglor	a (n) ninglor	to the iris
l	an + lembas	al lembas	with the bread of life
f	to + faroth	a (f) faroth	to the hunter, through the hunter
r	on + smelled	adh smelled	towards the horse, through the horse
th	an + thoron	a (th) thoron	with the eagle

Plosive mutation

The Plosivmutation or stop mutation , mostly by Tolkien as hard mutation was referred to, is - as its name suggests - triggered by words on a plosive like "t" ( [⁠ t ⁠] ) or "d" ( [⁠ d ⁠] ) end. The following table lists the changes in the Sindarin sound associated with the plosive mutation.

Examples of the plosive mutation caused by the preposition od for *from, away from, moving away* :
line	Single sounds	Plosive mutation	meaning	Sound groups	Plosive mutation	meaning
p	od + paur	o phaur	of strength, power	od + plad	o phlad	away from the palm of your hand
t	od + tôl	o thôl	from the island, away from the head	od + trann	o thrann	from the administrative district
c	od + cair	o chair	away from the ship	od + claur	oh chlaur	of glory, of fame
b	od + benn	o benn	away from the man	od + brass	o brass	from the embers, from the heat
d	od + doron	o doron	away from the oak	od + draug	o on it	away from the wolf
G	od + galadh	o galadh	from the tree	od + glamor	o glamor	from the noise
Alignment → double consonants become a simple short form or with an ellipsis
m	od + mellon	o mellon	from friend (removing)
lh	od + lhaw	o (th) law	away from the ears (getting quieter)
rh	od + rhach	o (th) revenge	from injustice
s	od + sereg	o (s) sereg	from the blood
H	od + harad	o charad	away from the south	od + hwest	o (ch) west	from the breath, from the breath
Special forms Words of the root stems mb-, nd-, ng-
(m) b	od + bund	o covenant	away from the nose, away from the bull
(n) d	od + dagor	o dagor	from the battle (removing)
(n) g	od + goldor	o goldor	from the Noldor Elves (removing)
Initial consonants without mutation
n	od + ninglor	o (d) ninglor	away from the iris
l	od + lembas	o (d) lembas	of the bread of life
f	od + faroth	o (f) faroth	away from the hunter
r	od + smelled	o (d) smelled	away from the horse
th	od + thoron	o (th) thoron	from the eagle

Liquid mutation

The Liquid mutation is - as its name suggests - triggered by words that end in a liquid - that a lateral as "l" ( [⁠ l ⁠] ) or vibrants as "r" ( [⁠ r ⁠] ) - end. As part of the liquid mutation, previous liquids turn initial plosives into fricatives . The following table lists the sound changes in Sindarin associated with the liquid mutation.

Examples of the liquid mutation through the preposition or for *auf, auf* :
line	Single sounds	Plosive mutation	meaning	Sound groups	Plosive mutation	meaning
p	or + paur	or vaur	on strength, power	or + plad	or phlad	on the palm
t	or + tôl	or thôl	on the island, upside down	or + trann	or drown	on the administrative district
c	or + cair	or chair	on the ship	or + claur	or chlaur	on the shine, on the fame
b	or + benn	or menn	on the man	or + brass	or vrass	on the embers, on the heat
d	or + doron	or dhoron	on the oak	or + draug	or dhraug	on the wolf
G	or + galadh	or 'aladh	on the tree	or + glamor	or 'lamor	on noise
Alignment → double consonants become a simple short form or with an ellipsis
m	or + mellon	or vellon	on the friend
lh	or + lhaw	or 'law	on the ears
rh	or + rhach	or 'revenge	injustice
s	or + sereg	or sereg	on blood
H	or + harad	or charad	towards the south	or + hwest	or chwest	on the breath, on the breath
Special forms Words of the root stems mb-, nd-, ng-
(m) b	or + bund	or bund	on the nose, on the bull
(n) d	or + dagor	or dagor	towards the battle
(n) g	or + goldor	or goldor	of the Noldor Elves
Initial consonants without mutation
n	or + ninglor	or ninglor	on the iris
l	or + lembas	or lembas	on the bread of life
f	or + faroth	or faroth	on the hunter
r	or + smelled	or smelled	on the horse
th	or + thoron	or thoron	on the eagle

Mixed mutation

The so-called mixed mutation has only been reconstructed from a single text source, the “Kings Letter”, and consequently Tolkien did not specify it as a generally valid variant of the initial mutation; therefore the following table, which lists the sound changes associated with the mixed mutation, is only to be understood as a rough overview of a mixed mutation that may be structured much more precisely. The mixed mutation can be triggered by the determinatorially used possessive article "en (a)" or prepositional compounds with "(i) n", such as "erin" (or + in = to the), "ben" (be + n = coinciding with the), "nan" (na + n = to the) or "uin" (o + in = from the).

Examples of the mixed mutation by the possessive article *en (a)* for *des, der, dem (genitive)* :
line	Single sounds	mutation	meaning	Sound groups	mutation	meaning
p	en + paur	e baur	of strength, of force	en + prestad	e mrestad	the disruption, the transformation, the change
t	en + tôl	e dôl	the island, the head, the head	en + trann	e drann	of the administrative district
c	en + cair	e gair	of the ship, the ship	en + claur	en glaur	of shine, of fame
b	en + benn	e name	the man, the man	or + brass	or vrass	on the embers, on the heat
d	en + doron	e doron	the oak	en + draug	edraug	of the wolf, the wolf
G	en + galadh	e galadh	of the tree, the tree	en + glamor	en glamor	the noise
Alignment → double consonants, simple short form or with ellipses
m	en + mellon	e (m) mellon	of the friend, the friend
lh	en + lhaw	e 'law	the ears, the pair of ears
rh	en + rhach	e 'rach	of injustice, injustice
s	en + sereg	e hereg or e sereg	of the blood, the blood
H	en + harad	e (c) harad	of the south, the south	en + hwest	e (ch) west	the breath, the breath
Special forms Words of the root stems mb-, nd-, ng-
(m) b	en + bund	e mbund	the nose, the bull
(n) d	en + dagor	endagor	the battle
(n) g	en + goldor	e ngoldor	the Noldor Elves
Initial consonants without mutation
n	en + ninglor	e (n) ninglor	the iris
l	en + lembas	el lembas	the bread of life
f	en + faroth	e (f) faroth	the hunter
r	en + smelled	edh smelled	of the horse, the horse
th	en + thoron	e (th) thoron	of the eagle, the eagle

grammar

Here is an overview of the most striking features of Sindarin grammar:

Like the island Celtic languages , Sindarin contains initial mutations that were originally of phonological origin, but later often became grammatical ( e.g. dae [ shadow ] → i dhae [ the shadow ]).
Plurals are formed similarly to German and z. Sometimes in Welsh with umlauts ( e.g. amon [ hill ] → emyn [ several hills ]).
Conjugation of verbs is similar to the German by suffixes (Ex .: ped- [ Talk , stem] → pedin edhellen [ I speak Elvish ]). Like Latin , Sindarin does not need an additional pronoun ( so pedin edhellen literally means “speak Elvish”).

Nouns (nouns and adjectives)

The nouns in Sindarin are usually not subject to a case , they just change from singular to plural. The same goes for the adjectives. Temporal or spatial relationships are expressed using prepositions . Nevertheless, the nominative (basic form) of nouns differs from the accusative (lenient form)

Example: têw = letter → teithon dêw = I write a letter.

The plural formation occurs either through umlaut or through collectivization. Thus, by adding a collective plural, the star = el can become a star cluster = elenath , i.e. all stars. It is therefore a collective term for a certain type of thing or living being.

Example: Perian = hobbit or halfling → Periannath = halflings in their entirety (collectively) or the simple plural formation by umlaut Periain = halflings.

Adjectives are distinguished from nouns by suffixes , i.e. by adding '-eb', '-en', '-ren' or '-ui'.

noun	meaning	adjective	meaning
nec	iron	angren	iron, made of iron
nec	iron	angrenui	ferrous, ferrous
uan	monster	uanui	monster-like, unsightly
aglar	Fame	aglareb	glorious, famous

Forms of intensification of the adjective are usually caused by a prefix. So maer = good with a preceding ' an- ' ammaer = very good. Here there is again a sound adjustment, so that 'an-maer' becomes 'am-maer'. From saer = bitter, sour becomes anhaer = very sour (mutation s → h). These sound adjustments are used to make pronunciation easier and give the word a softer sound.

Case realization of oblique cases

The case implementation of oblique cases ( i.e. those cases that do not designate the subject of a sentence; these include the genitive or possessive, dative and accusative in contrast to the nominative) of Sindarin differs greatly from the case implementation of oblique cases in inflected languages such as German : Morphologically, these cases are not identified in Sindarin; they are identified by the word order (and, among other things, certain mutations).

accusative

As already mentioned, the accusative case of the direct object is characterized by the word order and the mutations associated with the finite verb forms:

Example: têw = letter → teithon dêw = I write a letter.

Genitive, possessive

The genitive can be read from the word order. The sentence "Ennyn Durin, Aran Moria" means "the doors of Durin, the King of Moria" and can be interpreted as "the Durin doors, the Lord of Moria".

In the early Sindarin von Doriath there were also the genitive endings '-a' and '-on', as in "Dagnir Glaurunga" (killer Glaurungs) or "Nauglafring" (dwarf collar). Originally the possessive article was 'ena' which usually becomes 'en' in front of vowels and 'en' in front of consonants or with nasal mutation also to 'en'. Examples are "Cabed-en-Aras" (leap of the deer) or "Haudh-en-Ndengin" (hill of the slain). In the plural there are also constructions with the simple plural article 'in', as in "Tol-in-Gaurhoth" (island of the werewolves). The possessive ending was also '-a' in Doriath and '-ion' in the plural. There is also the possibility of expressing the genitive with the preposition 'ána', which usually appears as a shortened form 'an' or 'na'. For example “smell na heruin” (steed of the mistress) or “dagnir an Glaurunga” (slayer of Glaurung).

dative

Like the genitive, the dative does not have its own case ending. The objective genitive is virtually equated with the dative. So means “aglar 'ni Pheriannath” (glory to the halflings), these are the object of fame or praise.

pronoun

There are several types of pronouns in Sindarin , the final form of which is not clear. An example sentence with a demonstrative pronoun is known, which is in the inscription on the gate of Moria:

Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thîw hîn (“Celebrimbor from Eregion wrote the characters this”) and Im Narvi hain echant (“I made Narvi this / that”).

So there are two different pronouns. Once sen (pl. Sîn ), which became hîn through lenation and stands for “this”, while hain as the plural form of han for “that” means “that”. So the sentence statement is: Celebrimbor from Eregion invented these characters and Narvi wrote them on the gate according to his specifications.

Personal pronouns are available as an empathic basic form or as a suffix.

	Basic form	suffix	meaning	Accusative / dative	meaning	Possessive	suffix	meaning
1st person singular	in the	-n	I	nin	me	nin	-en	my
2nd person singular	eh	-ch	you	cen	to you	cin	-eg	your
3rd person singular	est	-	he she it	th	him / her / him	tin	-ed	his / her / his
1st person plural	men	-m	we	men	us	min	-emir)	our
2nd person plural	le	-l	her / her	len	you / you	lin	-el	your / your / your / yours
3rd person plural	te	-t	she	th	them	tin	-ent	her

Two simple examples: Lasto beth nin = "Hear the words mine (or from me)" and Lasto beth lammen = "Hear the words of the voice mine (my voice)."

items

In Sindarin, unlike in Quenya, there is not only the hinting particle 'i' as an article, but also a plural form 'in'. In addition, the singular article 'i' often causes a change in the initial sound or lenition of the following nouns . The plural article 'in', on the other hand, often triggers a nasal mutation .

Examples:

Singular i Aran = the king, plural in Erain = the kings.

Initiation: mellon = friend, i vellon = the friend.

Nasal mutation: goldor = Noldorelb, i goldeor = the Noldorelb, i-ngoldor = the Noldorelb.

Sometimes the articles are connected to the following word with a mal point or a hyphen.

For example i · Aran , i-Aran , in-Erain , i · vellon , i-vellon or i-ngoldor (in-goldor; the 'ng' is always pronounced together, because it used to be an independent sound that was added at the beginning of the word became a simple 'g').

Articles can be added as suffixes to a preposition .

The preposition 'or' = over becomes 'erin' = over by a mixed mutation, the singular and plural are the same here.

Verbs

As in Quenya, the basic form of the verbs in Sindarin forms a stem form to which different endings are added. A distinction is made between derived (weak) verbs, so-called A-stems, which have an ending (-a, -ia, -na, -da), and the stem verbs (strong) verbs, which do not require an extra ending.

An example of derived verbs

Derived verbs: "gala-" (to grow)
Present	meaning	preterite	meaning	Future tense	meaning
galon	I grow	galans	I grew	galathon	i will grow
galog	you grow	galanneg	you grew / grew	galathog	you will grow
galodh	You / you grow / grow	galannedh	You / you grew	galathodh	You / you will grow
gala	he / she / it grows	gallant	he / she / it grew	galatha	he / she / it will grow
galam	we are growing	galannem	we grew	galatham	we will grow
galagir	you grow	galannegir	you grew	galathagir	you will grow
galadhir	You are growing	galannedhir	You grew	galathadhir	You will grow
galar	they grow	galanner	they grew	galathar	they will grow
Dual forms
galam (m) id	we both grow	galannem (m) id	we both grew	galatham (m) id	we will both grow
galangid	(only) the two of us grow	galannengid	(only) the two of us grew	galathangid	(only) the two of us will grow
galach	you two are growing	galannech	you two grew	galathach	you two will grow
galadh (id)	(only) you two are growing	galannedh (id)	(only) you two grew	galath	(only) you two will grow
galast	they both grow	galannest	they both grew	galathast	they both will grow

An example of stem verbs

Root verbs: "ped- / pêd-" (to speak)
Present	meaning	preterite	meaning	Future tense	meaning
pedin	I speak	pennin	I spoke	pedithon	I will speak
pedig	you speak	penny	you talked	pedithog	you will speak
pedidh	You / you speak / speak	pennidh	You / you spoke / spoke	pedithodh	You will speak
pêd	he / she / it speaks	pent	he / she / it spoke	peditha	he / she / it will speak
pedum	We speak	pennim	we spoke	peditham	we will talk
pedigir	you talk	pennigir	you spoke	pedithagir	you will speak
pedidhir	You talk	pennidhir	You spoke	pedithadhir	You will speak
pedir	you speak	pennir	they spoke	pedithar	they will speak
Dual forms
pedim (m) id	we both talk	pennim (m) id	we both talked	peditham (m) id	we will both speak
pedingid	(only) we two speak	penningid	(only) we two spoke	pedithangid	(only) the two of us will speak
pedich	you two speak	pennic	you two spoke	pedithac	you two will speak
pedidh (id)	(only) you two speak	pennidh (id)	(only) you two spoke	pedithadh (id)	(only) you two will speak
galast	they both speak	pennist	they both spoke	pedithast	they both will speak

infinitive

The infinitive of derived verbs is formed by replacing the ending from a → o.

Examples: lacha- = to inflame, lacho = to inflame; edra- = to open and edro = to open.

In stem verbs, an '-i' is added to the stem.

Examples: tîr- = to look, tíri = to look, cen- = to see, ceni = to see.

Verbs that have an 'a' or 'o' in the root of the word are special cases here, where it is converted to 'e'.

Examples: can- = to call, ceni = to call, tol- = to come and teli = to come.

imperative

The command form or imperative is usually formed by changing or adding '-o'. Just as Elrond says to Frodo in The Lord of the Rings: "Frodo, tolo dan nan galad!" ("Come back to / into the light, Frodo!")

verb	meaning	imperative	meaning
laughing	inflame	lacho	inflame!
tir-	look, see	tíro	look, see!
great-	come	tolo	come over!

Font examples

Example of Sindarin in Tengwar characters

Ónen i-Estel Edain,
ú-chebin estel anim.

J. R. R. Tolkien himself left several script examples in Sindarin, some of which he wrote in Tengwar notation.

Tolkien said of his love for this font:

“The invention of languages is the foundation. The 'stories' were written to create a world for language rather than the other way around. For me, the name comes first, and then the story. I would have preferred to write in 'Elvish'. But such a work as 'The Lord of the Rings' has of course been edited and only as much 'language' has been left in it as, in my estimation, the reader can digest. (I now realize that many would have liked to have had more of it.) However, a large amount of linguistic material (besides the actual 'Elvish' names and words) is contained in the book or expressed mythologically. For me, in any case, it is largely an attempt at 'linguistic aesthetics', as I sometimes say to people who ask me 'what is all about'. "

- JRR Tolkien translation by Helmut W. Pesch : The invention of languages as the basis of Tolkien's work

Examples of Elvish names

Elvish names can be formed in different ways. As simple words that have a fixed meaning, as combinations of two or more words or as derivatives of terms.

simple word
elvish name	meaning	English	short description
Beren	the brave	brave	Beren was a man who married the Elf Lúthien after he had recaptured a Silmaril from Morgoth .
Estel	the hope	hope	The name of Aragorn, which he carried in Imladris ("Rivendell") in the care of Elrond .
Ithil	the moon, the glow	moon	A name for the moon, which refers to the silver-colored light that emanates from it.
Harad	the South	south	Among other things, this means the country south of Gondor , but also the direction of the compass.
Derivation from a word
elvish name	meaning	derived from	short description
Ithilien	the moonlit	ithil = moon	A sub-area of Gondor that is divided into northern and southern Lithuania.
Sírion	the great river, flowing	sîr = current	The Sírion was one of the great rivers in Middle-earth, the word sîr = "stream" is here supplemented by -ion = "very large".
Rohan	the horse country	smelled = horse	A former part of Gondor that was given to the Eorl people for their support against enemies.
Serni	the sandy, stony	sarn = sand / stone	Name of a river in Gondor's Lebennin province.
Compositions, word combinations and fixed expressions
elvish name	meaning	consisting of	short description
Lebennin	Five waters (land)	live + nîn	Province of Gondor through which five large rivers flowed. live = "five" and nîn = "water" or "water".
Amon Sûl	the mountain of the wind	amon + sûl	A mountain in the former Kingdom of Arnor that once housed a tower that kept a palantir.
Anduin	the long river	and + duin	The Anduin was one of the great rivers in Middle-earth, the word and = "long" is connected here with duin = "river".
Caradhras	the red horn	caran + ras	A high mountain in the Nebelgebirge, over whose pass you can cross it. Caran = "red" and ras = "horn".
Cabed-en-Macaws	the deer jump	cabed / camp + macaws	A ravine so narrow that a deer could have jumped it. Cabed = "jump" and aras = "deer".

Furthermore, Elvish names usually have several meanings and especially the personal names have characterizing properties or far-reaching meanings for the fate of their bearer.

Example:

Feanor literally means "fire spirit" and is made up of Fea = "spirit" and -naur or -nor = "fire". The name says a lot about Feanor himself, because he is not only a brilliant inventor ("bright, creative spirit"), but also very quick-tempered ("fiery mind"). He made sure that the Elven ships were burned after their return to Middle-earth. His death from the injuries a Balrog had inflicted on him and the fact that his body was burned because - it is said - his mind burned so hot that his body burned to ashes and blew away like smoke can also be seen from this Derive names. As the so-called name of foresight, Feanor is the name his mother gave him. His father's name was Curufinwe ("the most skillful of the Finwe house").

Galadriel means “maiden surrounded by light” or “the wreathed girl”, which indicates the high esteem she was held in. Similar to a statue of the Virgin Mary, she is also described, cool but surrounded by brilliant white light, wise, forward-looking and kind. Her father's name was Artanis ("noble lady ") or ("noble lady ") her mother's name was Nerwen ("man woman"), which also indicates that she was equal, if not superior, to her brothers in strength and influence. (These are names in Quenya, in Sindarin it would be Arodith or Dírwen .)

reception

Sindarin words can be found in the names of bands, music albums, companies or scientific terms.

See also

Dol Guldur ('Hill of Magic') and Minas Morgul are studio albums by the black metal band Summoning .
Amon Amarth ('Hill of Fate' / 'Mountain of Fate') the name of a metal band.
Minas Morgul ('Tower of the Dark Magician') is the name of a pagan metal band.
Thaurorod ('Übler Berg' or 'Schreckensberg') is the name of a symphonic metal band.
Gorgoroth ('Great Terror') is the name of a black metal band.
Lyriel is a folk metal band that uses Sindarin in their song lyrics. The structure of the word Lyriel is similar to an Elvish word and its spelling would be more like Quenya. The meaning would be something like 'the singing' or 'daughter of the songs'.
The term mithril (especially pure and stable silver) is used a lot.
- Mithril Racing, Mithril Technology, Mithril Wireless Systems. (Companies)
Scientific terms , especially for animal species.

literature

JRR Tolkien: Letters. Published by Humphrey Carpenter , Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-608-93650-5 .
JRR Tolkien: I · lam na · ngoldathon: “Goldogrin” di Sacthoðrin. 11th edition of the journal Parma Eldalamberon published 1995, (edited by Christopher Gilson, Patrick Wynne, Arden R. Smith and Carl F. Hostetter) without ISBN or ISSN. (Grammar and dictionary of words)
Helmut W. Pesch : Elvish. Grammar, writing and dictionary of the Elven language by JRR Tolkien. Bastei Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 2003, ISBN 3-404-20476-X .
Helmut W. Pesch: Elvish learning and exercise book of Elben languages by JRR Tolkien. Bastei Lübbe, 2004, ISBN 3-404-20498-0 .
JRR Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-608-93830-2 .
Helmut W. Pesch: The large Elvish book - grammar, writing and dictionary of the Elven language JRR Tolkien with appendices to the languages of the dwarfs and orcs. Bastei-Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 2009, ISBN 978-3-404-28524-2 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Sindarin - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Sindarin at Sindarin.de
Sindarin at Wikia
Sindarin in the Ardapedia
Elvish-German dictionary on pons.eu

Individual evidence

↑ ISO 639 code sets - sjn on sil.org.

↑ JRR Tolkien: JRR Tolkien: The Monsters & the Critics . HarperCollins, London 1983, ISBN 0-261-10263-X , pp. 200 (English).

↑ Lecture given on Tolkien Day in Geldern, Niederrhein, May 2009, p. 4.

↑ Helmut W. Pesch: The invention of languages as the basis of Tolkien's work. Lecture given on Tolkien Day in Geldern, Niederrhein, May 2009, p. 4 ff.

↑ Sindarin. In: Vinyar Tengwar. 44:21, 2002, ISSN 1054-7606 . (Also with Thorsten Renk: A comparison between Sindarin and Quenya. )

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Helmut W. Pesch: Das große Elbischbuch.

↑ It should be noted that the long vowels a handful polysyllabischer words not be labeled according to this rule with an acute, but with a circumflex; these include, among other things, names of the cardinal directions such as annûn ( west , sunset ) and amrûn ( east , sunrise ).

↑ The spelling ⟨ae⟩ has given rise to some confusion in the past, because it may encourage German speakers not to speak it [aɛ̯] but [ɛː]; It is therefore noted that ⟨ae⟩ not as a-umlaut [ɛː] (as in uh Accessories Sounds with the pronunciation [ɛːnlɪç]) is to speak, but in any case as a diphthong [aɛ̯].

↑ ⟨ai⟩, like ⟨ae⟩, has led to a lot of confusion in the past, because German speakers sometimes use it like the [aɪ̯] spoken ai (for example in M ai se with the pronunciation [ˈmaɪ̯zə]) or ei (for example in b ei with the pronunciation [ˈbaɪ̯]). It should therefore be noted that ⟨ai⟩ is to be spoken as [ai̯] and therefore always more pointed and further ahead than [aɪ̯].

↑ ⟨ei⟩ is - unlike in German - never as [aɪ̯] (for example in M ai se ), but always as ä ([ɛ] as in K e tte with the pronunciation [ˈkʰɛtʰə]) followed by a pointed i ( [i] as in Mus i ker with the pronunciation [ˈmuːzikʰɐ]) to speak.

↑ Here by no means should an [a] followed by a German w (like in w ie with the pronunciation [ˈviː]), but in any case an [a] followed by a closed [u].

↑ Please note that ⟨au⟩ is not spoken in the same way as the German au (for example in Au to with the pronunciation [ˈaʊ̯toː]); rather, ⟨u⟩ is closed and should be spoken further back (as [u] as in z u before with the pronunciation [ˌʦuˈfoːɐ̯]).

↑ JRR Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings. Appendix E, pp. 1236-1238.

↑ [a] is not to be pronounced like English. f a ther ([ˈf ɑ ːðə]).

↑ [aɛ̯] is not identical to ai ([aɪ̯]); there is no exact equivalent for this sound combination in English and German.

↑ [ai̯] is by no means identical with ae ([aɛ̯]); English and German have no exact equivalent of this diphthong .

↑ au is written when [au̯] appears in the initial or internal voice; aw is written when [au̯] appears at the end.

↑ [au̯] is often dimmed to [ɔ] in unstressed syllables.

↑ [k] is always to be spoken without breath .

↑ The letter combination ch is always pronounced [x] and never [ç] in Sindarin (as in German i ch with the pronunciation [ˈɪ ç ]).

↑ This pronunciation is only available to the letter f if it is at the beginning of a word or within a word.

↑ This pronunciation is only available to the letter f if it is at the end of the word.

↑ In combination with some other consonants, h changes their pronunciation; see ch , dh , lh , ph , rh , th , hw .

↑ [h] must always be pronounced.

↑ Instead of hw is often wh written.

↑ In a later language level the original [ʍ] was lost and the Hwesta Sindarinwa (hw / wh) was pronounced voiced as [w]

↑ In and out loud, [i] is always pronounced as such; it mutates to [j] in front of vocabulary.

↑ [j] is only spoken before vowels and in the initial voice.

↑ [y] is a vowel and not a consonant in Sindarin; the sound arises from plural mutations ( umlaut ) of [ɔ] or o (Sg. o rch , Pl. y rch ; Sg. am o n , Pl. em y n ) and [ɛ] or e (Sg. er e d , Pl. he y d ).

↑ In a later language level (the Fourth Age) the voicelessness was lost here and lh was spoken voiced as [l].

↑ [⁠ ŋ ⁠] is always in front of c ([k]) and prior g ([ɡ]) as n written; At the end of the word, however, the digraph ng is used instead of the n s .

↑ [ŋ] is usually only written at the end of the word as ng ; ng is - just like in German - in this usage a digraph for a sound.

↑ o is by no means to be spoken as [o] as in R o sine ([ˌʁ o ˈziːnə]) or [oː] as in M o t o r ([ˈm oː ˌtʰ o ːɐ̯]).

↑ [ɔɛ̯] is not identical with oi ([ɔɪ̯]), oy ([ɔɪ̯]) or eu ([ɔʏ̯]) and by no means as in German P oe t ([p o (ː) ˈe ːtʰ]) or engl . p oe m ([ˈp əʊ̯ɪ m]) to speak.

↑ [œ] was mainly replaced by e ([ɛ]) in the Third Age and was only preserved in a few ancient terms. It's not like in Germany. K ö nig ([K Ó to speak nɪç]) and [ø (ː)].

↑ In combination with h (ie as ph ), [f] or [fː] are pronounced.

↑ [p] is always articulated bare.

↑ If there is an h behind p through the composition , the resulting ph is pronounced as a short [f] or as a long [fː].

↑ Whether ph is spoken as a short [f] or a long [fː] depends on the word composition; As a rule, ph is pronounced as a long [fː] in the initial and internal voice and as a short [f] in the final voice. It should be noted that in a later language level of Sindarin all consonants may have been spoken briefly and a distinction between [f] and [fː] was consequently no longer practiced.

↑ cw ([kʷ]) and qu ([kʷ]) largely no longer existed in the Sindarin of the Third Age; But there are seldom words like “cwent”, which has been replaced by “pent”.

↑ Tolkien has some allophone variants in his own pronunciation : [ɾ] between vowels, [r] in most other cases and [ɹ] as a weak level; see: Laurence J. Krieg: Tolkien's Pronunciation: Some Observations. Jim Allen (Ed.): An Introduction to Elvish. Bran's Head Books, 4/1995, p. 158.

↑ At the end of the Third Age the voicelessness of rh was lost and it was pronounced voiced as [r], making it indistinguishable from r .

↑ [s] is always voiceless and never to speak voiced as [z].

↑ [t] should be spoken without breath.

↑ [ua] is not a diphthong and is consequently articulated in two syllables; huan ([ˈhu.an]) is to be separated from hu-an .

↑ [u̯ɛ] is not a diphthong and can be consistently spoken in two syllables; cuen ([ˈku.ɛn]) is separated from cu-en . Words with the sound combination [u.ɛ] are very rare in Sindarin.

↑ v has almost completely disappeared; the original [v] became [b] in Sindarin or is a lenation form of [m], therefore [v] only occurs in mutations or combinations.

↑ [w] is a half vowel .

↑ Monosyllabic lexemes do not need to be mentioned within the following rules, as monosyllabic words are naturally stressed on the first, last and only syllable of these words.

↑ Three- and more-syllable terms can be both propar and paroxytona.

↑ When a sound falls silent, it is usually referred to as elision ; In the case of Sindarin prepositions and articles, this often goes hand in hand with the formation of clitics .

↑ These mutations have all been reconstructed from various works by Tolkien, since a grammar of the Elven languages published by Tolkien is still missing; for the most part, however, they can still be considered secure and reliable.

↑ "I gave hope to the Edain , I kept no hope for myself." - The Lord of the Rings: Annals of Kings and Rulers , Appendix A, fragment of the story of Aragorn and Arwen. (Gilraen's saying about Aragorn , reproduced here in Tengwar script in the spelling of Beleriand. P. 1174.)

↑ Lecture given on Tolkien Day in Geldern, Niederrhein, May 2009, p. 2.

↑ The Silmarillion: From the Return of the Noldor. P. 143.

[7] Where phonetic signs appear in pairs, the left phonetic sign represents a voiceless sound and the right phonetic sign a voiced sound.

[8] This sound is always transcribed with m⟩ .

[9] This sound is transcribed with n⟩.

[10] A transcription of this sound is based realized by ⟨ng⟩ or ⟨n⟩ If [ŋ] in the presence or medially speaking (mostly before [ɡ] and [k]), is usually ⟨n⟩ (followed by ⟨ g⟩ or ⟨c⟩) written; if ⟨ng⟩ or ⟨nc⟩ occurs at the beginning or in the middle of a word, this sequence of letters should be pronounced as [ŋɡ] or [ŋk]. If [ŋ] appears in the final , one usually transcribes ⟨ng⟩ and less often ⟨ñ⟩. In rare cases in which [⁠ ŋ ⁠] is in the presence or medially before a vowel and is not accompanied by another consonant (as in [ ŋɔldɔr ]), it can also be transcribed with ⟨ñ⟩.

[11] This sound is preferably transcribed with ⟨p⟩. It should be noted that the voiceless plosives [p], [k] and [t] can never take position after vowels, because they are weakened in the context of the lenition of Sindarin to the voiceless plosives [b], [ɡ] and [d] were; in Quenya who does not know such a mutation, the voiceless plosives received after vowels: The Sindarinwort ma b or ( hand ) has in Quenya the correspondence ma p a , the soft Sindarin a g lar ( fame ) is in Quenya a c lar and the Sindarin term a d an ( human ) becomes a t an in Quenya .

[12] This sound ⟨b⟩ serves as a transcription symbol.

[13] This sound is always transcribed with ⟨t⟩. It should be noted that the voiceless plosives [p], [k] and [t] can never take position after vowels, because they are weakened in the context of the lenition of Sindarin to the voiceless plosives [b], [ɡ] and [d] were; in Quenya who does not know such a mutation, the voiceless plosives received after vowels: The Sindarinwort ma b or ( hand ) has in Quenya the correspondence ma p a , the soft Sindarin a g lar ( fame ) is in Quenya a c lar and the Sindarin term a d an ( human ) becomes a t an in Quenya .

[14] This sound is preferably transcribed with ⟨d⟩.

[15] A transcription of this sound is realized using ⟨c⟩ and never ⟨k⟩. It should be noted that the voiceless plosives [p], [k] and [t] can never take position after vowels, because they are weakened in the context of the lenition of Sindarin to the voiceless plosives [b], [ɡ] and [d] were; Quenya who does not know such a mutation, the voiceless plosives received after vowels: The Sindarinwort ma b or ( hand ) has in Quenya the correspondence ma p a , the soft Sindarin a g lar ( fame ) is in Quenya a c lar and the Sindarin term a d an ( human ) becomes a t an in Quenya .

[16] This sound is transcribed with ⟨g⟩.

[17] Both dientf⟩ and ⟨ph⟩ serve as a transcription symbol for this sound: As a rule, ⟨f⟩ is used to reproduce [f] if [f] is in the initial or internal word; ⟨Ph⟩ is used as a transcription symbol for the short spoken [f] when it appears in the final (the character ⟨f⟩ at the end of a word stands for a final [v]), and reproduces the long spoken [fː] that im Initial or internal. It should also be noted that the short spoken [f] (unlike the long articulated [fː]) can never take a position in the final part of a word or before the nasal [n] because it is weakened here to [v].

[18] A transcription of this sound is realized using ⟨v⟩ or ⟨f⟩: Here, ⟨v⟩ is always used if [v] is in the initial or internal wording, while ⟨f⟩ is used to reproduce [v] when it is is spoken at the end. It should also be noted that the older Sindarin had a nasalized [ṽ] transcribed with mh⟩, which later developed into the simple [v].

[19] This sound is always transcribed with ⟨th⟩, based on English.

[20] The transcription of this sound is based on Germanic philology with ⟨dh⟩.

[21] A transcription of this sound is realized using ⟨s⟩ or ⟨ss⟩; According to the current state of knowledge, the transcription with ⟨s and ⟨ss⟩ takes place irregularly: The only thing that can be determined is that ⟨s⟩ is mainly (but not exclusively) transcribed in the initial and internal voice, while ⟨ss⟩ is basically (but not in this case either) exclusively) occurs in the final and not in the initial volume. With regard to the different transcription possibilities of the sound [f] (namely ⟨f⟩ and ⟨ph⟩) and the gemination of the nasals [m] and [n] and the lateral approximant [l], it can be assumed that ⟨s⟩ always that short spoken [s] and ⟨ss⟩ reproduces the long articulated [sː]; However, so far there is no evidence of this. It should be noted that in Sindarin there is no voiced execution of this sound ([z]).

[22] This sound is preferably transcribed with ⟨ch⟩ with regard to Germanic linguistics; compare the German a ch ([ˈa x ]).

[23] This sound ⟨h⟩ serves as a transcription symbol. [h] is in Sindarin - unlike the French - not silent.

[24] This sound is transcribed with r⟩; [ɹ] is a free allophone to [r], which is the standard pronunciation of the transcription letter ⟨r⟩.

[25] This sound is always transcribed with ⟨i⟩. It should be noted that [j] only occurs in the initial and before vowels.

[26] A transcription of this sound is realized using ⟨r⟩; [ɾ] is a combinatorial allophone for the standard pronunciation of the transcription letter ⟨r⟩ [r] and can only relate to a position between vowels.

[27] This sound is transcribed with ⟨rh⟩.

[28] This sound is preferably transcribed with ⟨r⟩; [r] knows two allophones: the free allophone [ɹ] and the combinatorial allophone [ɾ] that only occurs between vowels.

[29] A transcription of this sound is realized using ⟨lh⟩. Sometimes you can read that instead of [l̥] a lateral fricative anstelle is spoken in Sindarin ; With regard to the voiceless pronunciation of the graphemes ⟨rh⟩ [r̥] and ⟨wh⟩ ([ʍ]), however, the voiceless pronunciation as a lateral approximant [l̥] can be considered more likely than the pronunciation as fricative.

[30] This sound ⟨l⟩ serves as the transcription symbol.

[31] This sound is transcribed as ⟨wh⟩ or hw⟩.

[32] This sound is transcribed with ⟨w⟨.

[33] This sound is always transcribed with ⟨i⟩. It should also be noted that in Sindarin an [i] can never take a position in front of vowels; here it mutates to a [j] (whereby the transcription does not change). While an [i] in Sindarin can never form the first element of a diphthong , it forms the second element in some cases: So with [ai̯], [ɛi̯] and [ui̯].

[34] This sound is transcribed using the symbol ⟨y⟩. A peculiarity of the sound [y] is that in Sindarin it is never part of a diphthong (the Sindarin does not know any diphthongs like [ay̯] or [ya̯]), therefore only as a monophthong and consequently in the internal only between consonants, only in the initial occurs before consonants and in the final only after consonants.

[35] [u] is transcribed with both ⟨u⟩ and ⟨w⟩: Here, ⟨u findet is always used, where wobeiw⟩ is used when [u] is the second element of a final diphthong: It becomes gaw instead of gau for [ɡau̯] transcribed with the meaning void, gap . [u] can be the first as well as the second element of a diphthong: so it is the second in [au̯] and the first element in [ui̯].

[36] This sound is especially well transcribed with ⟨e⟩. [ɛ] can be both the first and the second element of a diphthong: This is the first element in [ɛiɛ] and the second element in [aɛ̯]. A special feature of [ɛ] is that it has replaced the rounded vowel [œ] (transcribed as ⟨œ⟩ or incorrectly licherweiseoe⟩) in the older Sindarin: the original Gœlydh ([ˈɡœlyð]) became Gelydh ([ ˈꞬɛlyð]).

[37] Basically, ⟨o⟩ serves as the transcription symbol for this sound. In Sindarin, [ɔ] is never the second element of a diphthong, but the first element of one (see [ɔɛ̯]).

[38] This sound is usually transcribed with ⟨a⟩. It is interesting that in Sindarin [a] cannot in any case be the second element of a diphthong, while in some cases it is the first element of such a thing (for example in [aɛ̯], [ai̯] and [au̯]). One can often read that the back vowel [ɑ] is articulated instead of the front tongue vowel [a]; Judging by Tolkien's own pronunciation of Elvish, however, the ⟨a⟩ of Sindarin and Quenya is a fore and not a back vowel, which means that a pronunciation as [ɑ] can be excluded.

[1] ISO 639 code sets - sjn on sil.org.

[Monsters-2] JRR Tolkien: JRR Tolkien: The Monsters & the Critics . HarperCollins, London 1983, ISBN 0-261-10263-X , pp. 200 (English).

[3] Lecture given on Tolkien Day in Geldern, Niederrhein, May 2009, p. 4.

[4] Helmut W. Pesch: The invention of languages as the basis of Tolkien's work. Lecture given on Tolkien Day in Geldern, Niederrhein, May 2009, p. 4 ff.

[5] Sindarin. In: Vinyar Tengwar. 44:21, 2002, ISSN 1054-7606 . (Also with Thorsten Renk: A comparison between Sindarin and Quenya. )

[HWPesch-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Helmut W. Pesch: Das große Elbischbuch.