Spandauer Strasse
| Spandauer Strasse | |
|---|---|
 |
|
 |
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| View through Spandauer Strasse to the Rotes Rathaus , on the right the Heilig-Geist-Kapelle | |
| Basic data | |
| place | Berlin |
| District | center |
| Created | in the 13th and 14th centuries |
| Newly designed | several times, most recently in the 21st century (in the northwest area) |
| Hist. Names | see: origin of the road |
| Connecting roads |
Stralauer Strasse (southeast) |
| Cross streets |
(from north to south): Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse, St.-Wolfgang-Strasse, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse , Rathausstrasse , Gustav-Böß-Strasse, Grunerstrasse |
| Places | Heilig-Geist-Kirchplatz, Molkenmarkt |
| Buildings | Along the road |
| use | |
| User groups | Road traffic |
| Technical specifications | |
| Street length | 700 meters |
The Spandau street is a street in the Berlin district of Mitte of the district of the same and one of the oldest roads in the capital. Its name goes back to today's Spandau district in the west of the city, after which the Spandauer Vorstadt and the former Spandauer Tor are named, both in the immediate vicinity of the street. There are several historical and modern buildings and monuments along Spandauer Straße.
location
The approximately 700 meter long street crosses Berlin's old town in a north-west-south-east direction. It has four lanes over its entire length and can be divided into three sections of roughly equal length based on the buildings.
The western part of the street initially leads from Garrisonkirchplatz to Karl-Liebknecht-Straße and is used here by several tram lines in the middle of the route. This was created when Alexanderplatz was reconnected to the Berlin tram network . While the north side and the neighboring Karl-Liebknecht-Straße are characterized by multi-storey residential and retail rows, on the south side there are buildings in typical Berlin blocks.
Karl-Liebknecht-Straße is part of the B 2 and B 5 federal highways, which are on the same route , so that Spandauer Straße crosses this important traffic route here. The tram branches off to the left onto Karl-Liebknecht-Straße and continues to Alexanderplatz .
The adjoining middle section up to Rathausstrasse cuts through the green open space between Alexanderplatz and the Spree and has no development on the edge. The open space in the direction of Alexanderplatz was created in the 1950s after the war ruins were cleared and was fundamentally redesigned in the 1960s. The Marx-Engels-Forum located between Spandauer Strasse and the Spree was given its present form in the 1980s.
The last section between Rathausstrasse and Molkenmarkt is bounded by the Rotes Rathaus on the north side and the Nikolaiviertel on the south side. The original course of the street extended to the Molkenmarkt until the 1960s. With its renovation, the former elongated square was converted into a crossroads. The main aim of this renovation was to relocate Fernstrasse 1 - today's Bundesstrasse 1 , the old course of which led from Alexanderplatz via Rathausstrasse and Spandauer Strasse to Mühlendamm - so that private traffic no longer directs individual traffic directly across Alexanderplatz, but rather leads past the square. Since then, Mühlendamm has formed an axis with Grunerstraße , which is adjacent to the north , while Spandauer Straße merges into Stralauer Straße after Molkenmarkt.
history
.JPG)
Leopold Ludwig Müller , around 1800
Origin of the road
The time when Spandauer Straße was built roughly coincides with the founding of Berlin in the early 13th century. Already in 1380 it (Am Spandauer Thore) was "widened" and "paved". It was one of the most elegant streets in Berlin with some of the most important institutions such as the Berlin City Hall or the Heilig-Geist-Spital .
In medieval cities the arterial road and its city gate usually had the same name; for Berlin these were among other things the Stralauer Strasse with the Stralauer Tor and the Georgenstrasse (today: Rathausstrasse) with the Georgentor. Although Spandauer Strasse was a continuous street, each section had a different name, and even each side of the street at the level of the Berlin City Hall. It was not until Berlin was expanded into a fortress that the individual streets were combined as Spandauer Straße . Since the gate had to be moved to the northeast, the road ended at the fortress moat. The two were linked with each other via a newly created connecting road. At the intersection of this new connecting road, the Garrison Church Square was laid out together with the church of the same name . In detail, the following streets formed the origin of today's Spandauer Straße:
- At the Spandauer Thore (between Spandauer Tor and New Market)
- At the Coal Market (between the New Market and City Hall)
- Next to the town hall (at the height of the town hall, street side from the town hall)
- Towards the town hall (at the height of the town hall, across the street from the town hall)
- Middelstraße (between town hall and Molkenmarkt)
In the following time the street lost its original meaning (way to Spandau ) and developed into a clasp between the Molkenmarkt, the Georgenstraße (from 1701: Königsstraße) and later the branch of the boulevard Unter den Linden .
Original street layout and numbering
Spandau Gate was between houses 1 and 81 and was in 1718 broken down . During clearing work in the neglected Powder Tower (House 81), this tower exploded on August 12, 1720, which destroyed the Garrison Church and surrounding houses and damaged the Heiligengeist Hospital.
In the middle of the 19th century, the following details of the street layout can be found in the Berlin address book: Spandauerstrasse began on the south side with parcel number 1 at Spandauer Brücke, to which Neue Friedrichstrasse apparently also led. Then she crossed Heilige Geistgasse , Brauhausgasse (between numbers 13 and 14), Kleine Poststrasse , followed by the post office (numbers 19-22), crossed Königstrasse , Probststrasse and reached Molkenmarkt at number 44. The numbering was set in a horseshoe shape. So the Reetzengasse , the Nagelgasse , the Königstrasse , the Bischofsgasse , the Papenstrasse and the Heidereutergasse followed on the north side back to the Neue Friedrichstrasse with the lot number 81.
The house number counting was changed twice in the 20th century: first in 1913 and again after 1945. According to the Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office, it has followed the orientation numbering system since the last change . It counts from Hackescher Markt from number 1 to number 29 on Molkenmarkt (odd). Numbers 2–24 (straight) then run in the same direction.
Destruction and reconstruction to the traffic tie
At the end of the 19th century, the street developed into a bottleneck for the emerging public transport , especially the tram . A horse-drawn tram line had existed along the entire length of the street since 1883 . The eastern section between Königsstraße (from 1951: Rathausstraße) and Molkenmarkt was used much more heavily, as it was the shortest connection between the center around Alexanderplatz and the " New West " at the Zoological Garden . In 1913 there were 206 cars per hour and direction on the eastern section, compared to only 58 on the western section.
The dense development in the middle of old Berlin was preserved for years, the buildings were adapted to the current tastes. Only with the Second World War and its aftermath did the development change drastically. With the exception of the Holy Spirit Chapel and the Red City Hall, almost all buildings on the street were destroyed. While the damage was being repaired on these two buildings and later on the ruins of the Nikolaikirche , the remaining ruins were blown up. The resulting open space between Liebknechtstrasse (extension of Unter den Linden , from 1969: Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse ) and Rathausstrasse still exists today and is distinctive for the center of East Berlin . The tram line from 1883 was also not reopened.
With the expansion to the “capital of the GDR”, extensive changes were made in the area from Alexanderplatz to the Spree Island , which also affected Spandauer Straße. Starting from Littenstrasse , the palace hotel was built on the corner of Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse on the south side, as well as a combined commercial and residential area on the north side, which extended to the city railroad . At the corner of Karl-Liebknecht-Straße, the fish restaurant Gastmahl des Meeres opened on the north side with the 178.55 m² concrete glass artwork Menschen und Meer by Hans Vent , Dieter Gantz and Rolf Lindemann . The Marx-Engels-Forum followed on the south side and the Neptune fountain , moved from the former Schlossplatz, on the north side. The Nikolaiviertel, the reconstruction of which was completed for the 750th anniversary of the city in 1987, and the Red City Hall formed the end. The Molkenmarkt as the end of the street was also redesigned, whereby the original square shape was lost. Today there is an intersection that has been developed for mass traffic. Spandauer Strasse was expanded to four to six lanes.
The western section of the street between Garnisonkirchplatz and Karl-Liebknecht-Straße was rebuilt in 1998 to make room for a new tram route across Alexanderplatz - called Alex I for short . The road is to be remodeled in the coming years together with the whey market, which will then get its original shape again. The route here is also to be kept free for another tram route.
House numbers mentioned in the following sections refer to the currently valid numbering of the buildings, with the exception of the Blankenfelde House .
Along the road
From Hackescher Markt to Karl-Liebknecht-Straße
Heilig-Geist-Spital and commercial college
The Heilig-Geist-Spital at Spandauer Straße 1 was one of a total of three hospitals in the twin cities of Berlin - Cölln . It was probably created during the first expansion of Berlin. The first mention was made in a guild letter of Baker in 1272. In addition to the actual hospital included a chapel , a Rüsthof ( " Arsenal because in all sorts of armor will keep on, related to war implements and"), a Wursthof and from the year 1600 a Brewery to the complex. The secularization led to the conversion as a poor house, in 1825 it was demolished. A new hospital was only built at this point for a few years. The chapel, which was renovated until 1835 under the direction of Carl Ferdinand Langhans , was then reopened. A building to the north was opened in 1905 as a commercial college. Since then, the chapel has practically formed the south wing of the building; after the university opened, it served as a cafeteria . This function was retained after 1945 when the complex was transferred to the newly founded Humboldt University . The chapel was renovated from the 1990s, and the university building has also been preserved.
Spandauer Strasse 2
The chef Thilo J. von Beyme, who founded the Berliner Eiswelten company in 2013, is setting up an ice bar on the ground floor of this building . According to examples already available in other countries that build on the basic concept of frost, this will become an “arctic world of experience” with the name Angiyok (in the Inuit language “super, great”). Among other things, von Beyme gained experience in an ice hotel in Auckland (Minus five) and now wants to establish the concept in the center of Berlin. He managed to raise around one million euros , for which a special world of experience is being created at the address mentioned. On 124 m² there will be space for around 50 paying visitors, the room temperature will be kept constant at -10 ° C. Guests receive thermal clothing and ice artists will design figures for them, for example sled dogs, polar bears or well-known Berlin landmarks. A total of around 60 tons of ice are to be processed at all times. Videos from the Arctic and Antarctic will also be shown, and penguins, whales and seals will move under an interactive floor slab. The most important thing for the investor is not the ice bar, where the glasses are made of ice, but the concern of nature conservation and social commitment. He will show documentaries, invite Arctic researchers to give lectures and organize exhibitions. He wants to donate part of the income to environmental projects, but also sponsor the cold weather for the homeless. Von Beyme plans to open this attraction in early 2018.
Other sights are to be found in the vicinity, such as the Sealife Center , the horror cabinet Dungeon , the GDR Museum , the TV tower and much more.
Powder tower
In 1720 the powder tower at the former Spandauer Tor exploded . It was to be replaced by a new building outside the fortifications and then cleared. During the work, the gunpowder stored there ignited and caused a huge explosion that destroyed the west tower of the Holy Spirit Chapel and the nearby garrison church . A total of 76 people lost their lives as a result.
CityQuartier DomAquarée
The western corner at the intersection of Karl-Liebknecht-Straße was already built around the year 1140. The first dates of this time document the drainage of the site in order to be able to build houses and the neighboring hospital on it. Up until the end of the Second World War, there were mainly residential buildings here. After its destruction, the palace hotel was built on the property . The building, one of the most important hotels in East Berlin during the GDR era , opened in 1979. In 2001 it was demolished and a short time later construction work began on the CityQuartier DomAquarée, which was inaugurated on May 11, 2004.
The area extends over four blocks of the old pre-war development, whereby the previously repealed Heilig-Geist- and Sankt-Wolfgang-Straße were modeled on their old course, so that the complex consists of a total of four interconnected buildings.
Within the designed as a residential and office building district is next to a brand hotel Radisson Blu the AquaDom , with more than 2,600 fish from 56 species, the largest aquarium in Europe, with the adjoining Sea Life Center .
The Spreeuferpromenade runs in the DomAquarée complex, directly opposite the Berlin Cathedral, in which the GDR Museum has been set up since 2006 with an exhibition on life in the GDR.
Between Karl-Liebknechtstrasse and Rathausstrasse
Court Post Office
The former court and city post office was located between Spandau, Königs-, Heiliggeist- and Kleine Poststraße until around 1945. The approximately 12,000 m² complex initially consisted of several individual buildings that were bought one after the other by the post office.
The buildings, which were originally designed as living space, were only partially suitable for postal operations. Therefore, makeshift modifications to the buildings were carried out several times in the following years. In 1882, the imperial post office replaced the old buildings with a new one, and some areas of responsibility had to be transferred to other post offices. Severe damage at the end of the Second World War resulted in partial demolitions in the 1950s. In the 1970s the remnants were removed in favor of the Marx-Engels Forum.
Marx-Engels Forum
The large green area named after the monument is located on the south side of Spandauer Straße between Karl-Liebknecht- and Rathausstraße on an open space created by clearing the rubble. This ranged from the light rail at Alexanderplatz to the Spree . At the beginning of the 1980s, the Berlin magistrate had a forum built here, the center of which is a larger than life monument to the two namesake Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . Behind it, directly on the Spree, is a marble relief with the name "Old World". It shows workers in the early capitalist world of the 19th century.
Since the German reunification in 1990, the future of the forum has been the subject of controversial urban planning , ranging from its preservation in its current state to a redesign or rebuilding with the abandonment of the existing monument.
Fountain of Neptune
Directly opposite the Marx-Engels-Forum and about halfway between the Spree and the television tower is the Neptune Fountain, named after the main character of the fountain , the Roman god of the sea, Neptune . With a total height of around 18 meters and a diameter of 10 meters, it is one of the largest fountains in the capital. Inaugurated on Schloßplatz in 1891 , it was dismantled and stored in 1951 when it was redesigned to become Marx-Engels-Platz . After extensive restoration, it was given its current location in 1969.
From the town hall to the whey market
city Hall of Berlin
The first Berlin town hall is believed to be near the Molkenmarkt. The city administration building came to its present location around the year 1370. The building was initially a simple corner house, similar to the town houses at that time. The city fires of 1380, 1448 and 1581 destroyed the predominantly wooden building, which, however, was always rebuilt on the previous foundation walls. Only the neighboring court arbor , i.e. the part in which the court sat, was integrated into the new building.
The blossoming of Berlin at the beginning of industrialization made a stone and representative new building necessary. With its size and equipment, this should express the primacy of secular over spiritual power in the capital. The architect Friedrich Waesemann then designed the new building, which has since been referred to as the Red City Hall because of its clinker facade . Some of the surrounding houses had to be demolished for the construction, and an entire square was used for the new town hall. The construction work lasted from 1861 to 1870. The court arbor was demolished and later rebuilt in the Babelsberg Park . At 87 meters, the town hall tower towered over the neighboring Nikolaikirche and even the city palace . From its completion until it was destroyed in World War II, the building was the seat of the municipal authorities and the Berlin mayor. After the somewhat simplified reconstruction in the 1950s, the magistrate and the Lord Mayor of East Berlin were initially in the building complex. The Red Town Hall has been the seat of the Senate and the Governing Mayor since 1990 .
Blankenfelde House
The Blankenfelde house was located at Spandauer Strasse 49, i.e. on the northern side between the town hall and the Molkenmarkt. It was the oldest town house in the city until it was demolished in 1889 and the Berlin seat of the Blankenfelde family until 1620 . The villages of Blankenfelde on the Barnim and Blankenfelde on the Teltow are named after her. The family was first mentioned in 1280, when Johannes von Blankenfelde was appointed mayor of Berlin.
The first Blankenfelde house is also dated around this time. It was probably made of wood and was destroyed in the town fire in 1380. Only a bust with a "head of envy" that was supposed to keep the fire off was preserved. The second, now stone, building was then built until 1390. To commemorate the completion, the builder Paul von Blankenfelde, great-grandson of the first, also had a Latin inscription engraved. It read as follows:
"The von Blankenfelde, patricians of this town, restored this house with strong walls and pillars in the brick building around 1390, when Paul von Blankenfelde and Henning Strohband were mayors.
In 1474, Paul's grandson, Thomas von Blankenfelde , had the entrance area remodeled. The main showpiece was now four busts depicting a young couple - Thomas von Blankenfelde and his wife - as well as an old couple - Thomas' father Wilke von Blankenfelde and his wife Katharina Wins . The hall was supported by a central column from which a cross-vaulted ceiling started. The column was decorated with thistles and several family coats of arms. In addition to the Blankenfelde family, these were the Wilmersdorf, Strohband and Wins families by marriage.
After 1530, many family members left Berlin and settled in the Altmark . The last more important representative, Johann III. von Blankenfelde , left behind such a large mountain of debt that his descendants were forced to sell their property, including the parent company in Spandauer Strasse in 1612. It came into the possession of the von Seidel family, who were said to have a family connection to the Blankenfeldes.
The von Seidels only held the house for almost 100 years, it went to the Privy Councilor Daniel Stepfani in 1722 and changed hands several times over the next 150 years. In the 1750s, the owners at the time bought the building that extended towards the rear, had them removed and used the area as an inner courtyard. Externally, the building changed only slightly, as the last measure, the building was given a new facade in the 1870s.
The site was sold in 1895 to the municipal electricity works, which also acquired the adjacent land. In 1899 the company had all the buildings demolished and a power station built on this site, which existed until it was destroyed at the end of the Second World War in 1945. After the rubble had been cleared , the site lay fallow and was used as a parking lot when the adjacent Grunerstrasse was later redesigned .
Nikolaiviertel
The quarter named after the Nikolaikirche formed the nucleus of Berlin as the center. While the church is dated to the period around 1220 to 1230, its surroundings were already built on beforehand. In contrast to the arterial roads from the city, mainly craftsmen lived in the winding quarter.
The buildings from the Middle Ages to the 20th century were, with a few exceptions such as the Ephraim-Palais on the southern corner of the district between the Spree and Mühlendamm, rather inconspicuous. During the Second World War, the Nikolaiviertel was almost completely destroyed, the church initially remained in ruins. The reconstruction took place in the 1980s and was completed for the 750th anniversary of Berlin in 1987. A large part of the houses was rebuilt in partly historicized panel construction.
Monument overview
The Senate Department for Urban Development lists a total of eight cultural monuments in the Berlin State Monument List along Spandauer Straße:
- No. 1: Ensemble Burgstrasse
- No. 1: Berlin School of Management
- Between No. 1 and 2: Remnants of the medieval foundations of the Powder Tower at Spandauer Tor, the Spandauer Tor itself and an adjacent building, including the connecting and connecting foundations of the city fortifications
- No. 1–3: Foundations of the southern perimeter wall of the "Hospice to the Holy Spirit"
- Chapel of the Holy Spirit
- No. 24: Red City Hall
- Fountain of Neptune
- Marx-Engels Forum
Prominent residents
The house numbers given refer to the numbering from 1913.
- Otto Brahm , critic, theater director and director of Jewish descent
- Theodor Fontane , writer, worked from 1836 to 1840 as an apprentice in the pharmacy "Zum Weißen Schwan", No. 40
- Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim , poet, lived in house number 68 between 1845 and 1847
- Henriette Herz , writer, opened her first literary salon in 1807 in house number 53
- Martin Heinrich Klaproth , chemist, worked in the pharmacy "Zum Weißen Schwan" and lived in house no
- Heinrich von Kleist , writer and publicist, lived in house number 53
- Gotthold Ephraim Lessing , poet, lived in house no.33 from 1751 to 1753
- Moses Mendelssohn , Jewish philosopher, lived in house no.33
- Giacomo Meyerbeer , Jewish composer, lived in house number 72
- Ludwig Müffelmann , journalist and high-ranking Freemason, lived in house number 18
- Karl Wilhelm Ramler , poet, lived in house number 68
- Carl Ritter , geographer, lived in house number 59
- Rahel Varnhagen von Ense , a writer of Jewish descent, was born in house number 26
See also
literature
- Wolfgang Ribbe, Jürgen Schmädecke: Small Berlin story . Stapp, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-87776-222-0 (first edition: 1988).
Web links
- Spandauer Strasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near Kaupert )
- Spandauer Strasse . In: District lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
- Yvonne Bökenkamp: The Blankenfelde House in Spandauer Strasse 49 in Berlin . (PDF; 48.3 MB) Special edition of the Zieringer Nachrichten , 2003.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Old Berlin No. 13 . Publishing house by F. Albert Schwartz.
- ^ Berlin, historically and topographically depicted, p. 69, 1848
- ^ Description of the royal royal cities of Berlin and Potsdam - Volume I, p. 11, 1786
- ↑ Spandauerstrasse . In: General housing indicator for Berlin, Charlottenburg and surroundings , 1850, part 2, p. 141.
- ^ Spandauer Strasse . (PDF) Statistical Office, as of June 2013, p. 22
- ^ Holger Orb, Tilo Schütz: Tram for all of Berlin. History - conception - urban development . Jaron Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89773-024-3 , p. 17.
- ↑ Downtown plan: specialization area Molkenmarkt . Senate Department for Urban Development
- ↑ Armory . In: Adelung: Grammatical-Critical Dictionary of High German Dialect , 1793; on zeno.org
- ↑ Stefan Strauss: Well chilled. A chef has traveled the world for years. Now he is opening an arctic adventure world with permafrost in Berlin. In: Berliner Zeitung , November 27, 2017, p. 14.
- ↑ City quarter inaugurated at Berlin Cathedral . Baunetz.de
- ^ The end of Berlin's most important postal center ( memento from January 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Post- und Telekommunikationsgeschichte e. V., accessed January 10, 2016.
- ↑ Ensemble Burgstrasse in the Berlin State Monument List
- ↑ Handelshochschule Berlin in the Berlin State Monument List
- ↑ Remnants of medieval foundations ... in the Berlin State Monument List
- ↑ Foundations of the “Hospice to the Holy Spirit” in the Berlin State Monument List
- ↑ Heilig-Geist-Spital in the Berlin State Monument List
- ↑ Red City Hall in the Berlin State Monument List
- ↑ Neptune Fountain in the Berlin State Monument List
- ↑ Marx-Engels-Forum in the Berlin State Monument List
Coordinates: 52 ° 31 ′ 9.1 ″ N , 13 ° 24 ′ 21.2 ″ E