Quill nuts
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Acaena caesiiglauca , leaves and inflorescences |
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| Acaena | ||||||||||||
| Mutis ex L. |
The acaena ( Acaena ) are a genus of the subfamily Rosoideae within the family of the rose family (Rosaceae). The 55 and 60 species are mainly found in the southern hemisphere .
Description and ecology
Vegetative characteristics
Acaena species are usually evergreen, perennial herbaceous plants or rarely subshrubs and reach heights of 0.2 to 0.6 meters. The leaves, which are arranged in basal rosettes or alternately on the stem, are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blade is 4 to 15 centimeters long and pinnate unpaired. The 7 to 25 leaflets are often lobed to dentate and the terminal leaflets are usually the largest. The leaves are hairy. The two stipules are free to each other but fused with the petiole.
Generative characteristics
The mostly dense inflorescence is spherical with a diameter of 1 to 2 centimeters and has bracts . The sessile, inconspicuous, relatively small, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and four or five-fold. Usually there are four sepals . The flowers do not contain any petals . There are two to ten stamens . The carpels are free. The fruit stands are mostly conspicuous, head-shaped and often spiky-bristled. As a result, the seeds of many species can attach themselves to the fur or plumage like a burdock, and thus be spread over long distances. Pollen is carried by the wind.
distribution
Acaena species are primarily found in the southern hemisphere , particularly in South America , New Zealand and Australia . However, some species are also found in the northern hemisphere , such as the species Acaena exigua or Acaena pinnatifida , endemic to Hawaii , which grows in both California and southern South America.
Ecological problem types
Some species were brought to areas outside of their home, often through seeds attached to sheep's wool, and established themselves there as neophytes, sometimes of an aggressive nature. Acaena novae-zelandiae (called “Bidibib” or “Biddy-biddy” in New Zealand; derived from the Maori name “Piripiri”) has spread widely in Great Britain and is now often found in coastal dunes, where it has displaced the native vegetation and with its prickly fruits it is uncomfortably noticeable on the feet of bathers.
Taxonomy
The first description of the genus Acaena was published in 1771 by Carl von Linné . The only treated species and thus the type species is Acaena elongata . The description was based on a manuscript by the Spanish botanist José Mutis . Linné stated Mexico as the country of origin of the underlying collection material, but it actually came from Colombia . Ancistrum J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. is a synonym .
species
In the last complete revision of the genus, the German botanist Georg Bitter differentiated 110 species. Since then, numerous of the clans he distinguished on species level have been put as synonyms for other species, especially Acaena magellanica . The following list of species is therefore largely based on newer regional lists of species or regional flora .
| Scientific name | Natural spread | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Acaena agnipila Gand. | SO-Australia (SO- Queensland , eastern New South Wales , Victoria , southeastern South Australia , Tasmania ) | 4 varieties |
| Acaena alpina Poepp. ex Walp. | central Chile ( V - IX region), western Argentina ( Mendoza , Neuquén ) | |
| Acaena anserinifolia (JRForst. & G.Forst.) Druce | New Zealand | |
| Acaena antarctica Hook.f. | southern Chile ( X. - XII. region), southern Argentina (Neuquén to Tierra del Fuego ), Falkland Islands | |
| Acaena argentea Ruiz & Pav. | NW- Venezuela , Ecuador , NW- Peru , central Chile ( VI. –X. Region), western Argentina (Neuquén to Chubut ) | |
| Acaena boliviana Gand. | Bolivia | |
| Acaena buchananii Hook.f. | New Zealand ( South Island ) | |
| Acaena caesiiglauca ( bitter ) Bergmans | New Zealand (South Island) | |
| Acaena caespitosa Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. | Southern Chile ( Tierra del Fuego ), Argentina (Mendoza to Santa Cruz ) | |
| Acaena confertissima bitter | southern Argentina (Chubut, Santa Cruz) | |
| Acaena cylindristachya Ruiz & Pav. | Costa Rica , Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia | |
| Acaena dumicola B.H. Macmill. | New Zealand (South Island) | |
| Acaena echinata Nees | southern Australia (southwestern Western Australia , southern South Australia, Victoria, eastern New South Wales, Tasmania) | 5 varieties |
| Acaena elongata L. | central and southern Mexico, Guatemala , Costa Rica, western Panama , NW Venezuela, Colombia to Bolivia | |
| Acaena emittens B.H. Macmill. | New Zealand ( North Island ) | |
| Acaena eupatoria Cham. & Schltdl. | SO- Brazil , NE-Argentina ( Misiones ), Uruguay | |
| Acaena exigua A. Gray | Hawaii ( Kauaʻi , Maui ) | |
| Acaena fissistipula bitter | New Zealand (South Island) | |
| Acaena fuscescens bitter | SO-Brazil | |
| Acaena glabra Buchanan | New Zealand (South Island) | |
| Acaena inermis Hook.f. | New Zealand | |
| Acaena insularis Citerne | Amsterdam island | |
| Acaena integerrima Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. | Chile ( capital region to XII. Region), western Argentina | perhaps as a synonym for A. splendens |
| Acaena juvenca B.H. Macmill | New Zealand | |
| Acaena latebrosa W.T.Aiton | South Africa (Western North Cape , Western Cape ) | |
| Acaena leptacantha Phil. | central Chile (capital region to region X), western Argentina (Mendoza to Río Negro ) | |
| Acaena longiscapa bitter | Bolivia | |
| Acaena lucida ( Aiton ) Vahl | Southern Chile (XII. Region), Southern Argentina (Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego), Falkland Islands | |
| Acaena macrocephala Poepp. | central Chile ( VII. –X. region), western Argentina (Mendoza to Río Negro) | |
| Acaena magellanica ( Lam. ) Vahl | Chile, Argentina, Falkland Islands, South Georgia , Prince Edward Islands , Crozet Islands , Kerguelen , Heard , Macquarie Island | |
| Acaena masafuerana bitter | Juan Fernández Islands ( Alejandro Selkirk ) | |
| Acaena microphylla Hook.f. | New Zealand | 2 varieties |
| Acaena minor (Hook.f.) Allan | Macquarie Island , New Zealand ( Auckland Islands , Campbell Island ) | |
| Acaena montana Hook.f. | Tasmania | |
| Acaena myriophylla Lindl. | Argentina ( Catamarca and Entre Ríos to Río Negro) | |
| Acaena novae-zelandiae Kirk | New Guinea , SE Australia (southeastern South Australia, Victoria, eastern New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania), New Zealand | |
| Acaena ovalifolia Ruiz & Pav. | Colombia to Bolivia, Chile ( IV. –XII. Region), Argentina, Falkland Islands | |
| Acaena ovina A. Cunn. | southern Australia (southwestern Western Australia, southeastern South Australia, Victoria, eastern New South Wales, SE Queensland, Tasmania) | 2 varieties |
| Acaena pallida (Kirk) Allan | SO Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania), New Zealand | |
| Acaena patagonica A.E. Martic. | Southern Chile (XII. Region), Southern Argentina (Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego) | |
| Acaena pinnatifida Ruiz. & Pav. | California (coastal region), Chile (IV.-XII. Region), Argentina (Catamarca to Tierra del Fuego) | 2 varieties |
| Acaena platyacantha Speg. | southern Chile (IX.-XII. region), Argentina ( San Juan to Tierra del Fuego) | |
| Acaena poeppigiana Gay | Chile (IV.-VII., XII. Region), Argentina (San Juan to Tierra del Fuego) | |
| Acaena profundeincisa (Bitter) BHMacmill. | New Zealand | |
| Acaena pumila Vahl | southern Chile ( XIV. –XII. region), southern Argentina (Tierra del Fuego), Falkland Islands | |
| Acaena rorida B.H. Macmill. | New Zealand (North Island) | |
| Acaena saccaticupula bitter | New Zealand (South Island) | |
| Acaena sarmentosa ( Thouars ) Carmich. | Tristan da Cunha | |
| Acaena sericea J.Jacq. | Chile (capital region, V and XII regions), Argentina (San Juan to Tierra del Fuego) | |
| Acaena splendens Hook. & Arn. | central Chile (IV.-VII. region), Argentina (Mendoza to Tierra del Fuego) | |
| Acaena stangii Christoph. | Tristan da Cunha | |
| Acaena stricta Griseb. | South Bolivia, Northwest Argentina ( Jujuy to La Rioja ) | |
| Acaena subincisa Wedd. | Colombia, Ecuador | |
| Acaena tenera Albov | South Chile (XII. Region), South Argentina (Tierra del Fuego), South Georgia | |
| Acaena tesca B.H. Macmill. | New Zealand (South Island) | |
| Acaena torilicarpa bitter | Colombia, Peru | |
| Acaena trifida Ruiz & Pav. | Chile ( II. –IX. Region) | 2 varieties |
gallery
use
Some species are cultivated because of their partly decorative, colorful fruit stands and their suitability as fast-growing ground cover. However, they are only partially hardy in Central Europe.
swell
- G. Bitter: The genus Acaena. Preliminary studies for a monograph. (= Bibliotheca Botanica. 74). Stuttgart 1911. (online)
- A. Marticorena: Revisión del género Acaena (Rosaceae) en Chile. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 93, 2006, pp. 412-454. (on-line)
- Amanda Spooner: Acaena. In: Western Australian Flora. 2008.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Information on Acaena nova-zelandiae (English)
- ↑ C. Linnaeus: Mantissa Plantarum. Vol. 2, Stockholm 1771, pp. 145, 200. (online)
- ^ A. Marticorena: Revisión del género Acaena (Rosaceae) en Chile. 2006, p. 415. (online)
- ↑ G. Bitter: The genus Acaena. Preliminary studies for a monograph. 1911. (online)
- ↑ Acaena. In: TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 26, 2012 .
- ^ A b c AE Orchard: Revision of the Acaena ovina A. Cunn. (Rosaceae) complex in Australia. In: Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 93, 1969, pp. 91-109.
- ↑ a b c Acaena. In: Electronic Flora of South Australia (eFloraSA). Government of Southern Australia, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, accessed October 26, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c d G. J. Harden, AN Rodd: Acaena. In: PlantNET: New South Wales Flora Online. The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia, accessed October 26, 2012 .
- ^ A b c d e WM Curtis, DI Morris: 33. Rosaceae. In: The Student's Flora of Tasmania. Part 1. 2nd edition. TJ Hughes, Tasmania 1975, pp. 169-178.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t A. Marticorena: Revisión del género Acaena (Rosaceae) en Chile. 2006. (online)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Rosaceae. ( ZIP ; 54 kB) (No longer available online.) In: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de la República Argentina. II. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, archived from the original on July 29, 2007 ; Retrieved October 26, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n BH Macmillan: Acaena L. In: CJ Webb, WR Sykes, PJ Garnock-Jones: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. IV: Naturalized Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch 1988, ISBN 0-477-02529-3 . (online) ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d Acaena. In: Tropicos.org: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 26, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c d e Acaena. In: Tropicos.org: Peru Checklist. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 26, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Acaena. In: Tropicos.org: Bolivia Checklist. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 26, 2012 .
- ↑ a b Acaena. In: Tropicos.org: Flora Mesoamericana. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 26, 2012 .
- ↑ a b Acaena. In: FloraBase - the Western Australian Flora. Department of Environment and Conservation, Western Australian Herbarium, accessed October 26, 2012 .
- ↑ a b BH Macmillan: Acaena juvenca and Acaena emittens (Rosaceae) - two new species from New Zealand. In: New Zealand Journal of Botany. 27, 1989, pp. 109-117. doi: 10.1080 / 0028825X.1989.10410149
- ↑ a b Acaena. (No longer available online.) In: Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil 2012. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, formerly in the original ; Retrieved October 25, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ WL Wagner, DR Herbst, SH Sohmer: 1. Acaena L. In: Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. Vol. 2, University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu 1990, ISBN 0-8248-1152-6 , pp. 1102-1103.
- ↑ G. Bitter: The genus Acaena. Preliminary studies for a monograph. 1911, pp. 275-276. (on-line)
- ↑ Acaena latebrosa Aiton. In: African Plant Database. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève & South African National Biodiversity Institute, accessed October 26, 2012 .
- ^ A b AE Orchard: 39. Rosaceae. In: Flora of Australia. Vol. 50: Oceanic Islands 2. Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS), Canberra 1993, ISBN 0-644-25875-6 , pp. 185-186. (on-line)
- ^ BH Macmillan: Acaena pallida (Kirk) Allan (Rosaceae) in Tasmania and New South Wales, Australia. In: MR Banks, SJ Smith, AE Orchard, G. Kantvilas (Eds.): Aspects of Tasmanian botany: a tribute to Winifred Curtis. Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart 1991, pp. 53-55. (PDF)
- ↑ B. Ertter: Acaena. In: JC Hickman (Ed.): The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles / London 1993, ISBN 0-520-08255-9 , pp. 945-946. (on-line)
- ↑ a b BH Macmillan: Acaena rorida and Acaena tesca (Rosaceae) - two new species from New Zealand. In: New Zealand Journal of Botany. 29, 1991, pp. 131-138. doi: 10.1080 / 0028825X.1991.10416716
- ↑ G. Bitter: The genus Acaena. Preliminary studies for a monograph. 1911, pp. 276-278. (on-line)
- ^ M. Kiehn, M. Jodl, G. Jakubowsky: Chromosome numbers of angiosperms from the Juan Fernández Islands, the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, and from mainland Chile. In: Pacific Science. 59, 2005, pp. 453-460. (PDF)
Web links
- Acaena. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, accessed October 26, 2012 .