Zloty Stok

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Zloty Stok
POL Złoty Stok COA.svg
Złoty Stok (Poland)
Zloty Stok
Zloty Stok
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lower Silesia
Powiat : Ząbkowice Śląskie
Area : 7.73  km²
Geographic location : 50 ° 27 '  N , 16 ° 53'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 26 '43 "  N , 16 ° 52' 36"  E
Height : 348 m npm
Residents : 2758
(June 30, 2019)
Postal code : 57-250
Telephone code : (+48) 74
License plate : DZA
Economy and Transport
Street : Kłodzko - Nysa
Next international airport : Wroclaw
Gmina
Gminatype: Urban-and-rural parish
Gmina structure: 6 localities
5 school offices
Surface: 75.63 km²
Residents: 4476
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 59 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 0224073
Administration (as of 2015)
Mayoress : Grażyna Orczyk
Address: Rynek 22
57-250 PLN Stok
Website : www.zlotystok.pl



Złoty Stok (German: Reichenstein in Schlesien , Czech: Rychleby ) is a town in the powiat Ząbkowicki (Frankenstein district) in the Polish Lower Silesian Voivodeship . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name .

Geographical location

View over Złoty Stok

The city is located in Lower Silesia on the northern edge of the Reichensteiner Mountains , directly on the border with the Czech Republic , 19 kilometers south of the district town of Ząbkowice Śląskie (Frankenstein) . Neighboring towns are Płonica (Planitz) and Kamieniec Ząbkowicki in the north, Śrem, Topola (Reichenau) and Błotnica (Plottnitz) in the northeast, Kamienica (Kamitz / Grenztal) in the east, Chwalisław (Follmersdorf) and Orłowiec in the south, Podzamek ( southwest and Lasków) Gierichswalde) in the northwest. Across the border are Bílá Voda to the east and Javorník to the southeast .

history

Neo-Gothic parish church

Reichenstein originated on the southeast border of the later Duchy of Münsterberg and bordered the Neiss diocese and the Glatzer country . Because of the rich gold and ore deposits, the nobility, church and sovereign sought the area. In the second half of the 13th century it was owned by the Kamenz monastery . Nothing is known of a planned foundation of the city. It was first mentioned in a Kamenz monastery document from July 8, 1291, in which a Heidenricus de "Richinstein" appears as a witness. As early as 1273, Duke Heinrich IV of Breslau had granted the Kamenz monastery freedom to mine and the Bohemian Iglau mining rights for its possessions . It can be assumed that these were the mines in the Reichenstein area. The granting of mining rights was linked to the authorization to turn to the Mining Authority in Iglau with legal questions .

In 1293 Reichenstein belonged to the nobleman Moyko / Moycho von Baitzen . He had to cede it to Duke Bolko I two years later . A parish church is documented for the year 1331, as a pastor of Reichenbach is named in a document of the Breslau bishop Nanker from August 30, 1331. In 1338 the Bohemian King Johann von Luxemburg transferred Reichenstein as a fief to Peter I. von Rosenberg . In a document of the Münsterberg Duke Nikolaus from March 20, 1344 Reichenstein is referred to as a "town" ("oppidum aurifodiorum"). In 1358 it came to the Schweidnitz Duke Bolko II with the help of the Bohemian King Charles IV. After Bolko's death in 1368, Reichenstein fell to the Crown of Bohemia as a settled fiefdom , from which it was given several times to other landlords in the following years.

Marketplace

From 1465 to 1502 the manor again belonged to the Kamenz monastery. In 1484 the miners were allowed to choose a miner and four jurors , who had to be confirmed by the duke. In 1491 Duke Heinrich d. Ä. the full town charter and at the same time raised Reichenstein to a free mountain town , to which he gave a town coat of arms. In 1502 the Frankenstein Mint was relocated to Reichenstein, for which a mint was built in 1520. In 1581 the Bohemian Chamberlain, Wilhelm von Rosenberg, acquired the manorial power and obtained the right to mint coins from the Bohemian sovereign. After Wilhelm's death in 1592, his property passed to his brother Peter Wok von Rosenberg . He sold Reichenstein together with Silberberg in 1599 to Duke Joachim Friedrich von Liegnitz - Brieg , whereby Reichenstein was detached from the Duchy of Münsterberg and connected to the Duchy of Liegnitz-Brieg. After the death of the last Liegnitz Piast Georg Wilhelm in 1675, Reichenstein again fell to the Bohemian Chamber as a settled fiefdom .

After the First Silesian War , Reichenstein, like almost all of Silesia, fell to Prussia in 1742 . In 1769 the depressed mining was resumed and the Upper Mining Office for Silesia was established in Reichenstein. However, it had to be relocated to Reichenbach in 1778 because of the War of the Bavarian Succession . The mining office established instead was in operation until 1854. After the reorganization of Prussia, Reichenstein belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and from 1818 was incorporated into the Frankenstein district in Silesia , with which it remained connected until 1945.

Former station building.

In the 19th century, several branches of industry developed, including lime works as well as a match and an explosives factory. In 1900 Reichenstein received a rail connection to the Kamenz – Reichenstein small railway . From 1920 it was the seat of the Silesian Forest School. In 1939 Reichenstein consisted of 2,609 inhabitants.

Until 1945 Reichenstein belonged to the district of Frankenstein in the administrative district of Breslau in the Prussian province of Lower Silesia of the German Empire .

After the end of the Second World War , Reichenstein was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power, like almost all of Silesia . Reichenstein received the Polish place name Złoty Stok . In the following period, the German population was expelled from Reichenstein by the local Polish administrative authority . Some of the newly settled residents came from the areas east of the Curzon Line that had fallen to the Soviet Union as part of the “ West displacement of Poland ” .

In 1961 the arsenic mining and in 1989 the railroad traffic stopped. In 1997 a flood caused great damage. From 1975 to 1998 Złoty Stok belonged to the Wałbrzych Voivodeship . In recent years tourism has gained economic importance.

The city was destroyed by fires several times (1638, 1796, 1836). It did not have a city wall and was laid out irregularly because of the mountainous terrain. The rectangular market square forms the center.

Population development

year Residents Remarks
1875 2.143
1880 2.173
1890 2,203 including 236 Evangelicals and seven Jews
1933 2,546
1939 2,616

Mining

Gold Mining Museum

There were numerous gold deposits in the area of ​​the city of Reichenstein, which were probably dug as early as 1236. After the mining crisis at the end of the 14th century, which also led to an extensive decline in Reichenstein, Reichenstein mining was revitalized in the 1480s with the granting of corresponding privileges . In the 16th century, mining in Reichenstein experienced its heyday. Already around 1500 around twenty smelters were in operation and the extraction took place in more than a hundred mines, tunnels and shafts. They belonged to the richest aristocrats in Europe, including the Fuggern and Welsern from Augsburg and the Upper Hungarian magnate Thurzó . Together with the sovereign, the smelters and the miners' union, they formed a mountain community that was able to ensure economic success. The technology was further developed with experts from Nuremberg and Thuringia, so that the smelting yield could in some cases be doubled. The most famous shaft was the so-called "Golden Donkey". Several hundred people were employed in the mountain area, plus countless woodcutters, charcoal burners, carters and other assistants.

Due to several mining accidents and illegal excavations as well as the exhaustion of the deposits, the mining had to be largely stopped in the 17th century. Exploitation of the arsenic deposits began towards the end of this century . It took place since 1895 according to the so-called chlorination process by Hermann Güttler. Arsenic production continued after the Second World War, but was discontinued in 1961. The so-called "Reichensteiner disease" arose as a result of drinking water pollution with arsenic in this area.

Attractions

Church of the Immaculate Conception of Mary
  • The neo-Gothic parish church of the “Immaculate Conception of Mary” was built between 1877 and 1883
  • The cemetery church of “St. Trinity ”from 1583 was rebuilt in 1691, 1796 and 1830. The year 1691 is on the portal.
  • The former “Erlöserkirche” was first mentioned as a parish church in 1331, expanded in the 16th century and rebuilt after a fire in the 17th century. After the Second World War it was used as a sports hall and was later demolished. The rest of the interior is in museums in Wroclaw , Glatz and in the Silberberg fortress .
  • The town hall is located on the ring; it was built in 1801
  • The house of the Fugger family with a baroque facade dates from the 16th century
  • The ducal mint was erected in 1507 and rebuilt in the 17th and 18th centuries
  • Town houses on Kościuszki Square from the 18th and 19th centuries
  • Museum of gold mining and gold smelting (Muzeum Górnictwa i Hutnictwa Złota) in the southern part of the city

local community

The localities belong to the urban and rural community of Złoty Stok

  • Błotnica (Plottnitz)
  • Chwalisław (Follmersdorf)
  • Laski (Heinrichswalde)
  • Mąkolno (Maifritzdorf)
  • Płonica (Dörndorf)
  • City of Złoty Stok (Reichenstein)

Personalities

literature

Web links

Commons : Złoty Stok  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Reichenstein in the Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ^ Website of the city, Burmistrz , accessed on March 7, 2015
  3. ↑ The information about Reichenstein's membership in the Kamenz monastery is contradictory in the sources. In the Lemma Kloster Kamenz they were named after Gregor Frömrich: Brief history of the former Cistercian Abbey Kamenz in Silesia. Glatz 1817, printed by Pompejus Erben , which differs from the literature used here.
  4. ↑ Anna Kubíková: kroniky Rožmberské. Krátky a summovní výtah od Václava Březana . České Budějovice 2005. ISBN 80-86829-10-3 , p. 101
  5. ^ A b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. frankenstein.html # ew39fsreichenst. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  6. ↑ Taschenbuch der Wasserversorgung, Mutschmann, Stimmelmayr, Vieweg + Teubner, ISBN 978-3834800121 .
  7. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: Tobias@1@ 2Template: dead link / imslp.org