Javorník
Javorník | ||||
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Basic data | ||||
State : | Czech Republic | |||
Region : | Olomoucký kraj | |||
District : | Jeseník | |||
Area : | 7742 ha | |||
Geographic location : | 50 ° 23 ' N , 17 ° 0' E | |||
Height: | 295 m nm | |||
Residents : | 2,768 (Jan 1, 2019) | |||
Postal code : | 790 70 | |||
License plate : | M. | |||
traffic | ||||
Street: |
Jeseník - Paczków Vidnava - Lądek-Zdrój |
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Railway connection: | Bernartice u Javorníka – Javorník ve Slezsku | |||
structure | ||||
Status: | city | |||
Districts: | 5 | |||
administration | ||||
Mayor : | Jiří Jura (as of 2018) | |||
Address: | nám. Svobody 134 790 70 Javorník |
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Municipality number: | 536148 | |||
Website : | www.mestojavornik.cz |
Javorník (German Jauernig , formerly Johannisberg ) is a town in Okres Jeseník in the Czech Olomoucký kraj in the Moravian-Silesian region .
Geographical location
The city is located on the Javornický potok ( Jauernigbach ) at the foot of the Reichensteiner Mountains directly on the state border with Poland.
name of the city
The name of the city is derived from Jawor (Slavic for maple ).
history
The city was probably founded in connection with the construction of a castle at the beginning of the 14th century. Since the middle of the 14th century, Jauernig belonged to the Principality of Neisse- Grottkau under the rule of the Prince-Bishops of Wroclaw . The settlement, which belonged to the village of Jauernig ( Ves Javorník ), was called a market and was laid out as a long street with small parcels on the road to Glatz . From 1428 to 1432 the Hussites held the castle and the place Jauernig.
Under the Breslau bishop Johannes V. Thurzo , the castle was converted into a palace at the beginning of the 16th century, which was named Johannesberg after him . Moreover, that was silver and - iron ore - mining added. The settlement was separated from the village of Jauernig and took on the character of a mountain village; she owned a hut and a hammer mill .
1549 was Jauernig, which then usually even after the lock name with Johannesberg was named the city charter . The first school in town can also be found in this year.
In 1576 the city was badly damaged by fire. Jauernig suffered a lot in the Thirty Years' War when it was plundered several times by troops passing through .
Between 1725 and 1726 the cityscape was redesigned with the construction of the church, the rectory, the school and the town hall.
When Frederick II conquered Silesia in 1742 , Jauernig remained with Austria , but now became a border town with Prussia . In 1748 it became the seat of the management of the Dominialgüter of the Diocese of Breslau for the entire Freiwaldau region . At the same time, Jauernig also became the seat of the state government for the Austrian part of the Principality of Neisse-Grottkau, which was dissolved in 1810 as a result of the secularization by Prussia . The city fire of 1825 destroyed almost the entire city. The reconstruction took place in the style of the bourgeois classic.
At the end of the 19th century Jauernig belonged to the Freiwaldau district administration and was the seat of a district court . In 1880 there were 2,292 inhabitants in the city, the village of Jauernig had 1,070 inhabitants. On December 1, 1930, the city of Jauernig had 3,067 inhabitants, on May 17, 1939 there were 2941 and on May 22, 1947, 1678 inhabitants.
In the 20th century, Jauernig received a railway connection to Freiwaldau, which was followed by a junction to Neisse in Haugsdorf . In addition to the well-known brewery , a few smaller companies also settled here. The city had a district court.
After the Munich Agreement , the place was added to the German Empire and until 1945 belonged to the Freiwaldau district .
After the Second World War , internment camps were set up in Jauernig for the German population in the area . A former camp of the Reich Labor Service served as a men's camp, while the women were interned at Johannesberg Castle until they were deported to Germany. The goods of the bishops of Wroclaw were confiscated by the Czechoslovak state in 1948 . Between 1985 and 1990 Uhelná ( Sörgsdorf ) and Vlčice (Wildschütz) were also incorporated into Javorník.
Demographics
year | Residents | Remarks |
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1834 | 1,695 | in 204 houses |
1900 | 2.135 | together with the neighboring village of Jauernig 3,095 German residents |
1930 | 3,067 | |
1939 | 2,932 |
mayor
- 1914 to 1920 Alois Rösner
- 1921 to 1934 Raimund Pesch
- 1934 to 1939 Josef Reinold
- 2006 to 2010 Jiří Jura
Community structure
The town of Javorník consists of the following districts:
- Bílý Potok ( Weißbach ) with Kohout ( Hahnberg ), since 1976
- Horní Hoštice ( Ober Gostitz ) with Hundorf, since 1976
- Javorník ( Jauernig ) with Podměstí ( town area ), Račí Údolí ( crab area ) and Ves Javorník ( village of Jauernig )
- Travná , formerly Krutvald ( Krautenwalde ), since 1960
- Zálesí ( Waldek ) with Černý kout ( Black Mountain Houses ), since 1960
Basic settlement units are Bílý Potok, Horní Hoštice, Hundorf, Kohout, Město Javorník, Podměstí, Račí Údolí, Travná, Ves Javorník and Zálesí.
The municipality is divided into the cadastral districts of Bílý Potok, Horní Hoštice, Hundorf, Javorník-město, Javorník-ves, Travná u Javorníka and Zálesí u Javorníka.
Attractions
In the city
- Jánský Vrch Castle (Johannesberg Castle)
- Home of Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (museum)
- Monument to Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf and Prince-Bishop Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch
- The Trinity Church was built in 1715–1725 according to plans by the episcopal architect Michael Klein from Neisse . It contains statues by the sculptors Hartmann and Ludwig from Wartha . The main altar was designed by Ulrich Schweigel from Brno , the altar painting is the work of the painter Anton Kraus from Frankenstein . The Lady Chapel was added to the church in 1755.
- In the market there is a Marian column from 1723 and a statue of St. John Nepomuk from 1812.
- The Kreuzkirche was the village church of the village of Jauernig. It was built in the 13th century. Its main portal is identical to that of the church in Großrauden ( Rudy in Polish ). After 1900 the church was rebuilt and renovated. Inside there is an altar by Raimund Kutzer from the time of the renovation. The paintings of the Way of the Cross were created by the Breslau painter Johann Jacob Eybelwieser in 1730 .
- Opposite the church is a castle hill, where archaeological excavations were carried out in the 20th century . The finds showed that this castle had been destroyed by the Hussites in 1428.
In the neighborhood
- The ruins of the Rychleby Castle are 4 km from Javorník. There is no written evidence of this castle, and its original name is also unknown. Presumably, the ruins named after the mountains were built after 1250 as a protective castle for the old trade route from Neisse via Glatz to Königgrätz and the mines in the Reichensteiner Mountains , which ran through the Crab Valley (Račí údolí) .
- The Ödschloss (Pustý zámek) was another fortification on the Crab Valley. Its remains are on an inaccessible rock plateau.
Personalities
- Cardinal Adolf Bertram (1859–1945), Archbishop of Breslau , died at Johannesberg Palace
- Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739–1799), composer and founder of the German comic operas, lived here and wrote the opera Doctor and Pharmacist at Johannesberg Castle
- Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff (1788–1857), Romantic poet, was often a guest in Jauernig
- Liberatus Geppert (1815–1881), composer
- George of Bavaria (1943–1999)
- Friedrich Wilhelm Helle (1834–1901), German poet, wrote his main work Jesus Messiah at Johannesberg Palace
- Ingo Koblischek (* 1933), German sculptor
- Bruno König (1865–1945), chief accountant and honorary archaeologist , died in Chemnitz
- Hans Leder , also Jan Leder (1843–1921) globetrotter, ethnologist and entomologist, born in Jauernig
- Max Müller (1889–1963) local history researcher
- Adolf Paupie (1867–1942) doctor and local researcher
- Johann Nepomuk Rust (1775–1840), surgeon, Prussia's first health minister, was born here
- Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch , Prince-Bishop of Breslau, Johannesberg Castle became his exile
- Luise Schnittenhelm (1865–1955), local history researcher
- Amandus Schölzig (1836–1900), Augustinian canon, Trappist, abbot and missionary
- Johann Schwarzer (1880–1914), photographer, film director and producer
- Adolf Theer (1811–1868), painter and lithographer
- Albert Theer (1815–1902), painter and lithographer
- Robert Theer (1808–1863), painter and lithographer
- Wilhelm Tinter (1839–1912), astronomer, geodesist
- Josef Christian von Zedlitz (1790–1862), poet, born at Johannesberg Palace
literature
- Faustin Ens : The Oppaland, or the Troppauer Kreis, according to its historical, natural history, civil and local characteristics. Volume 4: Description of the location of the principalities of Jägerndorf and Neisse, Austrian Antheils and the Moravian enclaves in the Troppauer district. Gerold, Vienna 1837, pp. 270–272 .
Web links
- City of Jauernig (Rolf Jehke, 2007)
- City homepage (German)
- Information about the microregion in Czech, English, Polish and German
- History and sights of Jauernig in the online travel guide Oberschlesien .
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/536148/Javornik
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon. Volume 10: Jonier to Kimono. 6th, completely revised and enlarged edition, new impression. Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig et al. 1907, p. 207 .
- ↑ Faustin Ens : The Oppaland or the Opava district, according to its historical, natural history, civic and local peculiarities . Volume 4: Description of the location of the principalities of Jägerndorf and Neisse, Austrian Antheils and the Moravian enclaves in the Troppauer district. Gerold, Vienna 1837, pp. 270–272 .
- ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Freiwaldau district (Czech. Jeseník, formerly Fryvaldov). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/casti-obce-obec/536148/Obec-Javornik
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/zsj-obec/536148/Obec-Javornik
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi-obec/536148/Obec-Javornik