Paczków
| Paczków | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Opole | ||
| Powiat : | Neisse | ||
| Gmina : | Paczków | ||
| Area : | 6.60 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 27 ′ N , 17 ° 0 ′ E | ||
| Residents : | 7605 (Dec. 31, 2016) | ||
| Postal code : | 48-370 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 77 | ||
| License plate : | ONY | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | DK 46 Kłodzko - Szczekociny | ||
| Ext. 382 Lisie Kąty - Stanowice | |||
| Next international airport : | Wroclaw | ||
Paczków [ 'pat͡ʂkuf ] ( German Patschkau , Silesian Potschke or Poatschke ) is a town in the powiat Nyski in the Polish Voivodeship of Opole . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with almost 13,000 inhabitants.
Geographical location
The city is located in the southwest of the historical region of Upper Silesia at the confluence of the Kamitzbach in the Glatzer Neisse at 235 m above sea level. NHN , about 25 kilometers west of Neisse and 80 kilometers southwest of Opole . The border with the Czech Republic runs about four kilometers south of the city .
The surrounding area belongs to the Sudeten foothills within the Ottmachauer Senke . The Patschkau reservoir extends northwest .
history
middle Ages
Patschkau, whose name is supposed to be derived from the old Slavic first name Pakoslaw , belonged to the Ottmachau castellan , which was assigned to the Wroclaw bishops as equipment . It was officially founded on March 8, 1254, when the Wroclaw Bishop Thomas I , who encouraged the settlement with Germans, gave his consent to the construction of a new settlement on part of the area around the village of Patschkau and the area around the small village of Bogunov ( Bogenau ) gave. The former was then called Alt Patschkau . It was laid out as an oval urban complex with a grid road network and a 160 × 80 meter market square, the Ring. It grew rapidly as a market place due to the influx of German settlers and was also surrounded by a ring of German villages.
When, shortly before his death in 1290, Duke Heinrich IV of Breslau granted the Neiss diocese the privilege of sovereignty , Duke Bolko I of Schweidnitz protested . His attempt to occupy the diocese land failed, but he succeeded in taking Patschkau. To secure the border with Bohemia, he built a castle. It was northwest of the city and was first mentioned in 1301, the year Bolko I died. Probably after Bolko's death, Patschkau came to the Duchy of Münsterberg . A parish school in Patschkau is documented for the year 1315. It was not until the beginning of the 1340s that Duke Nikolaus von Münsterberg sold Patschkau to Bishop Preczlaw von Pogarell from Breslau . He connected Patschkau in turn with the principality of Neisse , which had been a fiefdom of the Crown of Bohemia since 1342 , which came to the Habsburgs in 1526 .
In the late Middle Ages and the following epochs, Patschkau was affected by several catastrophes: famines (1325), floods of the Glatzer Neisse (1333, 1501, 1539, 1560, 1598, 1602), fires (1565, 1634), epidemics (plague 1349, cholera 1603 , 1607, 1633). In the Hussite Wars it was conquered on March 17, 1428 and heavily destroyed. Even before the war, plundered the Glatzer Governor Hynek of Lichtenburg Kruschina Patschkau and the surrounding area after the northerly castle Neuhaus had unsuccessfully besieged.
Early modern age
Only in the following period did an economic upswing take place. The end of prosperity was the Thirty Years' War , when war bands ravaged the area.
After the First Silesian War in 1742, Patschkau fell to Prussia, along with most of Silesia . Since the southern part of the Principality of Neisse remained with Bohemia due to the demarcation, long-distance trade that ran through Patschkau came to a standstill.
19th and 20th centuries
The rule of the Breslau bishops ended in 1810 with the secularization of the Principality of Neisse. From 1816 Patschkau belonged to the Neisse district , which was reclassified from the Breslau district to the Opole district . Since 1817 there was a daily mail service that led from Neisse via Patschkau to Glatz.
In 1874 the district of Patschkau was formed, which consisted of the rural communities of Fuchswinkel, Gostitz, Heinzendorf, Kamitz and Kosel and the manor districts of the same name. In the same year Patschkau was connected to the railway line that runs from Königszelt via Frankenstein, Kamenz and Patschkau to Neisse .
At the beginning of the 20th century, Patschkau had one Protestant and three Catholic churches, a grammar school, an orphanage, a secondary customs office, a large ignition goods factory, machine and wood goods manufacture and was the seat of a local court . In 1933, the Ottmachau reservoir was completed east of the city .
Patschkau belonged 1945 County Neisse in the administrative district of Opole the Prussian province of Silesia of the German Reich .
Towards the end of the Second World War , Patschkau was occupied by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 . After the end of the war, the region, like almost all of Silesia, was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet Union . The Polish place name Paczków was introduced for the German city of Patschkau . Then began the immigration of Polish migrants, some of them from areas east of the Curzon Line , where they belonged to the Polish minority.
Only a few German Patschkauer were able to stay in their hometown after the Second World War . Since the winter of 1945, many residents had fled the approaching front and the Soviet Army or were evacuated to the southern Reich. Most of the rest of the German population who returned after the end of the war were expelled by the local Polish administrative authorities in the course of 1946 and transported to the British zone by freight trains, each with more than 1,000 people . Such a transport ended in the Lower Saxon town of Einbeck, which a few years later became the godfather town for the evicted Patschkauer. Polish migrants took possession of their apartments, houses and farms in Patschkau.
The historic old town, which was called the Silesian Rothenburg in German times because of the completely preserved city wall ( fortification ) , is now known as the Polish Carcassonne .
Between 1995 and 2003, the Jezioro Paczkowskie reservoir was built northwest of the city , with which the Glatzer Neisse is dammed. In addition to flood protection and power generation, the lake also serves as a local recreation and tourism area.
Demographics
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1767 | 1603 | almost exclusively Catholics |
| 1777 | 1608 | |
| 1780 | 1598 | |
| 1781 | 1640 | |
| 1782 | 1617 | |
| 1783 | 1627 | |
| 1784 | 1598 | with the garrison (a battalion of infantry ) |
| 1816 | 2190 | |
| 1825 | 2483 | including 134 Evangelicals, 16 Jews |
| 1840 | 3490 | thereof 309 Evangelicals, 3147 Catholics and 34 Jews |
| 1852 | 4196 | |
| 1855 | 4131 | Civil residents |
| 1861 | 4433 | Civil residents, including 298 Evangelicals, 4076 Catholics, 59 Jews |
| 1867 | 4754 | on December 3rd |
| 1871 | 4911 | including 250 Evangelicals and 80 Jews, according to other information, 4924 inhabitants (on December 1), including 316 Evangelicals, 4536 Catholics, two other Christians, 70 Jews |
| 1905 | 6153 | mostly Catholics |
| 1910 | 6226 | |
| 1933 | 7486 | |
| 1939 | 7543 |
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1961 | 7289 |
| 1971 | approx. 8100 |
Town twinning
traffic
Paczków station is on the Katowice – Legnica railway line .
Attractions
- The parish church of St. Johannes Evangelist is a three-aisled hall church made of brick. Its predecessor was first mentioned in 1285. The new building in the Gothic style was started in 1361, the consecration took place in 1389. Around 1529 it was converted into a fortified church with a crenellated wreath because of the Turkish threat . The Renaissance sandstone altar from 1588 in the Maltitz Chapel is attributed to the Neiss sculptor Georg Grebacher. In the church there are numerous epitaphs from the 16th century, the so-called Tartar fountain from the 14th / 15th. Century as well as two wooden sculptures from 1496. They represent the Mother of God with the child and St. Laurentius. In 1858 the church received a neo-Gothic main altar. The paintings on the side altars were created by the Glatzer painter Hieronymus Richter in 1890 . A wooden Pietà from around 1430 is lost today.
- The city wall with 19 towers was built around 1350. It initially contained the Breslauer, Glatzer and Frankensteiner Tor. The fourth gate, the Neiss Gate, was broken in 1573. After the destruction by the Hussites, the curtain wall was rebuilt in the second half of the 15th century.
- The town hall on the ring was built in 1542–1552 and redesigned in 1821/22 and 1911/12. The Renaissance town hall tower with an openwork spire was built between 1550 and 1552 under Bishop Balthasar von Promnitz .
- Town houses from the 16th to 19th centuries
- In the former "executioner's house" there is now a local museum
- Gas museum, in the gas works from around 1900
- Recreational area with the Jezioro Paczkowskie and Jezioro Otmuchowskie reservoirs
Personalities
sons and daughters of the town
- Joseph Schröter (1837-1894), mycologist
- Joseph Emanuel Weiser (1847–1911), painter
- Kurt Vosberg (1863–1940), politician, Lord Mayor of Potsdam and member of the Prussian manor house
- Wilhelm Koch-Hooge (1916–2004), actor
- Hans Dietrich Erichsen (1924–1999), German politician (Greens)
- Alfred Heider (1925–2012), football player
- Erhard Lonscher (1925–2013), politician
- Helmut Arndt , (1928–2016), historian
- Werner Schubert (* 1936), German legal scholar
- Jacek Socha (* 1954), economist and politician
- Paweł Kukiz (* 1963), rock singer and politician
- Krzysztof Maksel (* 1991), Polish track cyclist
Personalities who have worked on site
- Christoph Ludwig von der Mülbe (1709–1780), Prussian major general, died in Patschkau
- Johann Moritz von Strachwitz (1721–1781), Apostolic Vicar, at times pastor in Patschkau
- Theodor von Gaffron-Kunern (1823–1899), Prussian chamberlain and politician, died in Patschkau
- Theodor von Scheve (1851–1922), chess master, died in Patschkau
- Joseph Wittig (1879–1949), theologian and writer, temporarily chaplain in Patschkau
- Franz Peucker (1881 – after 1933), lawyer and politician, 1915 to 1920 mayor of Patschkau
- Gerhard Fahrt (1890–1968), music teacher and composer, attended high school in Patschkau
- Erich Rommerskirch (1904–1989), Jesuit and writer, grew up partly in Patschkau
- Heinz-Jürgen Zierke (1926–2015), attended the teacher training college in Patschkau
- Helmut Faust (1928–2008), educator, attended the teacher training institute in Patschkau
- Adolf Kossakowski (1928–2017), psychologist, attended the teacher training college in Patschkau
local community
The town-and-country municipality (gmina miejsko-wiejska) has an area of 79.7 km² and includes a number of villages in addition to the main town. The area around the city is dominated by agriculture.
traffic
Droga krajowa 46 bypass runs in the south of the city, and state road 382 in the east .
Paczków station is on the Nysa – Kamieniec railway line , which runs northwest of the city center.
literature
- Felix Triest : Topographical Handbook of Upper Silesia , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, pp. 1003-1006 .
- Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 393-396.
- Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland. Silesia. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich a. a. 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 725-728.
- L. Biller: Neisse, Ottmachau and Patschkau. The cities on the middle reaches of the Glatzer Neisse . Wroclaw 1932
- G. Jahndel: Patschkau undisputed home. Festschrift to celebrate the 700th anniversary of the city of Patschkau . Einbeck 1954
- Hans-Georg Mohr and Leo Schiller: 1254–2004. 750 years of Patschkau. The history of the town of Patschkau in Silesia . Osnabrück 2004
- Leo Schiller: Patschkauer picture book, Osnabrück, 2011, Dohlenverlag Osnabrück
- Leo Schiller, Visit me to Patschke !, Osnabrück, 1999, Dohlenverlag Osnabrück
- Leo Schiller, Patschkauer Tagebuch 1945/46, Osnabrück, 1996, Dohlenverlag Osnabrück
- Johannes Athanasius Kopietz : Regesten der Stadt Patschkau , Patschkau 1875.
Web links
- Paczków website
- Picture gallery Paczków
- Heimatverein Patschkau und Umgebung e. V.
- Historical and current recordings as well as geographical location
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 15, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 509.
- ↑ Hans-Georg Mohr, Leo Schiller (Ed.): 1254-2004. 750 years of Patschkau. The history of the town of Patschkau in Silesia . Dohlenverlag, Osnabrück 2004, p. 19: German text of the founding deed.
- ^ Rudolf Žáček: Dějiny Slezska v datech . Praha 2004, ISBN 80-7277-172-8 , p. 421.
- ↑ Ludwig Petry , Josef Joachim Menzel (Hrsg.): Geschichte Schlesiens. Volume 1: From prehistoric times to 1526. 5th revised edition. Thorbecke, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-7995-6341-5 , p. 393.
- ↑ http://www.territorial.de/obschles/neisse/patschla.htm Patschkau district
- ↑ Ralf Volkmann, Helga Grasleben: The Mariental refugee camp. 1945-1947 . Mariental municipality, Helmstedt district, 1997.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi : Earth Description of the Prussian Monarchy , Volume 3, Part 1, Halle 1792, pp. 129-131, especially p. 130 .
- ↑ Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 4: P – S , Halle 1823, p. 16, item 544 .
- ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, towns and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration . Breslau 1830, pp. 990-991.
- ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia . 2nd edition, Breslau 1845, pp. 894-895.
- ^ Kraatz: Topographical-statistical manual of the Prussian state . Berlin 1856, p. 457.
- ↑ a b Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 966, paragraph 69 .
- ^ A b Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Silesia and their population. Based on the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Berlin 1874, pp. 398–399, item 2 .
- ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 183-185, item 15 .;
- ↑ www.gemeindeververzeichnis.de: Municipal directory Germany 1900
- ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. neisse.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).