Tooth lilies
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The erythronium ( Erythronium ) are a genus within the family of the lily family (Liliaceae). Almost all of the 27 to 32 species are found in the temperate areas of North America , only one species, the dog-tooth lily , is found in Europe. The name tooth lilies is derived from the onion, the shape of which is reminiscent of a dog's tooth.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Toothlilies are perennial herbaceous plants . They grow from egg-shaped to elongated bulbs with occasional short rhizome segments. Some species form daughter bulbs, occasionally sessile, occasionally slender runners at the end. Species that reproduce in this way are also characterized by the formation of fewer flowers than species without vegetative reproduction.
Toothed lilies have one stalked leaf in the ground during the vegetative phase and two during the flowering period. The pure green or purple, brown or white speckled, smooth leaf blade is flat to folded and lanceolate to ovate, with single leaves wider and reaches a length of 6 to 60 centimeters.
Generative characteristics
The inflorescence stem is green, occasionally red. The terminal, racemose inflorescence contains one to ten flowers. The showy flowers are usually nodding, occasionally upright or turned sideways. The hermaphrodite flowers are usually threefold. The six bracts (four in Erythronium propullans ) are spread out or bent back, white, yellow, pink or purple and often have a short yellow (occasionally differently colored) base and are lanceolate to ovate.
The stamens of the six stamens are generally slender. The ovary is on top. The stylus ends in a non- or dreigelappte scar , the tabs are bent back or upright.
The upright capsule fruits are obovate to oblong-round, rounded or blunt at the extreme end. The seeds are brown and obovate.
The basic chromosome number is x = 11 or 12.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Erythronium was established by Carl von Linné . The genus name Erythronium is derived from the Greek word erythros for red, which refers to the flower color of Erythronium dens-canis .
The genera Erythronium , Tulips ( Tulipa L. ) and Amana Honda are closely related. They belong to the tribe Tulipeae in the subfamily Lilioideae within the family Liliaceae .
The 27 to 33 species mostly thrive in temperate areas . 23 species are common in North America. A center of biodiversity extends from Oregon to California. Only one species (the dog's tooth lily) is found in Europe. Six species occur in Asia ( Erythronium caucasicum , Erythronium japonicum , Erythronium krylovii , Erythronium sajanense , Erythronium sibiricum , Erythronium sulevii ). With the exception of the prairie species Erythronium mesochoreum , they all grow in cool, temperate forest and mountain meadow locations .
The genus Erythronium comprised about 27 in 2002; some species have been added and since 2011 there have been up to 33 species:
- Erythronium albidum Nutt. : It is widespread in North America, Canada and the United States, and thrives at altitudes from 0 to 300 meters.
- Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. : It is distributed with two subspecies in eastern North America.
- Erythronium californicum Purdy : It thrives at altitudes from 0 to 1900 meters in northwestern California .
- Caucasus dog tooth ( Erythronium caucasicum Voronow ): The range extends from the Caucasus to northern Iran .
- Erythronium citrinum S. Watson : It thrives at altitudes of 100 to 1300, rarely up to 1800 meters in southwest Oregon and northern California.
- Dog's tooth lily ( Erythronium dens-canis L. ): The distribution area extends from Central and Southern Europe to the Ukraine .
- Erythronium elegans P.C. Hammond & KLChambers : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 800 to 1000 meters only in the "Coast Ranges" in northwest Oregon.
- Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh : The range extends from western Canada to northern California.
- Erythronium helenae Applegate : It is endemic and thrives at altitudes of 500 to 1200 meters only in the area around Mount St. Helena in western California.
- Henderson's dog tooth ( Erythronium hendersonii S.Watson ): It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 1,600 meters in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California.
- Erythronium howellii S. Watson : It is only found in Oregon and northern California.
- Erythronium idahoense H.St.John & GNJones (Syn .: Erythronium grandiflorum var. Idahoense (H.St.John & GNJones) RJDavis , Erythronium grandiflorum subsp. Candidum Piper , Erythronium grandiflorum var. Candidum (Piper) Abrams ): It thrives in Altitudes of 500 to 1500 meters in Idaho, Montana and Washington are found.
- Japanese dog tooth ( Erythronium japonicum Decne. ): It is common from Sakhalin to Japan , in Korea and in the northeastern Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning .
- Erythronium klamathense Applegate : It thrives at altitudes of 1200 to 1900 meters in southern Oregon and northern California.
- Erythronium krylovii Stepanov : It wasfirst describedfrom Siberia in 2011.
- Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr : It thrives at altitudes of 100 to 700 meters in the US states of Arkansas , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , Oklahoma and Texas .
- Erythronium montanum S. Watson : It iswidespreadin southern British Columbia in Canadaand in the US states of Washington and Oregon and thrives at altitudes of rarely 300 to, usually 800 to 2000 meters.
- Erythronium multiscapideum (Kellogg) A. Nelson & PBKenn. : It thrives at altitudes of 400 to 1000 meters in northern California.
- Erythronium oregonum Applegate : It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 500 meters and is distributed from southern British Columbia via Washington to northern California.
- Erythronium pluriflorum Shevock, Bartel & GAAllen : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 2300 to 2600 meters only in Madera County , California.
- Erythronium propullans A.Gray : It thrives at altitudes of about 300 meters only in southeastern Minnesota (only Goodhue County and Rice County ).
- Erythronium purpurascens S.Watson : It only thrives in northern California at altitudes of 1500 to 2700 meters.
- Erythronium pusaterii (Munz & JTHowell) Shevock, Bartel & JAAllen : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 2100 to 2500 meters only in California's Tulare County in the southern Sierra Nevada.
- Erythronium quinaultense G.A.Allen : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 500 to 900 meters only on the southwestern Olympic Peninsula in Washington.
- Erythronium revolutum Sm .: It only comes from southwestern British Columbia via western Washington and western Oregon to northwestern California and thrives in a 100 km wide strip on the Pacific coast at altitudes of 0 to 600, rarely up to 1000 meters.
- Erythronium rostratum W.Wolf : It thrives at altitudes from 0 to 500 meters in the USA.
- Erythronium sajanense Stepanov & Stassova : This species, first described in 2011, only occurs in the Krasnoyarsk region.
- Erythronium shastense D.A. York, JKNelson & DWTaylor : The species first described in 2015 occurs in northern California.
- Siberian dog tooth ( Erythronium sibiricum (Fisch. & CAMey.) Krylov ): It occurs from southern Siberia to the Uighur autonomous region of Xinjiang and to Mongolia .
- Erythronium sulevii (Rukšans) Stepanov (Syn .: Erythronium sibiricum subsp. Sulevii Rukšans ): It was first described in 2007 from Siberia as a subspecies, and has since 2011 the status of a kind.
- Erythronium taylorii Shevock & GAAllen : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 1,300 to 1,400 meters in Tuolumne County, California,in the central Sierra Nevada.
- Erythronium tuolumnense Applegate : It thrives at altitudes of 600 to 1000 meters in California.
- Erythronium umbilicatum C.R. Parks & Hardin : It is distributed with two subspecies in the southern and eastern USA.
use
There are a number of forms of culture. Some varieties are used as ornamental plants .
Plant parts of some species are eaten raw or cooked.
supporting documents
The information in this article comes from:
- John Christopher Clennett: A taxonomic revision of Erythronium L. (Liliaceae). Phd thesis, Open University, Ardingly, UK, 2006. Abstract.
- Geraldine A. Allen, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis: Phylogeny and Biogeography of Erythronium (Liliaceae) Inferred from Chloroplast matK and Nuclear rDNA ITS Sequences. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 28, Issue 3, 2003, pp. 512-523. doi : 10.1043 / 02-18.1 (currently not available) (section systematics)
- Geraldine A. Allen, Kenneth R. Robertson: Erythronium. , P. 153 - same text online as printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
- Chen Sing-chi, Minoru N. Tamura: Erythronium. , P. 126 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Erythronium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Geraldine A. Allen, Kenneth R. Robertson: Erythronium. , P. 153 - same text online as printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Erythronium. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 26, 2016.
- ↑ a b Chen Sing-chi, Minoru N. Tamura: Erythronium. , P. 126 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
- ↑ Entries on Erythronium in Plants For A Future . Retrieved October 4, 2014.
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