Cornell University

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Cornell University
Cornell University
Motto"I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study"
–Ezra Cornell, 1865
TypePrivate with 14 colleges and schools, including 4 statutory colleges
Established1865
Endowment$3.847 billion1
PresidentHunter R. Rawlings, III
President-electDavid J. Skorton
(Inauguration: July 1, 2006)
Academic staff
3,423
Undergraduates13,625
Postgraduates6,674
Location
Ithaca
,
NY
,
USA
CampusUrban area, 745 acres (3.0 km²)
Athletics36 Varsity Teams
NicknameBig Red
Mascot
File:Cornellbear.gif
None. The unofficial mascot is the bear sometimes named "Touchdown"
Websitecornell.edu
Cornell University
"Cornell" redirects here. For the unaffiliated liberal arts college in Mount Vernon, Iowa, see Cornell College. For other uses, see Cornell (disambiguation).

Cornell University is a private research university located on the East Hill of Ithaca, New York. Its two medical campuses are located in New York City and in Education City, Qatar, near Doha.

The youngest member of the Ivy League, Cornell was founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White as a coeducational, nonsectarian institution where admission was offered irrespective of religion or race. Conceived immediately after the Industrial Revolution and the American Civil War, its founders intended that the new university would teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge—from the classics to the sciences and from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals—a radical departure at the time—are captured in Cornell's motto, an 1865 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study".




History

Main article: History of Cornell University
The Cornell Arts Quad as seen in 1919

Cornell was created on April 27, 1865 by the New York State Senate when they passed a bill naming Cornell as the state's land grant institution. Senator Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, NY as a site and $500,000 of his personal fortune as an initial endowment. Fellow senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. Over the next three years, White oversaw the construction of the initial two buildings and traveled about the country, attracting students and faculty.

After much planning, the university was inaugurated on October 7, 1868 and, through examination, admitted its first students the following day - an initial enrollment of 412 men.[1] While Cornell offered coeducation since its inception, no women enrolled until 1870, many years before any of the other Ivy League schools. The initial faculty included such noteworthy academics as Louis Agassiz and James Crafts.

In the twentieth century Cornell expanded significantly. Its student population grew from its initial 412 to well over 13,000 students. The faculty expanded as well; by the end of the twentieth century Cornell University had over 1,500 faculty members. Along with its expansion in terms of population, the university also expanded in terms of its breadth of offerings. By the century's end the university boasted programs ranging from its engineering program to its Hotel School. By 1999, Cornell offered well over 4000 courses.

In recent years, Cornell has been aggressively expanding its international programs—from the establishment, in 2001, of the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, the first American medical school outside of the United States, to the forging of partnerships and collaboration with major institutions in China[2][3], India[4][5][6] and Singapore[7]. The University has gone as far as to claim to be "the first transnational university."[8]

Organization

Academic units

Schools are frequently located on their own separate quads, such as the Ag Quad

Cornell is a private institution, receiving most of its funding through tuition, research grants, and alumni contributions. However, three of its undergraduate colleges as well as the graduate-level College of Veterinary Medicine, called contract or statutory colleges, also receive partial funding from the state of New York to support their research and service mission in niche fields. Residents of New York enrolled in the contract colleges enjoy reduced tuition. Further, the governor of the state serves as an ex-officio member of the board of trustees. It is a common misconception that Cornell's contract colleges are public institutions. They are not—they are private institutions that Cornell operates by contract with the state government.

Cornell is highly decentralized, with its colleges and schools enjoying wide autonomy. Each defines its own academic programs, organizes its own admissions and advising programs, and confers its own degrees. The only university-wide requirements for a baccalaureate degree are to pass a swimming test and take two physical education courses. Periodically, the university attempts to resolve naturally arising redundancies by creating special inter-school departments. Although students are affiliated with their individual college or school, any student may take any course in any of the colleges, provided they have fulfilled the course prerequisites.

Seven schools offer undergraduate programs. In addition, there are six units offering graduate and professional programs. Students pursuing graduate degrees in departments of these schools are enrolled in the Graduate School.

Undergraduate colleges and schools

Endowed

Contract

Graduate and professional colleges and schools

Endowed

Contract

Other

  • School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions


Non-academic units

====Cornell University Library====

The Cornell Law Library
Main article: Cornell University Library

The Cornell University Library (CUL) consists of twenty units. One of the twelve largest academic research libraries in the United States by volume, it holds 7 million volumes in open stacks, 8 million microforms, and some 76,000 sound recordings in its collections, in addition to extensive digital resources and the University Archives[9]. It was the first among all U.S. colleges and universities to allow undergraduates to borrow books from its libraries.[10]

CUL plays an active role in furthering online archiving of scientific and historical documents. The arXiv.org e-print archive, created at Los Alamos National Laboratory by Paul Ginsparg, is operated and primarily funded by Cornell as part of CUL's services. The archive has changed the way many physicists and mathematicians communicate, making the eprint a viable and popular form for announcing new research.

Other digital initiatives include Project Euclid and the Cornell Library Digital Collections.

Cornell University Press

Main article: Cornell University Press

The Cornell University Press, established in 1869 but inactive from about 1890 to 1930, was the first university publishing enterprise in the United States and is one of the country's largest university presses[11]. It produces approximately 150 titles each year in various disciplines including anthropology, classics, cultural studies, history, literary criticism and theory, medieval studies, philosophy, politics and international relations, psychology and psychiatry, and women's studies. Established in the College of the Mechanic Arts (as mechanical engineering was called in the 1800s), probably because engineers knew more than literature professors did about running steam-powered printing presses, the Cornell University Press offered work-study financial aid when tuition to Cornell cost $75 a year. Students with previous training in the printing trades were paid to set the type and run the presses that printed textbooks, a weekly student journal, pamphlets and official university publications, such as the annual “Register” book. An advertisement in the 1870 “Register” said that America’s first university press “solicits the patronage of the public for two reasons: First, it attempts to do its work well. Second, its employees are all young men who are endeavoring, by means of their own labor, to defer the expenses of a University education”.

Campuses

Main campus

File:Mcgraw.jpg
McGraw Tower, the iconic image of Cornell

Cornell's main campus is located on East Hill in Ithaca, New York, overlooking the town and Cayuga Lake. When the University began in 1865, the campus consisted of 209.5 acres of Ezra Cornell's roughly 300 acre farm. Since then, it has swelled to about 745 acres[12] encompassing both the Hill and much of the surrounding areas.

The university's roughly 260 buildings[13] are primarily divided among Central and North Campuses on the plateau, West Campus on the slope of the Hill, and Collegetown, adjacent to Central Campus. Central Campus contains laboratories, administrative buildings, almost all academic buildings, athletic facilities, auditoriums, and museums. The only residential facility currently operating on Central Campus is the Law School's residential college, Hughes Hall. North Campus, a 1911 donation, contains freshman and graduate student housing and themed "program houses." West Campus contains upperclass residential colleges. Collegetown contains a performing arts center and two upperclass dormitories.

The partially-realized 1925 Campus Plan called for the creation of a Collegiate Gothic West Campus complex

The Main Campus is well known for its eclectic architectural styles and irregular layout. While many buildings are Gothic, Victorian, and Neoclassical, there are also many in the International, and Modernist styles. The more ornate buildings were generally built during the pre-World War II period according to the wishes of Andrew Dickson White. However, as the student population doubled from 7,000 in 1950 to 15,000 by 1970, grandiosity was neglected in favor of more affordable, more rapidly constructed styles in order to meet the needs of the expanding population.[14] Also, while some buildings are neatly arranged into quadrangles, others are densely and haphazardly packed. In a large way, these eccentricities arose from the Campus's numerous, ever changing master plans. For example, in one of the earliest plans, Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of Central Park, outlined a "grand terrace" overlooking Cayuga.[15] As the terrace plan was later dropped, McGraw Hall appears to face the wrong direction, facing The Slope rather than the Arts Quad.

File:Beebe Lake.jpg
Beebe Lake is a popular site for jogging, swimming, canoeing, and other outdoor activities

The Main Campus is also well regarded for its scenic beauty. Cornell is located amongst the rolling valleys of the Finger Lakes region and, atop the Hill, it possesses a glorious panorama of these sights below. Two gorges bound Central Campus, which become popular swimming holes during the warmer months. Students also enjoy many miles of manicured nature trails. Near the Main Campus, Cornell owns the 2900 acre [16] Cornell Plantations, a botanical garden containing many flowers, trees, and ponds.

See Cornell's collection of photos and Quicktime VR views of campus

New York City campus

The New York Weill Cornell Medical Center is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City. It is home both to the Weill Cornell Medical College and Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and has a long affiliation with the New York-Presbyterian Hospital. Although their faculty and academic divisions remain separate, the Medical Center shares its administrative functions with the Columbia University Medical Center. Weill Cornell Medical College is also affiliated with the neighboring Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, and the Hospital for Special Surgery. Many faculty members have joint appointments at these institutions, and Weill Cornell, Rockefeller, and MSKCC offer a Tri-Institutional MD-PhD program to selected entering Cornell medical students.

New York City is also home to local offices of the Cornell Cooperative Extension, to an office of the ILR (Industrial and Labor Relations) Extension, to an office of the College of Architecture, Art & Planning, and to Cornell's Operations Research Manhattan Center. These facilities are all separate from and operated independently of the medical center.

Other campuses

File:Weill Medical College Qatar.jpg
Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar.
File:Arecibo.arp.750pix.jpg
Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico.

The Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, located in Education City, near Doha, is housed in a large two-story structure designed by Arata Isozaki. It is part of Cornell University's program to expand its influence overseas, as well as an initiative of the Qatar government to strengthen its national academic programs.

The Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, site of the world's largest single-dish radio telescope, is operated by Cornell.

The Shoals Marine Laboratory, a seasonal marine field station dedicated to undergraduate education and research operated in conjunction with the University of New Hampshire, is located on the 95 acre (0.4 km²) Appledore Island off the Maine–New Hampshire coast.

The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, operated by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, is located in Geneva, New York, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of the main campus. The facility now comprises 20 major buildings on 130 acres (0.5 km²) of land, as well as over 700 acres (2.8 km²) of test plots and other lands devoted to horticultural research. It also operates three substations, Vineyard Research Laboratory in Fredonia, Hudson Valley Laboratory in Highland and the Long Island Horticultural Research Laboratory in Riverhead.

Cornell University maintains facilities in Washington, D.C. and New York City for its Cornell in Washington, Urban Semester, and Urban Scholars Programs.

Other facilities include

  • Cornell Lab of Ornithology in Sapsucker Woods in Ithaca, New York
  • Cornell Biological Field Station at Shackelton Point in Bridgeport, New York
  • Punta Cana and EsBaran biodiversity field stations in the Dominican Republic and Peru
  • Arnot Teaching and Research Forest natural resources center in Tompkins and Schuyler Counties.
  • Animal Science Teaching and Research Center in Harford, New York, and Duck Research Laboratory in Eastport, New York
  • Offices of the New York Sea Grant, Cornell Cooperative Extension, and School of Industrial and Labor Relations Extension Service throughout New York State
  • Offices for Cornell-administered study abroad programs such as the Cornell-Nepal Study Program and Cornell-in-Rome


Admissions

Cornell's overall undergraduate acceptance rate for 2006 was 24.7%.[17] Cornell's enrollment includes students from over 120 countries and all fifty U.S. states. For the class of 2009, 33.8% enrolled through early decision.[18]


Academics

Faculty

Main article: List of Cornell University people § Faculty
File:ChiefJusticeCharlesEvansHughes.jpg
Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes.

Cornell University has over 1,550 full-time and part-time academic faculty members, and an additional 1,600 affiliated with its medical divisions. The 2004-05 Cornell faculty included three Nobel laureates, a Crawford Prize winner, two Turing Award winners, a Fields Medal winner, two Legion of Honor recipients, a World Food Prize winner, four National Medal of Science winners, two Wolf Prize winners, four MacArthur Award winners, four Pulitzer Prize winners, 14 Alexander von Humboldt Award winners, two Eminent Ecologist Award recipients, a Carter G. Woodson Scholars Medallion recipient, 20 National Science Foundation CAREER grant holders, a recipient of the National Academy of Sciences Award for Initiatives in Research, a winner of the American Mathematical Society's Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement, a recipient of the Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, two Packard Foundation grant holders, a Keck Distinguished Young Scholar, two Beckman Foundation Young Investigator grant holders, and two NYSTAR (New York State Office of Science, Technology, and Academic Research) early career award winners. In total, Cornell is affiliated to 32 Nobel laureates.[19]

Among Cornell's notable former professors are Carl Sagan, Norman Malcolm, Vladimir Nabokov, Hans Bethe, Richard Feynman, Kip S. Thorne, and Allan Bloom.

International programs

Cornell offers a wide array of programs and undergraduate majors with an international focus, including Africana Studies, Asian Studies, French Studies, German Studies, Jewish Studies, Latino Studies, Near Eastern Studies, Romance Studies, Russian Literature, the South Asia Program, the Southeast Asia Program, and the newly-launched China and Asia-Pacific Studies (CAPS). In addition to these academic programs, to the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and to its study abroad programs on six continents[20], Cornell has undertaken a number of major initiatives overseas:

Reputation

Cornell ranked 13th in the 2006 U.S. News and World Report "National Universities" ranking[26], and 12th globally in an academic ranking of world universities by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2005[27].

Cornell Law Tower

In 2005, The Washington Monthly published a unique ranking that focused on universities' contributions to national service (Research: total research spending, Ph.D.s granted in science and engineering, Community Service: the number of students in ROTC, Peace Corps, etc.; and Social Mobility: percentage of, and support for, Pell grant recipients); Cornell was ranked fourth nationally, and first among Ivy League universities.

In its 2005 ranking of engineering programs at universities in the United States, U.S. News and World Report has placed Cornell first in engineering science and engineering physics. That same magazine rated the medical school's departments of psychiatry and orthopedic surgery as second best in the country, while rheumatology was rated third.

Cornell University's Johnson Graduate School of Management is also ranked highly, as it boasts one of the largets alumni networks, and consistently maintains its positions as one of the leading business programs in the country, if not on a global scale. Along with business, Cornell's Law School maintains a reputable image of being one of the nation's leading law programs, churning out many successful graduates. In addition Cornell University's Vetrinary, Hotel and Architecture Schools are unmatched in their domiance of the rankings in their respective fields. In essence, Cornell University maintains its reputations for being one of the more academically advanced institutions among the Ivy League, and among national as well as international universities.

Alumni

Main article: List of Cornell University people
Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Graduates of Cornell are known as "Cornellians". As of 2005, Cornell University counted over 230,000 living Cornellians[28]. Many continue to remain active through organizations and events including the annual Reunion Weekend and Homecoming, weekend festivities in Ithaca, and the International Spirit of Zinck's Night. Continued interest in the university shows in its alumni donations. In the 2003-4 fiscal year, Cornell ranked second in gifts and bequests from alumni and third in total support from all sources (alumni, friends, corporations, and foundations) among U.S. colleges and universities reporting voluntary gift support.[29]

Paul Wolfowitz; President of the World Bank

Additionally, Cornellians are noted for their many accomplishments in a variety of fields. Though no Cornellian has been an American president, they have been the heads of state for Iran, the Republic of China, and Cuba. Also in government have been numerous Cabinet members, Congressmen, and even one Supreme Court justice. After their Cornell education, they have gone on to help found other institutions such as Stanford and Bryn Mawr. They have started numerous businesses such as Burger King, Carrier, Citigroup, Coors, Gannett, Grumman Aerospace Corporation, PeopleSoft, Priceline.com, Qualcomm, S. C. Johnson & Son, and Staples, and played influential roles in the growth of Black & Decker and Oscar Mayer.

In medicine, Cornell alumni have invented the Atkins diet, Heimlich maneuver, and pacemaker, coined the term power nap, and include such personalities as Dr Spock, and Joyce Brothers. Cornell scientists and engineers have invented Freon, the PalmPilot, the iPod, some of the earliest computer games and computer viruses, landed the Mars rovers, served as astronauts, and been affectionately referred to as "The Science Guy."

Cornell authors have won Pulitzer Prizes and Nobel Prizes and have written such famous works as Beloved, Charlotte's Web, The Elements of Style, Gentleman's Agreement, The Good Earth, Gravity's Rainbow, and Slaughterhouse-Five. Cornell actors have played such memorable characters as Charlie Bucket, Superman, Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog, The Wizard of Oz, won Academy Awards, and been enshrined on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Cornell musicians have written such songs as Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo and Mele Kalikimaka, and frontlined bands such as Bad Religion, Huey Lewis and the News, and Peter, Paul and Mary. In athletics, Cornellians have won Olympic gold medals, led numerous teams as GMs, and coaches, and been inducted into sports halls of fame. Cornell architects have designed such buildings as the Empire State Building, and Grauman's Chinese Theatre.


Student life

Activities

File:Sun-first.jpg
The Cornell Daily Sun is one of numerous campus publications

Cornell has more than 850 registered student organizations, running the gamut from kayaking to full-armor jousting, from varsity and club sports and a cappella groups to improvisational theatre, from political clubs and publications to chess and video game clubs.[30] Many groups are subsidized financially by the Student Assembly Finance Commission, a student-run organization that gives nearly $1,000,000 a year to clubs and organizations. Organized in 1868, the oldest student organization is the Cornell University Glee Club.

The Cornell Daily Sun is the oldest continuously independent college daily in the United States, having published since September 1880, and the first collegiate member of the Associated Press. Other campus publications include The Cornell Review, Turn Left and The Cornell American.

WVBR is an independent radio station owned and operated by Cornell students. During the 1970s, it was noted for its progressive rock radio format. It is also known for its coverage of both Cornell and national sports.

Cornell also hosts one of the largest fraternity and sorority systems in North America, with over 60 chapters involving approximately one third of undergraduate students.[31] Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established for African Americans was founded at Cornell in 1906.

Housing

File:Balch Halls Exterior.jpg
Balch Hall is a women-only dormitory on North Campus

University housing is broadly divided into three sections: West Campus, Collegetown and North Campus. As a result of President Hunter R. Rawlings III's 1997 Residential Initiative[32], West Campus houses mostly transfer and returning students, whereas North Campus is almost entirely populated by freshmen. The only options for living on North Campus for upperclassmen are the program houses: Risley Residential College, Just About Music (JAM), the Ecology House, Holland International Living Center (HILC), the Multicultural Living Learning Unit (McLLU), the Latino Living Center (LLC), Akwe:kon, and Ujamaa.

Risley has served as the basis for the new residential colleges

In an attempt to create a sense of community and an atmosphere of education outside the classroom, the university has undertaken the $250 million residential college project on West Campus. In line with Andrew Dickson White's vision of the university, the West Campus Class Halls will be demolished and rebuilt as five residential colleges. The first House, the Alice Cook House, was opened to students in 2004, followed by the Carl Becker House in 2005. The next house will be the Hans Bethe House. The names of the Houses come from notable Cornell professors. The idea of building a House system can be attributed in part to the success of Risley Residential College, the oldest continually-operating residential college at Cornell. Like Risley, the new houses will have their own dining halls, student governments, in-house lectures, House trips, and crests. The completion of the five-House "residential college" campus will occur in 2010.[33]

A variety of off-campus housing options exist. Many homes in the East Hill neighborhoods adjacent to the university have been converted to apartments, and several high-rise apartment complexes have been constructed in the Collegetown neighborhood. A significant number of undergraduate students live in fraternity and sorority houses. Many "co-op" or other independent living units such as Watermargin, Telluride House, The Center for Jewish Living (formerly the Young Israel House), and the Wait Cooperative also exist.

The campus dining services have been rated as one of the top college dining services many times in recent years.[34] Cornell has a program called Cross Country Gourmet Guest Restaurant Series which periodically brings chefs, menus, and atmosphere from America’s most influential restaurants to Cornell’s dining rooms.

Athletics

Main article: Cornell Big Red

Cornell, with 36 varsity teams, has one of the most diverse varsity athletic programs in the country.

Schoellkopf Field.

An NCAA Division I institution, Cornell is a member of the Ivy League and also competes in Eastern College Athletic Conference, the largest athletic conference in North America. Cornell's traditional football rival is the University of Pennsylvania; in 1993, the two institutions celebrated the 100th anniversary of their first game. More keenly followed in the present day are the men's ice hockey contests with Harvard University, although the rivalry has been somewhat one-sided in recent years, with Cornell leading 22-5-2 since the 95-96 season[citation needed], including ECAC Championship Game wins in 1996, 2003, and 2005.

In addition to the school's varsity athletics, a wide variety of club sports teams have been organized as student organizations under the auspices of the Dean of Students.

Cornell's intramural program includes 30 sports. In addition to such familiar sports such as flag football, squash, or horseshoes, such unusual offerings as "inner tube water polo" and formerly "broomstick polo" have been offered, as well as a sports trivia competition.


Cornelliana

Main article: Cornelliana

Cornelliana is a term for Cornell's unique traditions, legends and lore. Cornellian traditions include Slope Day, a celebration held on the last day of classes, and Dragon Day, which includes the burning of a dragon built by architecture students. Dragon Day is one of the school's oldest traditions and has been celebrated annually since 1901.

File:Dragon Day 1901.JPG
An early Dragon Day parade

The school colors are carnelian (a shade of red) and white, a play on "Cornellian" and Andrew Dickson White. Cornell's athletic teams are referred to as the "Big Red"; a bear is commonly used as the unofficial mascot, which dates back to the introduction of the mascot "Touchdown" in 1915, a live bear who was brought onto the field during football games. The sports teams participate in the Ivy League and the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). At sporting events, Cornellians sing the university's alma mater "Far Above Cayuga's Waters" and fight song "Give My Regards to Davy". People associated with the university are called "Cornellians"; "Cornellian" may also be used as an adjective and is the name of the university's yearbook.


Research

The Automotive Crash Injury Research project was begun in 1952 by John O. Moore at the Cornell Aeronautical Research Laboratories (spun off in 1972 as Calspan Corporation). It pioneered the first-ever use of crash testing (originally using corpses rather than dummies). The project discovered that an extraordinary percentage of injuries could be prevented by improved door locks, energy-absorbing steering wheels, padded dashboards, and seat belts. The project led to Liberty Mutual's funding the building of a demonstration Cornell Safety Car in 1956, which received national publicity, and influenced carmakers. Carmakers started their own crash-test laboratories and gradually adopted the main Cornell innovations, all now taken for granted (although others, such as rear-facing passenger seats, never found favor with carmakers or the public).

File:NASA Mars Exploration Rover.jpg
Artist's rendering of a Mars Exploration Rover as seen on the "Big Red" planet

In 1984, the National Science Foundation began work on establishing five new supercomputer centers, including the Cornell Theory Center, to provide high-speed computing resources for research within the United States. In 1985, development of NSFNet, a TCP/IP-based computer network that could connect to the ARPANET, was undertaken by a team from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Cornell Theory Center. This high-speed network, unrestricted to academic users, became a backbone to which regional networks would be connected. Initially a 56-kbit/s network, traffic on the network grew exponentially; the links were upgraded to 1.5-Mbit/s T1s in 1988 and to 45 Mbit/s in 1991. The NSFNet was a major milestone in the development of the Internet and its rapid growth coincided with the development of the World Wide Web.[35][36][37]

For more than 40 years, Cornell has been involved in unmanned missions to Mars.[38] Recently, Cornell had a hand in the Mars Exploration Rover Mission. Cornell's own Steve Squyres[39], Principal investigator for the Athena Science Payload, led the selection of the landing zones and requested data collection features for the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineers took those requests and designed the rovers to meet them. JPL is also responsible for all of the designs relating to space travel, Mars terrain travel, and the software-control system. The rovers, which have both operated long past their original life expectancy, are responsible for the discoveries that were awarded 2004 Breakthrough of the Year honors[40] by Science. Photos taken by Opportunity, near its landing site at Meridiani Planum, showed a stratification pattern and cross bedding within the rocks that suggest a history of water flowing in the region. Control of the Mars rovers has shifted between NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech and Cornell's Space Sciences Building[41].


External links

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References

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  2. ^ "Lehman leads Cornell delegation in China; Hong Kong and India next". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  3. ^ "Rawlings heads to China to sign partnership agreement and deliver keynote address at economic summit in Beijing". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  4. ^ "Lehman discusses research and academic collaborations in India". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  5. ^ "Cornell president joins Indian prime minister to open new chapter in science education". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  6. ^ "Cornell's International Programs awarded $300,000 USAID grant to help bolster agricultural economy in India". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  7. ^ "Hotel School, Singapore university establish joint master's program". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  8. ^ "The Cornell University Mission". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  9. ^ "Cornell University Library: Collection Statistics". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  10. ^ "Facts about Cornell - Marks of Distinction". Retrieved 2006-05-01.
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  12. ^ "Cornell University - The Ithaca Campus". Retrieved 2006-04-06.
  13. ^ "Cornell University - The Ithaca Campus". Retrieved 2006-04-06.
  14. ^ Margulis, Daniel (1980). A Century at Cornell. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Daily Sun. pp. 110–111. ISBN 0-938304-00-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Parsons, Kermit C. (1968). "Chp. 3: A Quadrangle of Stone". The Cornell Campus: A History of its Planning and Development. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
  16. ^ "Explore Cornell - Natural Beauty - Campus Gardens". Retrieved 2006-04-06.
  17. ^ "Final C.U. Admit Rate 25%". Retrieved 2006-04-06.
  18. ^ "Class of 2009 Profile" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-05-10.
  19. ^ "Facts about Cornell - Marks of Distinction". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  20. ^ "Cornell Abroad - University & Program Choices". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
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  23. ^ "Cornell and India sign new agreement for agricultural development". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
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  25. ^ "Cornell and Stanford to work with Israel and Jordan on Bridging the Rift research center to include world's first databank for all living systems". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
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  31. ^ "Greek Life at Cornell". Retrieved 2006-04-06.
  32. ^ "The Residential Initiative: North Campus". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  33. ^ "The Residential Initiative: West Campus". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  34. ^ "The Best 361 College Rankings on The Princeton Review: Quality of Life: Best Campus Food". Retrieved 2006-01-01.
  35. ^ "The Internet - The Launch of NSFNET". Retrieved 2006-01-05.
  36. ^ "A Brief History of NSF and the Internet". Retrieved 2006-01-05.
  37. ^ "NSFNET, National Science Foundation Network". Retrieved 2006-01-05.
  38. ^ "Cornell's role in missions to Mars: 1962-2003". Retrieved 2006-01-10.
  39. ^ "Science and Technology at Scientific American.com: Father of Spirit and Opportunity". Retrieved 2006-01-10.
  40. ^ "Editorial: Breakthrough of the Year". Retrieved 2006-01-10.
  41. ^ "Space.com—Control of Mars Rovers Shifts to Cornell". Retrieved 2006-01-10.
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