Amomum

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Amomum
Amomum cf. dealbatum

Amomum cf. dealbatum

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Gingery (Zingiberales)
Family : Ginger family (Zingiberaceae)
Subfamily : Alpinioideae
Genre : Amomum
Scientific name
Amomum
Roxb.

Amomum is a plant genus in the subfamily Alpinioideae from the family of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) that the monocots plants belongs. With up to 200 species, it is one of the two most species-rich genera in the Zingiberaceae family. Some species are used as aromatic and medicinal plants by humans.

description

Rhizomes of Amomum compactum
Illustration of Amomum compactum
Illustration of Amomum nilgiricum : A. Part of the pseudostem B. Ligula C. Inflorescence D. Bract E. Bract E. Blossom G. Calyx H. Corolla lobe I. Fertile stamen J. Labellum K. Ovary with glands and style L. Scar N. fruit; from VP Thomas, M. Sabu, KM Prabhu Kumar: Amomum nilgiricum (Zingiberaceae), a new species from Western Ghats, India. 2012, doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.8.2152
Illustration from Indian Medicinal Plants and Drugs Wellcome by Amomum aculeatum
Infructescence with prickly capsule fruits of Amomum cf. dealbatum

Vegetative characteristics

Amomum species are perennial herbaceous plants . They form widely creeping rhizomes as persistence organs.

Usually well-developed "pseudostems" are formed from mostly many, rarely only one to four leaves. The leaf sheath is long. The ligules are simple or bilobed. The leaf blades are elongated or lanceolate.

Generative characteristics

Directly from the rhizome, a terminal, racemose , spiky , paniculate inflorescence develops on a short to very long inflorescence stem covered with scale-shaped leaf sheaths, in which the flowers are close together. In many species the inflorescence looks like a cone. There is a support sheet . Each flower stands over a mostly tubular bract .

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold with double perianth . The three sepals are fused Roehrig. The three petals are fused tubular with an upright corolla lobe, which is longer, wider and more convex than the two lateral ones. Only the middle stamen of the inner circle is fertile ; it has a long, well-developed stamen . The appendages of the anthers are simple, two- or three-lobed. All other stamens are reduced to staminodes and at least one or three are missing. The two lateral staminodes of the outer circle are awl-shaped, small or absent. The middle staminodium of the outer circle is missing. The two lateral staminodes of the inner circle have grown together to form a so-called labellum ; it represents the most conspicuous part of the flower. The mostly obovate and broadly concave labellum is yellow to orange in the center, has some red veins or signs and often a white border. Three fruit leaves are a dreikammerigen ovary grown with many ovules in each ovary chamber. The thin stylus usually ends in a funnel-shaped, ciliate scar.

The irregularly shaped capsule fruits have a smooth, angular or prickly surface and contain many seeds. The rectangular or angular seeds have a fleshy or membranous aril .

Locations

The genus Amomum thrives almost only in tropical areas. Most Amomum species thrive as large, evergreen plants in moist forests, especially in clearings and on the edges of forests. There are also some epiphytes and, rarely, seasonal green, small plants in the herbaceous layer of the forests.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Amomum belongs to the tribe Alpinieae in the subfamily of the Alpinioideae within the family of the Zingiberaceae .

The genus Amomum was first established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Monandria Monogynia with four species: Amomum zingiber , Amomum zerumbet , Amomum cardamomum and Amomum grana-paradisi . These four species belong to Aframomum K.Schum today . , Zingiber Boehm and Elettaria Maton . The current publication of the genus Amomum was made in 1820 by William Roxburgh in Plants of the Coast of Coromandel , 3, p. 75 with the type species Amomum subulatum Roxb. The generic name Amomum is derived from the Greek word ἄμωμον, amomon , which was used for an Indian species of aromatic plant. Synonyms for Amomum Roxb. are: Cardamomum Rumph. ex Kuntze , Conamomum Ridl. , Geocallis Horan. , Meistera Giseke , Paludana Giseke , Paramomum S.Q.Tong , Torymenes Salisb. nom. nud., Zedoaria Raf. , Litterbainia Giseke .

The previous division of the genus into two sub-genera can be found in Yong-Mei Xia et al. 2004 cannot be confirmed, and a division into sections is not possible with the current results from the molecular genetic investigations; well-confirmed clades are shown, but further investigation is required to clearly show the relationships.

The main distribution area is Southeast Asia . Individual species occur from the Himalayas through Southeast Asia to northern Australia and to the central Pacific region . There are 39 species in China , 29 of them only there.

The genus Amomum contains 150 to 200 species (new species are constantly being added):
Habitus of Amomum compactum in culture
Zygomorphic flower of Amomum compactum
Ligules of Amomum nilgiricum
Above-ground parts of the plants of Amomum nilgiricum
Subterranean plant parts of Amomum nilgiricum
Cone-shaped inflorescence of Amomum nilgiricum
Fruchtstand of Amomum nilgiricum
Tragblatt of Amomum nilgiricum
Cover of Amomum nilgiricum
Cup of Amomum nilgiricum
Crown lobes of Amomum nilgiricum
Labellum of Amomum nilgiricum
Fertile stamen with flattened stamen of Amomum nilgiricum
Ovary with style from Amomum nilgiricum
Scar from Amomum nilgiricum
Habitus of Amomum pterocarpum in the habitat
Zygomorphic flowers of Amomum pterocarpum
Habit of the black cardamom ( Amomum subulatum )
Zygomorphic flower of black cardamom ( Amomum subulatum )
Habit of Amomum villosum

For example, no longer belongs to the genus Amomum :

use

Many Amomum species (see species list above for examples) are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Amomum tsaoko is a food crop in China. Black cardamom ( Amomum subulatum ) is used as a spice.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b William Roxburgh: Plants of the Coast of Coromandel , 3, 1820, p. 75 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
  2. ↑ Amomum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Amomum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Delin Wu, Kai Larsen: Zingiberaceae . : Amomum , p. 347 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 .

Web links

Commons : Amomum  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Paul Wagler : Amomon . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume I, 2, Stuttgart 1894, Sp. 1873 f.