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Amora ( Aramaic אמוראים Amora'im , "the speaker" or "the report about something ends"; singular אמורא Amora ) were Jewish scholars of the 3rd to 5th century in Babylonia and Palestine , spread over the oral law (the oral Torah ) “Entertained” or “told” about it. Their discussions were codified in the Gemara . The Amoraim followed the Tannaim in the line of Jewish scholars.

The period of the Amoraim

The first Babylonian Amoraim were Abba Arikha , with the honorary title Rav , and his contemporary and discussion partner Samuel of Nehardea . Among the first Amoraim in Israel were Rabbi Jochanan bar Nappacha and Simeon ben Lakish . Traditionally, the period of the Amoraim is divided into six to eight generations, also depending on where you start and finish. The last of the Amoraim are usually Rabina I and Rab Aschi as well as Rabina II , the nephew of Rabina I, who - according to the traditional view - codified the Babylonian Talmud around 500 AD.

In the Talmud itself, the singular amora refers to an assistant to the teaching rabbi: The rabbi formulated his remarks briefly for himself, and the amora repeated what was said for the public by translating it and adding any necessary explanations.

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Known Amoraim

The following list is a summary of the most famous Amoraim. The Talmud names around 3,000 of these Babylonian or Palestinian law teachers. In general, the historical identification and classification problems are great, legend formation and historicity are often inextricably linked. An example: Rab Kahana (in the Palestinian Talmud always without the title Kahana ), Amorae of the second generation, a disciple of Rab, came from Babylonia to Palestine, where he joined the circle of Jochanan and Simeons b. Lakisch belonged. No less than six different Babylonian Amoraians were called Rab Kahana, three of whom also came to Palestine.

The first generation (approx. 220–250)

The second generation (approx. 250–290)

  • Abba bar Zabdai (or Zabda), in Palestine
  • Abimi , in Pumbedita
  • Rab Adda bar Ahaba , (3rd / 4th century), student of Rab
  • R. Alexander (Alexandrai)
  • Rav Bruna , Beruna or Berona, in Babylonia
  • Chama bar Chanina , in Palestine
  • Chanina (2nd generation), in Palestine, father of Acha b. Chanina
  • Charifin, in Pumbedita
  • R. Chijja bar Josef, in Palestine
  • Chilfa , in Palestine
  • Efa, in Pumbedita
  • Rab Geniba, in Surah, executed by the Persians
  • Giddel , in Babylonia
  • Rab Huna , student of Rab and Mar Samuel. Dean of the Academy of Sura
  • Isaac ben Eleazar , in Palestine
  • Rab Jehuda bar Jechezqel (died 299), disciple of Rab and Mar Samuel. Dean of the Academy of Pumbedita
  • Rab Jirmeja bar Abba (Palestinian Jirmeja bar Wa), in Babylonia, an older student of Rab
  • Jochanan bar Nappacha (died probably 279), student of Rabbi Jannai , among others . Dean of the School of Tiberias first author of the Palestinian Talmud
  • R. Jonathan from Bet Gubrin (Eleutheropolis), in Palestine
  • R. Joschijja, in Khutsal
  • R. Jose ben Chanina, in Palestine
  • Rab Kahana (2nd generation)
  • Mani I. (= Mana bar Tanchum)
  • Rab Mattena, in Babylonia, student of Samuel
  • R. Measha, in Palestine
  • Rab Qattina, in Surah
  • Rabbah bar Abuha, in Babylonia, father-in-law of Rab Nachman
  • Ruben, in Palestine
  • Resh Laqisch (Rabbi Simeon ben Laqisch) (died late 3rd century), student of Rabbi Jannai and colleague of Jochanan bar Nappacha
  • Simlai , in Palestine
  • R. Tanchum ben Chanilai, in Palestine
  • Mar Uqba (n) II., Exilarch

The third generation (approx. 290-320)

The fourth generation (approx. 320-350)

  • Abaje (died 339), pupil of Rabba , Rab Josef and Rab Nachman bar Jakob . Dean of the school / yeshiva in Pumbedita
  • R. Abba bar Ulla (Rabba Ulla)
  • R Abin I. (also Abun or Bun , abbreviated Rabin ), in Palestine
  • Acha from Lydda , in Palestine
  • R. Acha bar Jakob, in Pafunja
  • R. Adda II. Bar Ahaba, in Babylonia
  • R. Ahaba (Achawa) ben Zera
  • R. Aibo, in Palestine
  • R. Chaggai, in Palestine
  • R. Chanin (Chanan), from Sepphoris
  • R. Chanina b. Abbahu, in Palestine
  • R. Chanina b. Ah, in Palestine
  • R. Chanina b. Isaac, in Palestine
  • R. Chasdai, in Palestine
  • Chelbo , in Babylonia and Palestine
  • Hillel II (around 360). Author of the Jewish calendar that is still valid today . Son and successor as Nasi of Jehuda III., Grandson of Gamaliel IV.
  • R. Huna b. Abin, in Palestine
  • Rab Idi bar Abin I, a student of Chisda , around 350, in Naresch, later in Schekhantsib
  • R. Yehoshua ben Nechemiah, in Palestine
  • R. Jehuda bar Simon (ben Pazzi), in Palestine
  • R. Jirmeja
  • R. Josef bar Chama, in Machoza
  • R. Judan, in Palestine
  • Rab Nachman bar Isaak (died 356), disciple of Abaje and Raba. Dean of the Academy / Yeshiva of Pumbedita .
  • Raba (Raba ben Josef ben Chama), d. 352, pupil of Rabba , Rab Josef and Rab Nachman bar Jakob . Dean of the school / yeshiva of Mahuza
  • Rabba bar Shila, in Babylonia
  • Rabbah bar Mari
  • Rafram ben Papa , in Babylonia
  • Rami bar Chama, in Babylonia, son-in-law and disciple of Chisda , died around 350

The fifth generation (approx. 350-375)

  • R. Abin II., In Palestine
  • R. Azarja, in Palestine
  • R. Bebaj bar Abaje, in Babylonia
  • Calcia , in Palestine
  • Chama from Nehardea , in Babylonia
  • Chanina of Sura , in Sura, Babylonia
  • R. Chananja II (Chanina), in Palestine
  • R. Chizqijja, in Palestine
  • Dimi of Nehardea , in Babylonia
  • Huna bar Yehoshua , in Babylonia
  • R. Jehuda ben Shalom (Judan), in Palestine
  • Jonah , in Palestine
  • R. Jonah from Botsra, in Palestine
  • R. Jose bar Abin (Abun)
  • R. Jose II. Bar Zabda, in Palestine
  • Mani II , in Palestine
  • R. Nachman, in Palestine
  • Rab Papa (died 375), pupil of Abaje and Raba. Dean of the academy / yeshiva of Naresch (near Sura ).
  • R. Papi , in Babylonia
  • R. Pinchas (bar Chama)
  • Samuel b. R. Jose beR. Bun, in Palestine
  • Tanchuma bar Abba , in Palestine
  • Ulla II, in Palestine
  • Zera II., In Palestine
  • Rab Zerbid (from Nehardea), in Babylonia

The sixth generation (approx. 375-425)

The seventh generation (approx. 425-460)

  • Rab Gebiha from Be Qatil, head of school in Pumbedita
  • R. Idi bar Abin II., In Babylonia
  • R. Jemar, in Babylonia
  • Mar bar Rab Aschi (= Tabjomi), in Babylonia
  • Rab Rafram II , head of school in Pumbedita
  • Rab Richumai (Nichumai), head of school in Pumbedita
  • Rab Sama, head of the Pumbedita school
  • Rabba Tosfaa, in Babylonia

The eighth generation (approx. 460–500)

  • Rabina II. (Died around 500), pupil of Rabina I and Aschis. Dean of the yeshiva / school in Sura . He completed the editing of the Babylonian Talmud.
  • Rab Nachman bar Rab Huna, head of school in Sura
  • Rab Jose, in Babylonia

Unsafe or controversial assignment

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Periodization is carried out differently in the specialist literature, the information provided here conforms to Alyssa M. Gray:  Amoraim. In: Encyclopaedia Judaica . 2nd Edition. Volume 2, Detroit / New York a. a. 2007, ISBN 978-0-02-865930-5 , pp. 89-95 (English) .. Here p. 89.

See also