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Amora ( Aramaic אמוראים Amora'im , "the speaker" or "the report about something ends"; singular אמורא Amora ) were Jewish scholars of the 3rd to 5th century in Babylonia and Palestine , spread over the oral law (the oral Torah ) “Entertained” or “told” about it. Their discussions were codified in the Gemara . The Amoraim followed the Tannaim in the line of Jewish scholars.
The period of the Amoraim
The first Babylonian Amoraim were Abba Arikha , with the honorary title Rav , and his contemporary and discussion partner Samuel of Nehardea . Among the first Amoraim in Israel were Rabbi Jochanan bar Nappacha and Simeon ben Lakish . Traditionally, the period of the Amoraim is divided into six to eight generations, also depending on where you start and finish. The last of the Amoraim are usually Rabina I and Rab Aschi as well as Rabina II , the nephew of Rabina I, who - according to the traditional view - codified the Babylonian Talmud around 500 AD.
In the Talmud itself, the singular amora refers to an assistant to the teaching rabbi: The rabbi formulated his remarks briefly for himself, and the amora repeated what was said for the public by translating it and adding any necessary explanations.
Known Amoraim
The following list is a summary of the most famous Amoraim. The Talmud names around 3,000 of these Babylonian or Palestinian law teachers. In general, the historical identification and classification problems are great, legend formation and historicity are often inextricably linked. An example: Rab Kahana (in the Palestinian Talmud always without the title Kahana ), Amorae of the second generation, a disciple of Rab, came from Babylonia to Palestine, where he joined the circle of Jochanan and Simeons b. Lakisch belonged. No less than six different Babylonian Amoraians were called Rab Kahana, three of whom also came to Palestine.
The first generation (approx. 220–250)
- Abba Arikha (d. 247) was the last of the Tannaim and the first of the Amoraim. He was a student of Yehuda ha-Nasi and moved from Palestine to Babylonia (219). He was the founder and dean of the academy in Sura .
- Abba bar Abba , in Babylonia
- Rab Assi , in Babylonia
- Bar Pedaja (Jehuda bar Pedaja)
- Chama bar Bisa , in Palestine
- Chanina bar Chama , in Palestine
- Chizkijja ben Chijja
- R. Efes from South Judaea
- Hoshaya , in Palestine
- Rabbi Jannai , in Palestine
- Yehoshua ben Levi (early 3rd century), directed the school in Lydda
- Jehuda II. (Early 3rd century), pupil and grandson of Jehuda ha-Nasi, and son and successor of Gamaliel III. as nasi . Sometimes called Rabbi Judah Nesi'ah , and rarely Rabbi like his grandfather.
- Jehuda ben Chijja
- Jonathan ben Eleazar , came to Palestine from Babylon
- Jose ben Zimra , in Palestine
- Qarna
- Rabba bar Chana
- Mar Samuel (died probably 254), head of the school in Nehardea
- Shela , in Babylonia
- R. Simeon ben Jehotsadaq , in Palestine
- Mar Uqba (n), in Babylonia
- R. Zabdai ben Levi , in Palestine
The second generation (approx. 250–290)
- Abba bar Zabdai (or Zabda), in Palestine
- Abimi , in Pumbedita
- Rab Adda bar Ahaba , (3rd / 4th century), student of Rab
- R. Alexander (Alexandrai)
- Rav Bruna , Beruna or Berona, in Babylonia
- Chama bar Chanina , in Palestine
- Chanina (2nd generation), in Palestine, father of Acha b. Chanina
- Charifin, in Pumbedita
- R. Chijja bar Josef, in Palestine
- Chilfa , in Palestine
- Efa, in Pumbedita
- Rab Geniba, in Surah, executed by the Persians
- Giddel , in Babylonia
- Rab Huna , student of Rab and Mar Samuel. Dean of the Academy of Sura
- Isaac ben Eleazar , in Palestine
- Rab Jehuda bar Jechezqel (died 299), disciple of Rab and Mar Samuel. Dean of the Academy of Pumbedita
- Rab Jirmeja bar Abba (Palestinian Jirmeja bar Wa), in Babylonia, an older student of Rab
- Jochanan bar Nappacha (died probably 279), student of Rabbi Jannai , among others . Dean of the School of Tiberias first author of the Palestinian Talmud
- R. Jonathan from Bet Gubrin (Eleutheropolis), in Palestine
- R. Joschijja, in Khutsal
- R. Jose ben Chanina, in Palestine
- Rab Kahana (2nd generation)
- Mani I. (= Mana bar Tanchum)
- Rab Mattena, in Babylonia, student of Samuel
- R. Measha, in Palestine
- Rab Qattina, in Surah
- Rabbah bar Abuha, in Babylonia, father-in-law of Rab Nachman
- Ruben, in Palestine
- Resh Laqisch (Rabbi Simeon ben Laqisch) (died late 3rd century), student of Rabbi Jannai and colleague of Jochanan bar Nappacha
- Simlai , in Palestine
- R. Tanchum ben Chanilai, in Palestine
- Mar Uqba (n) II., Exilarch
The third generation (approx. 290-320)
- Abba II, Babylonian
- R. Abba from Akko
- R. Abba bar Kahana, in Palestine
- R. Abba bar Memel, in Palestine
- Rabbi Abbahu (died early 4th century), student of Jochanan bar Nappacha . Dean of the school / yeshiva in Caesarea .
- R. Acha b. Chanina, in Palestine
- Rab Ammi ben Natan , in Palestine
- Rab Assi , immigrated to Palestine from Babylonia
- R. Bebai, in Babylonia
- R. Bebai, in Palestine
- R. Benjamin ben Levi, in Palestine
- Chananja , in Palestine
- Chanina ben Pappai (Palestine)
- Chija bar Abba II , in Palestine
- Rab Chisda (died 309), student of Rab Huna . Dean of the Academy of Sura .
- Dimi from Haifa
- Eleazar ben Pedat , in Palestine
- Hamnuna Sabba , in Babylonia
- Hela , in Palestine
- Hoshaja (= Hoshaja II.)
- Huna bar Chijja , in Babylonia
- R. Isaak II. (= Isaak Nappacha), in Palestine
- Rab Isaak bar Abdimi (Eudemos), in Babylonia
- R. Isaak bar Nachman, in Palestine
- Jakob bar Idi , in Palestine
- R. Jannai (Jannaj), in Palestine
- R. Joschijja, in Palestine
- Rab Josef (died 333), pupil of Rab Huna and Rab Jehuda . Dean of the Academy of Pumbedita .
- Judah III. (died early 4th century), pupil of Jochanan bar Nappacha . Son and successor of Gamaliel IV as Nasi , and grandson of Judah II.
- R. Judan bar Ishmael, in Palestine
- Levi , in Palestine
- Rab Nachman bar Chisda, in Babylonia
- Rab Nachman bar Jakob (d. 320), student of Samuel . Although he did not lead his own school / yeshiva, he was a frequent participant in the discussions of the schools / yeshivot in Sura and Mahuza .
- Rabba bar bar Chana , in Babylonia
- Rabbah bar Rab Huna , after Chisa's death for thirteen years the most important teacher in Surah
- Rabbah (Rabba bar Nachmani), d. 330, disciple of Rab Huna and Rab Jehuda . Dean of the Academy of Pumbedita .
- Rab Rachba from Pumbedita
- Rami (R. Ammi) bar Abba, in Babylonia
- R. Samuel bar Isaak, in Palestine
- Rabbi Samuel bar Nachman , in Palestine
- Rab Sheschet (Babylonia)
- Simon ben Pazzi
- Tanchum bar Chijja , in Palestine
- Ulla bar Ishmael , in Babylonia
- Rab Zera I (Palestine)
- R. Zeriqa (n), in Palestine
The fourth generation (approx. 320-350)
- Abaje (died 339), pupil of Rabba , Rab Josef and Rab Nachman bar Jakob . Dean of the school / yeshiva in Pumbedita
- R. Abba bar Ulla (Rabba Ulla)
- R Abin I. (also Abun or Bun , abbreviated Rabin ), in Palestine
- Acha from Lydda , in Palestine
- R. Acha bar Jakob, in Pafunja
- R. Adda II. Bar Ahaba, in Babylonia
- R. Ahaba (Achawa) ben Zera
- R. Aibo, in Palestine
- R. Chaggai, in Palestine
- R. Chanin (Chanan), from Sepphoris
- R. Chanina b. Abbahu, in Palestine
- R. Chanina b. Ah, in Palestine
- R. Chanina b. Isaac, in Palestine
- R. Chasdai, in Palestine
- Chelbo , in Babylonia and Palestine
- Hillel II (around 360). Author of the Jewish calendar that is still valid today . Son and successor as Nasi of Jehuda III., Grandson of Gamaliel IV.
- R. Huna b. Abin, in Palestine
- Rab Idi bar Abin I, a student of Chisda , around 350, in Naresch, later in Schekhantsib
- R. Yehoshua ben Nechemiah, in Palestine
- R. Jehuda bar Simon (ben Pazzi), in Palestine
- R. Jirmeja
- R. Josef bar Chama, in Machoza
- R. Judan, in Palestine
- Rab Nachman bar Isaak (died 356), disciple of Abaje and Raba. Dean of the Academy / Yeshiva of Pumbedita .
- Raba (Raba ben Josef ben Chama), d. 352, pupil of Rabba , Rab Josef and Rab Nachman bar Jakob . Dean of the school / yeshiva of Mahuza
- Rabba bar Shila, in Babylonia
- Rabbah bar Mari
- Rafram ben Papa , in Babylonia
- Rami bar Chama, in Babylonia, son-in-law and disciple of Chisda , died around 350
The fifth generation (approx. 350-375)
- R. Abin II., In Palestine
- R. Azarja, in Palestine
- R. Bebaj bar Abaje, in Babylonia
- Calcia , in Palestine
- Chama from Nehardea , in Babylonia
- Chanina of Sura , in Sura, Babylonia
- R. Chananja II (Chanina), in Palestine
- R. Chizqijja, in Palestine
- Dimi of Nehardea , in Babylonia
- Huna bar Yehoshua , in Babylonia
- R. Jehuda ben Shalom (Judan), in Palestine
- Jonah , in Palestine
- R. Jonah from Botsra, in Palestine
- R. Jose bar Abin (Abun)
- R. Jose II. Bar Zabda, in Palestine
- Mani II , in Palestine
- R. Nachman, in Palestine
- Rab Papa (died 375), pupil of Abaje and Raba. Dean of the academy / yeshiva of Naresch (near Sura ).
- R. Papi , in Babylonia
- R. Pinchas (bar Chama)
- Samuel b. R. Jose beR. Bun, in Palestine
- Tanchuma bar Abba , in Palestine
- Ulla II, in Palestine
- Zera II., In Palestine
- Rab Zerbid (from Nehardea), in Babylonia
The sixth generation (approx. 375-425)
- Rab Acha bar Raba, in Babylonia
- Amemar II , in Babylonia
- Rav Aschi (died around 427), disciple of Abaje , Raba and Rab Kahana . Dean of the school / yeschiva in Mata Mehasia (= Sura ). One of the most important first-time editors of the Babylonian Talmud .
- Huna bar Natan , in Babylonia
- Rab Kahana , in Babylonia
- Mar bar Rabina , in Babylonia
- Mar Sutra (6th generation) , in Babylonia
- Rabina I , in Babylonia
The seventh generation (approx. 425-460)
- Rab Gebiha from Be Qatil, head of school in Pumbedita
- R. Idi bar Abin II., In Babylonia
- R. Jemar, in Babylonia
- Mar bar Rab Aschi (= Tabjomi), in Babylonia
- Rab Rafram II , head of school in Pumbedita
- Rab Richumai (Nichumai), head of school in Pumbedita
- Rab Sama, head of the Pumbedita school
- Rabba Tosfaa, in Babylonia
The eighth generation (approx. 460–500)
- Rabina II. (Died around 500), pupil of Rabina I and Aschis. Dean of the yeshiva / school in Sura . He completed the editing of the Babylonian Talmud.
- Rab Nachman bar Rab Huna, head of school in Sura
- Rab Jose, in Babylonia
Unsafe or controversial assignment
literature
- Jechiel Heilprin : Seder ha-Dorot. Warsaw 1878 ff. ( Digitized from volume 1).
- Aaron Hyman : Sefer toldot tannaim we-amoraim. 3 volumes, London 1910.
- Mordechai Margalioth (ed.): Encyclopedia le-Chakhmei ha-Talmud va-ha-Geonim ( Encyclopedia of Talmudic and Geonic Literature, being a Biographical Dictionary of the Tanaim, Amoraim and Geonim. ) 2 volumes, Tel Aviv 1960.
- Moses Mielziner : Amora. In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): Jewish Encyclopedia . Funk and Wagnalls, New York 1901–1906 ..
- Günter Stemberger : Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash. 8th edition, Munich 1992.
- Abraham Weiss : Al ha-yesira ha-sifrutit shel ha-amora'im ( Studies in the Literature of the Amoraim. ) New York 1961-62 (Hebrew).
Web links
- Gemara in the Talmud Map - University of Calgary
Individual evidence
- ↑ Periodization is carried out differently in the specialist literature, the information provided here conforms to Alyssa M. Gray: Amoraim. In: Encyclopaedia Judaica . 2nd Edition. Volume 2, Detroit / New York a. a. 2007, ISBN 978-0-02-865930-5 , pp. 89-95 (English) .. Here p. 89.