Eberhard Finckh barracks

Eberhard Finckh barracks
country	Germany
status	abandoned in 1993
local community	Engstingen
Coordinates :	48 ° 22 ' N , 9 ° 16' E Coordinates: 48 ° 21 '44 " N , 9 ° 16' 22" E
Opened	1958
owner	Engstingen-Haid business park
Old barracks names
Formerly stationed units
Missile Artillery Battalion 250; 84th USAFAD	;
Location of the Eberhard Finckh barracks in Baden-Württemberg

The Eberhard Finck barracks (in the initial phase of its existence as Haid barracks called, from 1965 named after Eberhard Finck ) was from 1958 to 1993 a Bundeswehr -Location of the army on the plateau of the central Swabian Alb in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg . It was in the district of Engstingen , about four kilometers south of the suburb of Großengstingen in the border area with the neighboring communities of Hohenstein-Meidelstetten and Trochtelfingen . The rocket artillery battalion 250 , an association in southwest Germany that was part of the NATO concept of nuclear participation between the mid-1960s and the beginning of the 1990s, was stationed there for the longest period of its military use, until the barracks were closed .

Attached to the barracks was the Gulf special ammunition depot , which was about one kilometer away and was guarded and maintained by a US unit . From 1967 to 1991 nuclear warheads for tactical short-range missiles were deposited in the two bunkers of the inner restricted area of this camp .

In the 1980s, the barracks and the nuclear warhead storage facility moved into the focus of a nationwide and at times international public due to several actions by the peace movement against the local military presence. A substantial part of the demonstrations in the vicinity of the Eberhard Finckh barracks, which were not only nuclear- pacifist , but in a more far-reaching sense basically anti - militarist , marked the transition of the social mass movement against the NATO double decision from the appeal and demonstration phase to the phase from 1981/82 the violent action or the civil disobedience in the former Federal Republic ( West Germany ), for example in the form of long-term seat blockages from military facilities.

The 250 rocket artillery battalion was disbanded in mid-March 1993, and the Eberhard Finckh barracks formally closed as a military base on December 31 of the same year. The area, equipment and property of the former barracks are since 1995 as industrial park Haid of various companies in the manufacturing and service-providing sector under the umbrella of the administration union business park Engstingen-Haid , represented by the mayor , used for civilian commercial Engstingens, Hohenstein and Trochtelfingens.

Naming

The Bundeswehr barracks in Engstingen-Haid was named after Eberhard Finckh (1899–1944), a member of the Wehrmacht resistance against the Nazi leadership

The first only non-specific with respect to the adjacent hamlet called "Haid barracks" Bundeswehr site whose area already during the Nazi regime as a munitions plant had been used for military purposes was in 1965 officially named after Eberhard Finck (1899-1944).

Finckh was a colonel in the Wehrmacht and a member of the German military resistance against the Nazi leadership, which had strengthened at officer level after the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943 . At " Operation Valkyrie ", more precisely during the preparations for a coup in Paris occupied by Germany during the Second World War , he initiated the elimination of the National Socialist executive structures on site in the context of Stauffenberg's assassination attempt on Hitler with the order to arrest the security service subordinate to the SS . After the coup failed, he was sentenced to death by the “ People's Court ” under Roland Freisler and executed in Berlin- Plötzensee .

The naming of the Haid barracks after Eberhard Finckh, two decades after his death, was due to changed political circumstances in the course of the traditional decree of 1965 to the efforts of the Federal Government at the time to place the new German army in a tradition of resistance of the Wehrmacht against National Socialism , and thus to represent it symbolically in front of the international public as a democratically legitimized army. The protest that took place in 1983 against the appropriate naming of the barracks by Eberhard Finckh's direct descendants (son and daughters), who had joined the peace movement against “ retrofitting ”, remained unsuccessful - especially until the barracks were closed.

After the barracks were closed in 1993, only one of the main thoroughfares of the area now known as the Haid Industrial Park retained the name "Eberhard-Finckh-Straße". The other street names of today's civilly used area are reminiscent of other known - not only military - opponents or victims of National Socialism within Germany who offered resistance in different ways .

From the "Luftmunitionsanstalt Haid" of the Wehrmacht (1938) to the plans of the Bundeswehr (1956/57)

The military use of the site began with the construction of the Haid air ammunition facility by the German Air Force in 1938 and 1939, during the dictatorship of National Socialism . The ammunition plant ( Muna for short ) covered an area of 140 hectares. In addition to the work, administration and farm buildings , the workers 'and soldiers' barracks , 76 bunkers were built in which mainly heavy ammunition for the air force was stored. During the Second World War , a forced labor and prisoner of war camp was connected to the Muna , to which between 200 and 300 men and women, mainly from the areas of Poland, France and the Soviet Union occupied and annexed by Germany, were deported . Some of them were used directly in the Muna, others - mainly the French prisoners of war - were used to do agricultural work in the surrounding farms. During the high phase of the Muna operation, including the local staff, up to 600 people worked in the ammunition plant.

In February 1945, about three months before the end of the war, the Muna was identified by Allied reconnaissance planes as a military facility, then bombed several times by American air force units and during the last attack on August 8th / 9th. Badly damaged April 1945. On April 23, 1945, the Wehrmacht blew up the remains of the Muna, which were still intact, in order not to let the equipment and ammunition fall into the hands of the advancing Allied troops. Documents potentially politically incriminating for the Nazi administration were destroyed. In the rush of the destruction of the facilities ordered by the German military command (Hitler's so-called " Nero order "), some bunkers were merely buried, parts of the ammunition scattered in the area and buried under rubble and thrown earth. One day later, US military units entered Engstingen without a fight and shortly afterwards occupied the devastated Muna grounds. Most of the local NS administration and the soldiers of the Wehrmacht had fled or went into hiding.

Immediately after the end of the Nazi dictatorship and the Second World War in Europe, sovereignty over the legacy of the former Nazi regime was handed over to the French occupying power in Württemberg-Hohenzollern in mid-May 1945 . In 1948, the latter handed over the site to the Württemberg-Hohenzollern Ministry of Finance, not least to hand over the risky problem of searching for and destroying the ammunition residues. The corresponding task was now in the hands of the local ordnance disposal service , which, according to the state explosives master, had cleared an area of 172.5 hectares, moved 274 cubic meters of earth and concrete and recovered 498,000 explosive devices and detonators as well as around 231,000 infantry cartridges by the time its work was temporarily suspended in 1956 .

Parallel to the work of the ordnance disposal service, the site of the former Muna was redeveloped and some buildings were rebuilt. After this makeshift repair in the first post-war years, a pulmonary hospital for around 200 patients was located on the site from 1949/50. This therapy facility was closed again in 1953 to make room for a transit camp for refugees and displaced persons , especially from the former eastern regions of the German Reich occupied by Poland and the Soviet Union . The refugee camp, in which up to 800 people temporarily lived, existed until 1959.

In the mid-1950s, the Federal Ministry of Defense , which had emerged from the “ Amt Blank ”, decided, with a budget of 40 million DM, to set up the first new barracks in the “ south-western state ” of Baden-Württemberg, which was founded in 1952 and was made up of three federal states, on the site near Engstingen to direct. The demilitarization of Germany originally decided by the occupying powers had become obsolete in the course of the East-West confrontation and the resulting so-called Cold War for the western powers, which were based on the anti-communist rollback policy , and the political leadership of the young Federal Republic . Under the CDU- led government of the first Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , the country was bound to the West and implemented with the Paris Treaty of October 1954. From the beginning of the 1950s, the Adenauer government promoted the establishment of a new German army and pushed it through until 1955 against the resistance of the opponents of rearmament (“ Without Me Movement ”), the first broad social peace movement in German post-war history, so to speak. In the same year the Federal Republic of Germany joined the NATO military alliance, which was largely initiated by the USA in 1949 .

Seven years after the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany, and a few months after a new - West German - army had been founded with the Bundeswehr , construction of the barracks on the former Engstinger Muna site began in 1956 , initially next to the refugee camp that was located in the was fenced in for "military security reasons" in the last year of its existence. When the last refugees had left the camp, the Bundeswehr expanded the barracks area to include the buildings of the former transit camp.

Bundeswehr location "Haid" and "Eberhard Finckh barracks" (1958–1993)

barracks

internal association
badge of the RakArtBtl 250

Sergeant missile, stationed in Engstingen between 1965 and 1977

Lance rocket, stationed in Engstingen between 1977 and 1993

In February 1958 the first soldiers of the Bundeswehr moved into the newly built barracks on the Haid , which seven years later was to be named Eberhard Finckh barracks . Initially, frequently changing units were stationed. From May 1963 Engstingen was the location of the rocket artillery battalion 250 (RakArtBtl 250). From 1967 the 84th US Army Field Artillery Detachment (84th USFAD) was also housed here. The task of this US-American unit was to guard and maintain the nuclear warheads deposited in the nearby “ special ammunition dump ” . In the event of a nuclear war, they should be fired with German missiles as part of nuclear participation . Sergeant short-range missiles were provided for this from the mid-1960s . In 1977 these were replaced by Lance short-range missiles with a range of around 130 km. Six such systems were stationed in Engstingen, the southernmost station for nuclear-armed short-range missiles within the Federal Republic of Germany, intended to stop a potential attack by Warsaw Pact troops in the assumed area between the Bavarian Forest and Augsburg / Bavaria .

The following army battalions of the Bundeswehr have been stationed in the Eberhard Finckh barracks over the years (chronological order):

9th Luftlandeartilleriebataillon (from February 23, 1958 to March 15, 1959)

Training Battalion of Army Officer School III / Panzer Grenadier Training Battalion 283 (from February 27, 1958 to June 5, 1959)

Panzerbataillon 322/294 (from March 1, 1958 to November 30, 1959)

Parachute Artillery Battalion 255 (from March 16, 1959 to September 30, 1961)

Parachute Artillery Battalion 265 (from September 1, 1959 to January 13, 1963)

Observation Battalion 270 (from December 1, 1959 to April 30, 1966)

Rocket Artillery Battalion 92 (from November 16, 1961 to May 13, 1963)

Missile 260 Supply Battalion (November 1, 1962 to December 31, 1964)

Technical Battalion Special Weapons 260 (from January 1, 1965 to September 30, 1975)

Repair Battalion 210 (from October 1, 1975 to March 19, 1993)

Rocket Artillery Battalion 250 (from May 15, 1963 to March 22, 1993)

In addition, the site command office in Engstingen was subordinate to various training companies , maintenance groups , hospital units and the like. a., who were also housed in the barracks with different lengths of stay. The crew quarters offered space for around 2,000 soldiers.

To the east of the barracks was within sight of the 115 hectare site training area , which had been expanded in 1963 with a shooting range (two rifle stands and three machine gun stands). Right next to the practice area, the ten hectare site ammunition facility with 17 ammunition bunkers and a dog pen was part of the expanded area of the barracks.

Special ammunition dump Golf for nuclear warheads

Entrance to the inner restricted area ("J-Lager") of the former special ammunition dump Golf with control building and watchtower (March 2016)

The warheads of the "tactical" nuclear weapons - most recently for the Lance short-range missile, with variable explosive powers from 1 to 100 kt (cf. the atomic bomb " Little Boy " used in Hiroshima at the end of World War II had an explosive power of 12.5 kt) - were stored in the Golf special ammunition depot , which was set up in 1967 and located about one kilometer south of the Eberhard-Finckh-Kaserne, in the districts of the communities of Hohenstein and Trochtelfingen . They were guarded by American soldiers of the 84th Field Artillery Detachment and by the 5th battery of the 250 rocket artillery battalion of the German Armed Forces (“ Host Nation Battery ”, see also the Support Command (WHNS) ). Only the US soldiers, who were also responsible for the maintenance of the warheads, and Bundeswehr soldiers, who were assigned accordingly by the Military Counterintelligence Service (MAD), had access to the inner restricted area ("J-camp") of the approximately 15 hectare area, which is surrounded by forest and protected from view. have been checked. In the "K-Lager", which was a short distance away on the Trochtelfinger district, the rocket motors and Bundeswehr ammunition were located in the ten small and six large bunkers. The inner restricted area consisted of two bunkers for up to 30 warheads and was fortified with triple fencing, anti-tank barriers and two watchtowers. In the course of the late 1970s and 1980s, the fortifications were strengthened, on the one hand due to fears of terrorist attacks (in the situation of the time - cf. Deutscher Herbst - the so-called "second generation" of the Red Army faction was relatively active) others with the increase in Soviet espionage activities . Officially, this security area , which is under military secrecy , was only ever used "for military purposes of defense". This is what it said in the purchase agreement between the Tübingen federal property office and the municipalities of Trochtelfingen and Meidelstetten (today part of Hohenstein) when the former acquired the forest on the border with Engstingen from the two Alb municipalities in 1967 for a price of DM 240,000. The fact that nuclear warheads were stored in it gradually leaked to the public, but it was only during the roll call of the 250 rocket artillery battalion on March 22, 1993, that Colonel Ullrich Schröter, commander of Artillery Command 2, officially confirmed for the first time that in camp Golf “ bis At the end of 1991 nuclear warheads were stored ”.

As a result of the Cold War, which had ended after German reunification, the warhead storage facility for the nuclear missiles was already opened in the fall of 1991, one and a half years before the dissolution of the RakArtBtl 250 and more than two years before its formal closure, in accordance with the provisions of the Two-Plus-Four Treaty the Eberhard Finckh barracks, also under secrecy, cleared by the US Army. That the camp was empty afterwards became public when in 1992 a group of the peace movement wanted to carry out another, so to speak, the last action at the nuclear weapons depot, and unexpectedly came across a neglected fence and open gates.

The special ammunition storage Golf was at 48 ° 21 '2 " N , 9 ° 16' 53" O . 48.350552777778 9.2813888888889

Protest actions by the peace movement in the 1980s

Since the NATO double resolution of December 12, 1979, the existence of nuclear weapons in Germany , which had been suppressed by a majority of the population or remained unknown to it after the fight against the atomic death protests (1959) had subsided, has become more popular again. After the decision, the German peace movement grew into a mass movement within a few months. Engstingen also moved into the focus of the opponents of nuclear weapons after the magazine Stern published an article in January 1981 under the title "Atomrampe BRD" in which the locations of the nuclear weapons storage facilities in the Federal Republic that had already existed up to that point had been made public to a wide public.

In April 1981 the Eberhard-Finckh-Kaserne was the target of an Easter march for the first time with around 2,000 participants. In the years that followed, Easter marchers regularly made their way to Engstingen.

On July 13, 1981, 13 demonstrators from the area of the Federation of Nonviolent Action Groups (FöGA) chained themselves to the main gate and blocked the access road to the barracks for 24 hours.

After a year of intensive preparatory activities such as public relations and press work, organization of training in non-violent action, etc. a. Through the "Engstingen Working Group", an association of representatives mainly from Tübingen and Reutlingen peace initiatives, the Golf special ammunition dump was opened from August 1 to August 8, 1982 for a whole week by around 700 people from all over Germany (divided into around 60 reference groups ) blocked around the clock. The actors who blocked the access to the camp in shifts of six hours with four to six reference groups were housed in five tent camps on rented meadows within a radius of up to 15 km around Engstingen. During this week, the two to four daily clearings of the blockades by units of the riot police led to 380 short-term arrests of the demonstrators involved, when the police officers, after two unsuccessful requests to vacate the route voluntarily, passed through the Bundeswehr supply vehicles Carrying away every single blocker cleared the way. According to the protesters' concept, there was no active physical resistance to being carried away. In contrast, the police who appeared in everyday uniform (without helmets, shields and weapons) refrained from using direct violence such as batons, dogs or other potential means of escalation. The operations management of the State Security Department at the Reutlingen Criminal Police knew that the blockers had adjusted to the use of such “hard” means during their preparatory training and were willing not to give way . Among the blockers, the concept of openness and transparency towards state power was controversial and repeatedly a controversial topic in the daily speaking councils of the reference groups, but was adhered to throughout the week in accordance with the grassroots democratic consensus principle (“minimum consensus”).

Demonstration of the peace movement against " nuclear participation " at a nuclear weapon site in the Federal Republic (here in 2008 near the Büchel air base )

This first major sit-down at a nuclear weapons camp in the Federal Republic of Germany, which was based on the plowshare movement led by Philip and Daniel Berrigan from the USA as well as independent peace groups in the GDR under the motto " Swords to Plowshares ", gave the West German peace movement overall important impetus With regard to the strategy of nonviolent action emanating from small anti-militarist grassroots groups . It was the prelude to a number of other, similar and more extensive actions of civil disobedience in West Germany that went beyond mere protest demonstrations , as well as at other military facilities such as the Mutlanger Heide , located almost 100 km northeast of the Eberhard Finckh barracks, as the closest and most famous location of Pershing II medium-range missiles . Many of the anti-militarists active in Engstingen were also significantly involved in the organization of the peace movement in Mutlangen .

On the third anniversary of NATO's double decision, the Eberhard Finckh barracks were once again the scene of a major blockade of the barracks approaches as part of a nationwide day of action on December 12, 1982, along with around 50 other military locations in the Federal Republic with around 700 participants.

In the following years always bigger and smaller demonstrations and actions in the field of Eberhard Finck barracks took place, the training area for example, was for a short time of peace movement activists during a three-month "peace camps" in Großengstingen in the summer of 1983 occupied .

The son of the barracks namesake, Peter Finckh, and his two sisters expressed their solidarity with the peace movement in 1983 and tried - albeit unsuccessfully - to get the Federal Ministry of Defense under Manfred Wörner (CDU) to revise the naming of the barracks with the name of their father. With this concern, Peter Finckh also appeared as a speaker at the Easter March 1984 in Engstingen-Haid as part of a symbolic renaming of the barracks. Among the other speakers at the various Easter march rallies around the Eberhard Finckh barracks were, for example, the rhetoric professor Walter Jens , Inge Aicher-Scholl (the sister of the White Rose members and Nazi victims Hans and Sophie Scholl , who were executed in 1943 ), and the songwriter Thomas Felder , who had already taken part in several sit-ins at the Gulf nuclear weapons camp.

In addition, vigils in front of the driveways to the site, public military pass burning and - later known as the pledge - disruptive actions against the swearing -in of recruits ( solemn pledge ) by the Bundeswehr were part of the repertoire of regional peace initiatives. In 1989, Engstingen was the central venue for the Easter marches in Baden-Württemberg with around 6,000 participants.

Legal consequences in connection with the sit-ins

The many sit-ins led in the aftermath to a series of penal orders and, as a result of the objections received, to court hearings that occupied the Münsingen District Court for years. Hundreds of blockers were sentenced to pay a fine of between 20 and 40 daily rates for coercion under Section 240 StGB . Some of the convicts had to go to coercive detention because they refused to pay their fine. After going through several judicial instances up to the Federal Court of Justice , the interpretation of the law was finally modified by the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) in 1995 due to various constitutional complaints - about 14 years after the sit-ins at the Eberhard Finckh barracks began . " The interpretation of the term violence in § 240 Abs. 1 SCC by the judgments [contrary] to Art. 103 , para. 2 GG . “So the constitutional judges in their judgment. In the specific case of sit-ins so that the criminality of the act in the context of whether certainty principle of Art. 103 2 of the Basic Law. Not given because a reprehensible nature of funds in connection with the proportionality of the punishment indefinitely so questionable, and the overstretching of the concept of violence in § 240 StGB, based on the form of sit-in blockades used in Engstingen, is ultimately unconstitutional .

Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of 1995 (excerpt): “ Coercive effects that are not based on the use of physical strength but on mental and emotional influence [...] do not fulfill [... the constituent element of ...] the use of force. ... The interpretation of the concept of violence in the highest court case law consequently has precisely those effects which Article 103, Paragraph 2 of the Basic Law is intended to prevent . It is no longer possible to foresee with sufficient certainty which physical behavior, which psychologically prevents others from getting their way through, should be prohibited and which should not. In the area in which the violence only exists in physical presence and the coercive effect on the coerced is only of a psychological nature, criminal liability is no longer generally and abstractly by the legislature before the act, but after the act in the specific case by the judge based on his conviction determined by the criminality of an act ".

The Federal Court of Justice then overturned the rulings against the blockers at the Eberhard Finckh barracks and the Golf nuclear weapons storage facility. The fines already paid were reimbursed when a retrial was applied for .

Due to the BVerfG judgment of 1995, in addition to the coercion sentences against the blockers in Großengstingen, thousands of other corresponding judgments in connection with sit-downs in front of many other military facilities, authorities, nuclear power plants or at other demonstration events in the Federal Republic had to be pronounced over the years had to be revised.

Civil use as "Haid Business Park" since 1995

After the Eberhard Finckh barracks had been closed in December 1993, the Zweckverband Gewerbepark Engstingen-Haid bought the site in November 1995 by paying nine million DM (about 4.5 million euros) to the federal property management . The association is supported by the surrounding communities of Engstingen , Hohenstein and Trochtelfingen . With this purchase, a functional conversion process of the use of the site began (see armament conversion ), which lasted until around the middle of the 2010s.

From 2001 most of the buildings in the former barracks were demolished. The costs for the salvage and disposal of old ordnance found in the ground were borne by the federal government until 2015 in accordance with the sales contract clause. According to estimates by the ordnance disposal service , when the industrial park opened in 1995, there were still around 500 tonnes of ammunition residues under the ground, scattered over the entire area around the former barracks. For a long time, the site of the former training area could only be entered on specially marked paths; the north-eastern part with the former Muna was temporarily fenced off.

Around 70 companies from various craft, production and service industries with a total of around 300 permanent jobs have settled on the area, which has now been released for commercial use, and the trend is rising. The former special ammunition storage facility in Golf is now used by a civil company to store commercial explosives , such as those used in quarries.

literature

Jan R. Friedrichs: The Muna Haid in Engstingen . Verlag Oertel & Spörer, Reutlingen 2004, ISBN 3886272788 .
Joachim Lenk : Soldiers, warheads and live ammunition . Wiedemann-Verlag, Münsingen 2006, ISBN 3981068726 .
Sarah Kristin Kleinmann: Somehow there is a great silence here. The collective memory and forced labor in the Haid ammunition plant in Engstingen . (= Studies and materials from the Ludwig Uhland Institute at the University of Tübingen; 42). Tübingen Association for Folklore, Tübingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-932512-71-1 ( excerpts on google.books)

Web links

Individual evidence

^ Spiegel article from 1983 about Peter Finckh's initiative to remove the name of his father from the Eberhard Finckh barracks
↑ " A great silence " - article about a research paper on memories of the Engsting population of the forced laborers in the Muna Haid ( Reutlinger General-Anzeiger , January 2, 2010, page 22 ( online ))
↑ Joachim Lenk, author of the book “Soldiers, Warheads and Live Munitions” on the web portal for the book: Units / Associations in the Eberhard Finckh Barracks ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Information on the former Hohenstein nuclear weapons site, meaning the Gulf nuclear weapons storage facility - at atomwaffena-z.info
↑ Press coverage of the Schwäbisches Tagblatt, among other things, on the first trial against those involved in the chaining action in the summer of 1981 (PDF; 575 kB)
↑ Information according to the photo documentation of the blockade in the summer of 1982 from the Institute for Peace Education in Tübingen
↑ Article in the Süddeutsche Zeitung on the day of action in Großengstingen on the occasion of the 3rd anniversary of the NATO double decision (PDF; 184 kB)
↑ Frankfurter Rundschau, July 30, 1983: The peace camp near Großengstingen in the summer of 1983 (PDF; 159 kB)
↑ Example of a penalty order for participating in the blockade of the special ammunition storage facility in Golf (digitized document as PDF; 185 kB)
↑ Press coverage of the criminal trials against the blockers of the Gulf nuclear weapons camp, as examples from articles from the Frankfurter Rundschau and the TAZ (PDF; 176 kB)
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d BVerfG, decision of January 10, 1995, Az. 1 BvR 718/89 u. a., BVerfGE 92, 1 - Sit Blockades II.
↑ Topic “legal aftermath” (for the blockade week in front of the Golf nuclear weapons storage facility in 1982) on the website of the Institute for Peace Education in Tübingen

[1] Spiegel article from 1983 about Peter Finckh's initiative to remove the name of his father from the Eberhard Finckh barracks

[2] " A great silence " - article about a research paper on memories of the Engsting population of the forced laborers in the Muna Haid ( Reutlinger General-Anzeiger , January 2, 2010, page 22 ( online ))

[3] Joachim Lenk, author of the book “Soldiers, Warheads and Live Munitions” on the web portal for the book: Units / Associations in the Eberhard Finckh Barracks ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link became automatic used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2

[4] Information on the former Hohenstein nuclear weapons site, meaning the Gulf nuclear weapons storage facility - at atomwaffena-z.info

[5] Press coverage of the Schwäbisches Tagblatt, among other things, on the first trial against those involved in the chaining action in the summer of 1981 (PDF; 575 kB)

[6] Information according to the photo documentation of the blockade in the summer of 1982 from the Institute for Peace Education in Tübingen

[7] Article in the Süddeutsche Zeitung on the day of action in Großengstingen on the occasion of the 3rd anniversary of the NATO double decision (PDF; 184 kB)

[8] Frankfurter Rundschau, July 30, 1983: The peace camp near Großengstingen in the summer of 1983 (PDF; 159 kB)

[9] Example of a penalty order for participating in the blockade of the special ammunition storage facility in Golf (digitized document as PDF; 185 kB)

[10] Press coverage of the criminal trials against the blockers of the Gulf nuclear weapons camp, as examples from articles from the Frankfurter Rundschau and the TAZ (PDF; 176 kB)

[BVG-11] BVerfG, decision of January 10, 1995, Az. 1 BvR 718/89 u. a., BVerfGE 92, 1 - Sit Blockades II.

[12] Topic “legal aftermath” (for the blockade week in front of the Golf nuclear weapons storage facility in 1982) on the website of the Institute for Peace Education in Tübingen