Self-driving motor vehicle

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Autonomous vehicle from VW and Stanford University in October 2009
Google Driverless Car in March 2011

A self-driving motor vehicle (sometimes also autonomous land vehicle ) is a car or other motor vehicle that can drive , control and park without the influence of a human driver ( highly automated driving or autonomous driving ). In the event that no manual control on the part of the driver is required, the term robot car is also used. Then the driver's seat can remain empty; the steering wheel, brake and accelerator pedals may not be available. Autonomous land vehicles are currently only available as prototypes; several companies in the IT industry , many in the automotive industry and other groups are working on making these possible for the market as series production. Waymo and GM are considered to be the most advanced .

US states that (as of March 2019) allow test drives with self-driving cars on public roads.

Definition

Autonomous bus in Bad Birnbach
October 2017

The term “self-driving motor vehicle” also includes trucks , agricultural tractors and military vehicles with no driver influence or no driver at all. An unmanned vehicle is not referred to as an “autonomous land vehicle” if it has to be remotely controlled by humans, i.e. if it cannot drive autonomously . Strictly speaking, the term “self- driving car (mobile) ” is a tautology , because the term “automobile” originated from the Greek αὐτός autós “self” and the Latin mobilis “mobile”.

Autonomous motor vehicles represent cognitive systems that perceive their surroundings with the help of various sensors and can determine their own position and that of other road users from the information obtained. In cooperation with the navigation software, you can navigate to the destination and avoid collisions on the way. Many large car manufacturers around the world are currently investing in the development of autonomous cars, while the electronics and semiconductor industries are driving the development of technologies for this purpose.

Through various levels of automation was predicted in 2013 that from 2030 full automation could be achieved from new cars, to be created for the by then legal in each country regulations. As a start for the mass market, however, Google co-founder Sergey Brin had already given 2017 as a destination for the USA in 2014. Elon Musk from Tesla Motors predicted a fully autonomous vehicle for 2018/19 in 2015. In 2016, BMW and Ford announced autonomous vehicles from their production for the year 2021. VW and Ford have formed a new alliance.

development

University institutions

As early as the 1990s, the Munich University allowed the Bundeswehr to drive vehicles driverlessly on the autobahn as part of its EUREKA-PROMETHEUS project , which was started in the 1980s . These were based solely on visual information, supplied by various cameras that were processed by 70 microprocessors working in parallel.

The US-American Carnegie Mellon University also built driverless cars and other vehicles in the 1980s, from the mid-1980s in the Autonomous Land Vehicle project funded by the DARPA .

For a long time there has been a lot of research on autonomous vehicles at universities and other academic institutions, for example the 2011 “ Stadtpilot ” project at the TU Braunschweig and “ Spirit of Berlin ” in the “Artificial Intelligence” research area at the Free University of Berlin .

In September 2011 the autonomous vehicle " MadeInGermany " was tested by the Free University of Berlin. It steered itself several kilometers through the inner-city traffic of Berlin, including roundabouts and traffic lights. In cooperation with TÜV Nord, the route was developed and a safety concept created.

Intensive and comprehensive research has been carried out for several years in order to better understand and advance the challenge.

Military facilities

In Austria , the Armed Forces Office for Armaments and Defense Technology (ARWT) has been researching the development of a self-driving, autonomous truck in cooperation with the Vienna University of Technology , the Vienna University of Technology , the Austrian Institute of Technology and with private cooperation partners since at least 2011 . At least since the beginning of 2014, the ARWT has been operating a fully functional prototype of a self-driving truck under the name X58 SafeCon (project name: Save Convoying ) in its test workshop in the Vehicle and Equipment Technology department in the Burstyn barracks in Zwölfaxing, Lower Austria . The vehicle drives autonomously without the use of radio or GPS. It orients itself with the help of several stereo cameras , including thermal imaging cameras for night operation. With these, the vehicle records its surroundings and creates a 3D model. As of 2014, three years of research and several million euros were invested in the development of this prototype. The unmanned use in mined areas as well as landscape maintenance in target areas of the artillery such as the Allentsteig military training area are mentioned as examples . Foreign armies had expressed their interest in the technology and "the automobile industry as well."

Google

Autonomous car from Google, 2015

The company Google has been working with car manufacturers and universities for years, and in 2003 hired the German computer scientist Sebastian Thrun , who at that time had just started a professorship at Stanford University .

Waymo , founded to continue development work, has been testing the first fully autonomous cars without a safety driver at the wheel near Phoenix , Arizona, since the end of 2017 . However, a Waymo employee can still stop the car from the back seat in the initial phase. This should be omitted later. The company itself classifies the system as “Level 4” on the level of autonomous driving.

Automobile manufacturer

The Volvo "Drive Me" project in Gothenburg has been in the development phase since April 2014 .

In the summer of 2013, a Mercedes S-Class drove the historic Bertha-Benz route from Mannheim to Pforzheim autonomously in the presence of journalists, with the exception of two human interventions. In 2014, a car manufactured by Audi drove around 900 kilometers autonomously from Silicon Valley to Las Vegas .

There are also series-production cars from Daimler, Honda and Nissan that can drive themselves on motorways. The technology known as traffic jam assistant , however, only allows speeds of up to 60 km / h. The traffic jam assistant is activated automatically if the driver does not touch the steering wheel for more than 10 seconds, but can usually not change lanes independently.

Since a software update in October 2015, the Tesla Model S is able to drive autonomously on motorways and change lanes. The driver does not have to operate the steering wheel, accelerator or brake.

Daimler has been testing self-driving trucks on the public roads of Nevada, USA, since May 2015. In the USA, self-driving vehicles (such as the Inspiration Truck ) are already permitted under certain conditions, but not in Germany.

Since October 2015, Nissan has been testing a self-driving car based on a Nissan Leaf and developed in cooperation with NASA . Various functions are now to be tested on the road. Initially, however, only on motorways and only from 2018 with the ability to change lanes. Tests on city streets are planned for 2020. The car has a laser scanner with 3D measurement and an 8-fold camera with a 360-degree view. This is to improve security.

In 2016, BMW announced an alliance with Intel and Mobileye , with the goal of introducing a driverless car into series production in 2021. In Sion , Switzerland , there has been an experimental regular operation since June 2016 with the autonomous Arma shuttle bus from the French company Navya ; since September 2016 also in Lyon, France .

Study of an optional self-driving car in which the steering wheel retracts into the dashboard at the push of a button

Since October 2016, all Tesla vehicles have been delivered with hardware that will allow the vehicles to be fully autonomous in the future, i.e. H. drive according to SAE level 5 . For the time being, the system will run in a so-called shadow mode, i.e. H. without intervening in the driving operation and send the collected data back to Tesla in order to gradually improve the capabilities of the system until the system is ready for approval by means of an over-the-air upgrade. Tesla announced that the fully autonomous state would be achieved by the end of 2017. Then a demonstration drive from San Francisco to New York would be planned, in which a Tesla vehicle would cover the distance unmanned.

In October 2018, Toyota and Softbank announced the formation of Monet Technologies as a joint venture .

Easymile is another manufacturer from France.

Automotive supplier

The Mercedes-Benz W222 Urban Automated Driving was created in cooperation between Daimler and Bosch.

Numerous automotive suppliers develop components and (sub) systems for self-driving vehicles. This is partly done in cooperation with automobile manufacturers and research institutions as well as in the context of our own projects. The supplier Continental, for example, is working with several partners on a pilot project for autonomous driving. Bosch has been working on self-driving vehicles since 2014. In December 2016, the automotive supplier Delphi announced, together with Mobileye, that it would carry out test drives of a self-driving demonstration vehicle. On an approximately 10-kilometer test route in Las Vegas' public transport , the demonstration vehicle will cope with everyday traffic situations and dense inner-city traffic with pedestrians and cyclists.

standardization

  • The OpenADx Working Group is a cooperation of the automotive industry initiated in June 2019, which is supposed to take care of things like better compatibility, interfaces and broader interoperability in the development of software that supports autonomous driving.
  • Automotive Grade Linux is an open source collaborative project bringing automakers, suppliers and technology companies together to accelerate the development and adoption of a fully open software stack for the connected car. With Linux as its core, AGL is building an open platform from the ground up that can serve as the de facto industry standard to enable the rapid development of new functions and technologies.
  • BSI Publicly Available Specifications (PAS): PAS 1880 and PAS 1881 with regard to the safety of automated vehicle development and testing. These should be published in early 2020.
  • Draft of the UL 4600 standard, which describes a safety approach to ensure autonomous product safety in general and self-driving cars in particular.
  • C2X communication according to the European ITS-G5 standard, especially 5G Automotive Association .
  • The RAND Corporation has created a concept (framework) for the measurement and development of safety for autonomous vehicles.
  • Safety First for Automated Driving (SaFAD) - 11 companies from the entire spectrum of automotive and automated drive technology have developed and published an industry-wide definition of safety for SAE J3016 Level 3/4 autonomous vehicles.
  • The Association for Standardization of Automation and Measuring Systems (ASAM) is an association for standardization and takes software and a. also the development of standards for autonomous vehicles.

Legal bases and social debate

The International Convention on Road Traffic of the United Nations (Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 1968) calls in Art. 8 para. 1 that "any vehicle and combination of vehicles when they are in motion, a guide (link) have" must. This is why self-driving vehicles are currently not permitted - at least in the countries that have ratified the UN Convention ( but driver assistance systems have been permitted since 2014 ). As of 2019, no member state has declared reservations against Article 8. However, the German and Swiss versions of the UN Convention, which use the word “Führer” for English driver , are not entirely clear; the word can also designate a person who is not responsible for steering; the Austrian version speaks explicitly of "handlebars".

Countries that have not signed the UN Convention, including the USA and the People's Republic of China, are not bound. In Europe only Spain has not ratified the convention.

Advantages, disadvantages and so far unsolved problems

According to a study by RAND Corporation , the advantages of autonomous vehicles far outweigh the possible disadvantages. The technology would make road traffic safer, as 90 percent of all accidents could be traced back to human error. This would mean economic savings of over 400 billion US dollars for the USA alone, according to the RAND Corporation. Peter Fuß from the management consultancy Ernst & Young believes that the number of road deaths could be reduced to zero.

Daniel Göhring from the Free University of Berlin estimates that with robot taxis in the city only 20 percent of today's cars would be needed. In addition, the distances between the vehicles would be shortened. This would lead to a significant reduction in emissions and traffic jams. According to a study by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , an autonomous and electric robotic taxi would emit about 90 percent less carbon dioxide by 2030 than a car with an internal combustion engine today .

With autonomous vehicles, drivers can do other things, e.g. B. Reading. In addition, the technology could also enable older people to participate in society through affordable mobility.

Unclear data protection issues and the threat posed by cyber criminals are often mentioned as possible disadvantages. Accidents caused by software errors cannot be ruled out. In its statement on automated driving, the German Society for Traffic Psychology (DGVP) doubts whether “the reliability of a person can be replaced by that of a machine”. According to statistics, a fatal accident occurs after about 10 billion observations and a billion human decisions. The question of liability in such and other cases is still unresolved. Nevertheless, Allianz Insurance announced in 2015 that it would soon be offering tariffs for the insurance of autonomous vehicles.

At the beginning of 2015, Federal Transport Minister Alexander Dobrindt announced the establishment of a pilot project “ Digital Testfeld Autobahn ” on the A9 autobahn in Bavaria. The test track was digitalized and technically equipped in such a way that there were additional offers for communication between road and vehicle as well as from vehicle to vehicle. Both cars with assistance systems and, later, fully automated vehicles could drive there. Transport Minister Dobrindt (CSU) sees the experiences made there in the test as positive and wants to provide around 80 million euros for the expansion of new test routes in Germany. The costs of preparing the rest of the German road network for automated and networked driving remain unknown. Their size has not yet been named.

Ethical issues

Since there can also be situations in autonomous / self-driving cars in which accidents with personal injury are unavoidable, it must be decided in advance which maxims your behavior should follow in such situations. A human driver would react instinctively in a sudden situation, for example when a child walks onto the street, without even being aware of all relevant factors (such as the people on the sidewalk). He will not be able to consider what action is morally justifiable. However, this is not the case with autonomous / self-driving cars. The decision on how the vehicle should behave in which situation is made long before a possible accident. This fact has considerable consequences for the assessment of an accident involving an autonomous car. For example, the following questions arise:

  • Can a machine assess the situation correctly at all, for example differentiate between a doll's pram and a real pram?
  • Would an accounting of human life ( utilitarian ) represent an unreasonable instrumentalization of the "sacrificed"?
  • If offsetting would make sense, how should this be organized, i.e. which criteria play a role (e.g. number of people or age)?

The latter question in particular is the subject of current research. The stronger the practical relevance of a possible programming (in moral questions) of a machine, the more problems arise.

In 2016, 3,214 people died in traffic accidents in Germany. It is to be expected that with a high proportion of autonomous vehicles, driving would become safer. However, if the social discourse on self-driving cars were to come to the conclusion that no preprogrammed reaction to situations in which accidents have become inevitable can be justified, the inevitable question would be to what extent the current practice can be legitimized.

Resource consumption

It is often predicted that after a market launch of self-driving cars, some car owners would give up their car in order to switch to self-driving taxis that are cheaper for them personally. This should lead to fewer cars overall, but each of them would be more on the road than before. Cars are currently parked most of the time and use up parking space. The freed up parking area would provide more space for apartments, parks and roadways. Current simulations and extrapolations examine the possibilities of self-driving taxis or car sharing vehicles.

Accidents

An Uber car fatally injured a pedestrian in Tempe , Arizona , United States on March 19, 2018 . The 49-year-old Elaine Herzberg pushed her bicycle across the street when she of the Volvo - SUV has been detected. Uber suspended testing until further notice. According to initial police investigations, Uber is not to blame for this; even with a human driver, the accident would have been difficult to prevent. Reuters later reported , citing a police report, that the driver may have been distracted by a television broadcast. It was the first fatal accident with a car of level 4 , in which the driver only has to intervene in an emergency and after warning the car. The Arizona governor has suspended Uber test drives on public roads. The video of the accident released by the police is alarming and raises many questions, wrote Governor Doug Ducey in an open letter to Uber chief Dara Khosrowshahi. The prosecutor is investigating the incident.

International benchmarks

In order to advance the development of such vehicles, there are or have been some performance comparisons, e.g. B. the European Land Robot Trial (since 2006) and the DARPA Grand Challenge (from 2004 to 2007). The Roborace racing series for autonomous electric vehicles is to be held for the first time as part of the framework program for the 2016/17 Formula E season [obsolete] .

Film documentaries

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Unmanned automobiles  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Videos

  1. ↑ Videos on partial automation from 2016: Traffic Jam Assistant and Parking Assistant . On the Continental AG website . Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  2. ↑ Video on high automation from 2020: Autobahn chauffeur . On the Continental AG website. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  3. ↑ Videos on full automation from 2025: Parking Pilot and Autobahn Pilot . On the Continental AG website. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  4. ↑ Video on the project of the FU Berlin under Raúl Rojas : Thomas Schaefer and Iris Domachofski (2013) Driving without a driver - robot car . In the video portal: Spiegel TV . Retrieved May 29, 2014.

Individual evidence

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  5. ↑ adaptive system classification and glossary on Automated driving. (PDF) Retrieved October 15, 2018 .
  6. ↑ Conference report on the workshop “Challenges and Opportunities of Road Vehicle Automation”: Gereon Meyer (August 8, 2013) Challenges and opportunities in the automation of road vehicles . By: Website AUTONOMIK . Retrieved May 29, 2014.
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