Baie James hydropower project

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Map of Hydro-Québec's power stations and high-voltage power lines (2008). The power plants of the Baie James hydropower project are on the left of the center of the picture.

The Baie-James hydropower project ( French Projet de la Baie-James ) is a group of nine hydropower plants in the north of the Canadian province of Québec . You are in the Jamésie region in the catchment area of La Grande Rivière , a 893 kilometer long river that flows into James Bay ( Baie James in French ). Since the 1970s, the Société d'énergie de la Baie-James , a subsidiary of the state-owned energy supply company Hydro-Québec , built eleven power plants. These have a total installed capacity of 17,445 MW . The Baie James hydropower project generates around half of all electricity production in Québec and exceeds that of Belgium , for example .

Geographical situation

The region around the James Bay , as Jamesie known covers an area of 350,000 square kilometers - bounded by the 49th and 55th northern latitude , the James Bay to the west and the watershed catchment area of the St. Lawrence River to the east . The terrain of the area is poorly developed and can be divided into three regions: a 150 km wide coastal plain, a hilly plateau of a maximum of 400 meters above sea level and the Monts Otish in the east with mountains between 900 and 1100 meters above sea level.

The area is part of the Canadian Shield and rests on a base of igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Precambrian . The erosion during the past glacial periods , the last one ended 6000 years ago, had a lasting impact on the terrain. The receding glaciers left behind deposits of sediments such as clay minerals , silt and sand . This also changed the river system of the area. The natural seismicity is low. On the other hand, the filling of the reservoirs occasionally caused smaller earthquakes. In 1983, for example, a magnitude 4 earthquake occurred around 50 km north of the main dam of La Grande-3 .

The Jamésie region has a sub-arctic climate . Winters are long and last on average from October 22nd to May 4th. Summers are short and mild, with an average temperature of 13.6 ° C in July, while it drops to −22.9 ° C in January. The annual rainfall is 765 mm, of which a third is in the form of snow . It rains heaviest in summer, in winter the depth of the snow cover is 50 to 100 cm. The amount of precipitation is markedly lower than in Montreal , for example , where it is 1050 mm / year.

Planning history

Exploration

Overview of the exploration areas

On behalf of the Shawinigan Water and Power Company (SW&P), a team led by HM Finlayson carried out hydrological studies on the Rivière Nottaway , Rivière Broadback and Rivière Rupert (collectively referred to as NBR) between 1950 and 1959 . The options examined included the possible diversion of these rivers into the Rivière Saint-Maurice (and thus into the catchment area of ​​the St. Lawrence River ) in order to increase the output of the eight SW&P power plants located there.

With the nationalization of several private companies in 1963, including SW&P, the state-owned Hydro-Québec came into possession of the preliminary studies carried out by Finlayson on the hydropower potential of the rivers at James Bay. Initially, however, other projects were in the foreground, as they were easier and cheaper to implement. Hydro-Québec left the great potential of the rivers in the north untapped for the time being and only used minimal resources. In 1965, the company's research program included explorations between the 52nd and 55th parallel north and hydrographic surveys in the area.

From 1967, Hydro-Québec intensified the investigations at La Grande Rivière and Rivière Eastmain . Dozens, later hundreds, of people were brought to the inaccessible region by helicopter and seaplane. There they carried out geodetic measurements and geological studies in order to determine suitable locations for possible hydropower plants. Due to budget cuts, Hydro-Québec was forced to reduce exploration activities significantly at the end of 1967. Although these only took place sporadically between 1968 and 1970, the company kept up the planning and analysis work, as the data collected so far promised great development potential.

"Project of the Century"

Robert Bourassa

Robert Bourassa , a member of the Québec National Assembly , had a working lunch with Roland Giroux, President of Hydro-Québec, in December 1969. Bourassa, who was then applying to chair the Parti libéral du Québec , was then increasingly convinced that a large hydropower project in the Jamésie region was feasible and desirable. A month later he was elected as the new leader of the Liberals. He made the expansion of hydropower a central component of the subsequent election campaign. In April 1970 the Liberals won the National Assembly elections.

For the former economist and new Prime Minister Bourassa, the Baie James hydropower project represented the solution to two problems. In his 1985 essay L'énergie du Nord (“The Energy of the North”), he stated that Québec's economic development was based on the Exploitation of natural resources. In addition, in 1969 he calculated that the demand for electricity would exceed the supply by 11,000 MW by 1983. This assessment was in line with predictions Hydro-Québec had made at the time. Six months after the election, Bourassa began working on the details with his advisor, Paul Desrochers. After updating the management of Hydro-Québec in September 1970, he traveled to New York in the midst of the October Crisis to negotiate the financing of the project.

Bourassa presented his plan to the cabinet in March 1971 and recommended that the construction work should be delegated to the American Bechtel Corporation . The government chose April 30, 1971, the anniversary of the inauguration, as the date of the public announcement, as the venue for a party meeting in the Petit Colisée in the provincial capital of Québec . In front of 5,000 people, Bourassa promised that the “project of the century” (projet du siècle) would create 100,000 jobs. According to reports from journalists, the meeting ended with "scenes of indescribable enthusiasm".

Resistance from the nuclear lobby

Immediately afterwards, voices were raised against the project. For several years there was a lobby that advocated the promotion of nuclear energy . It comprised representatives from the federal government, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited and also from Hydro-Québec itself. It first appeared in 1965 after the provincial government decided to invest in the Churchill Falls hydropower plant . Various high-ranking representatives of the opposition Québécois Party also spoke out against Bourassa's project.

Hydro-Québec's management stuck to the hydropower project. President Roland Giroux argued that major international investors are “still skeptical about nuclear energy. If we present them with a good hydropower project, and Baie-James is one, we'll soon see what their priorities are. ”Engineer Robert A. Boyd pointed out the uncertainties that nuclear power was facing at the time. He recommended maintaining a certain level of expertise in this area, but advocated delaying the construction of nuclear power plants as long as possible.

Bourassa received unexpected shooting aid when Alexei Kosygin , Prime Minister of the Soviet Union , visited Montreal in October 1971. Kosygin praised the project and expressed concerns about his own country's nuclear power program. The Soviet Union had to develop this technology because the country did not have enough suitable rivers to build sufficient hydropower plants and dams. The nuclear lobby increasingly lost its influence. Bourassa wrote in L'énergie du Nord in 1985 that as early as December 1969 the studies had clearly shown that hydropower was more economical than nuclear energy.

Influence from Hydro-Québec

On June 23, 1971, the government introduced a bill creating the Société de développement de la Baie James (SDBJ). Based on the model of the Tennessee Valley Authority , it should plan and implement the economic development of the Jamésie region. Bourassa believed that the construction would have to be done by private companies and that Hydro-Québec should only have a minority stake. He distrusted the influential state-owned company, which had risen to become the leading company in Québec in the 1960s. The historian Paul-André Linteau writes that Hydro-Québec acted like a “state within a state” back then.

The company's management resisted being relegated to the second tier and in turn exerted influence over political decision-makers and the media. A leadership role for the company is necessary to win the confidence of the financial markets. The efforts bore fruit when the leaders of two opposition parties and the publisher of Le Devoir criticized the government for the real need to create a "second hydro" to open up the rivers of the north. After a lively debate, the National Assembly passed Law 50 on July 14, 1971, which brought the SDBJ into being and entrusted them with the development of the 350,000 km² area between the 49th and 55th parallel.

At the insistence of the opposition, the government had agreed to a majority stake in Hydro-Québec. However, the company wanted a free hand in implementing the Baie James project and continued to apply pressure. On December 21, 1971, the government also created the Société d'énergie de la Baie James (SEBJ) as a subsidiary of the SDBJ , responsible for project planning and construction work on the hydropower plants. Hydro-Québec was the majority shareholder and took full control in 1978; since then the SEBJ has been a 100 percent subsidiary.

Choice of location

La Grande-2 dam ; the flood relief can be seen in the middle, the dam on the right edge of the picture

The question remained as to which location the project should be implemented at, in the NBR river system or at La Grande Rivière . In October 1970 Hydro-Québec commissioned the engineering companies Rousseau, Sauvé, Warren (RSW) and Asselin, Benoît, Boucher, Ducharme et Lapointe (ABBDL) to draw up a corresponding report within six months. While both reports concluded that both locations were suitable, they disagreed on the better solution. RSW proposed the La Grande Rivière, while ABBDL advocated the NBR river system further south. New studies in 1971 ruled out the NBR project because the loamy soil of this region created additional technical difficulties.

The commitment to La Grande Rivière was announced in May 1972. Four power plants were planned on this river as well as the diversion of the Rivière Caniapiscau , Rivière Opinaca and Rivière Eastmain into the catchment area of ​​the Grande Rivière, which would double its discharge at the mouth. In January 1974, detailed studies were published. According to these, the project comprised a catchment area of ​​177,430 km² as well as four power plants with a total output of 10,190 MW, which would produce 67.8 TWh with a utilization rate of 80%. In the following years, the project was modified several times and in 1978 it was divided into two phases.

Implementation of the first phase

Creation of the basic infrastructure

Bridge over the Rivière Rupert

In order for a project of this magnitude to be implemented in the almost deserted area, the creation of a basic infrastructure was necessary. The heavy machines for power plant construction could only get to the desired locations via access roads that had to be newly built. In June 1971, construction of the Route de la Baie James began in the mining town of Matagami , 620 km south of La Grand Rivière . Desjardins, Sauriol et Associés was awarded the contract for this trunk road and a branch to Fort George on the coast of James Bay . The deadline was exceptionally short: 450 miles (750 km) in 450 days.

Land surveyors determined a route, after which loggers cleared it of trees. At the same time, an ice road was set up to transport construction materials and machines north. A first milestone was the commissioning of a bridge over the Rivière Rupert on February 11, 1972. In December 1972 the temporary road reached the Grande Rivière. The definitive road was officially opened on October 20, 1974. It was initially gravel and was paved with asphalt in the following two years. The cost of the road was Canadian $ 348 million. The Radisson housing estate was built in 1974 to accommodate the numerous construction workers and employees and their families . In 1981 the Transtaïga route followed to develop the construction sites in the east of the project area.

Aboriginal resistance

The Cree settlement Chisasibi near the mouth of the Grande Rivière

The approximately 5,000 living in the region Jamesie Cree used the area traditionally for hunting, fishing and trapping. However, in the planning of the Baie James Project, their needs and demands were largely ignored. There was increasing resistance, including from the 3,500 Inuit who lived further north and from environmental organizations. The indigenous people believed that the provincial government was violating a 1912 treaty by illegally expropriating and allowing traditional hunting and fishing grounds to be destroyed. In addition, the aborigines had only been informed of the true extent of the project after the construction of the Route de la Baie James had begun.

The Cree secured the support of Jean Chrétien , Federal Minister for Indian Affairs, who financed their appeal in court. In November 1973, they obtained an order from the Québec Supreme Court that resulted in a temporary freeze on construction. The Supreme Court of Canada overturned the order, but the provincial government had no choice but to negotiate with the indigenous people. After nearly two years of negotiations, the governments of Québec and Canada, the SEBJ and the Grand Council of the Cree signed the Agreement of the Baie James and North Quebec on November 11, 1975 . The agreement, which was also signed by the Inuit and three years later by the Naskapi , guaranteed the affected indigenous people financial compensation, the recognition of land rights, the establishment of health and educational facilities and self-government in their settlements.

Construction of power plants and transmission lines

Flood relief of the La Grande-4 hydropower plant

Construction work on the La Grande-2 power plant began in May 1973 and lasted until October 1979. Commissioning took place gradually until December 1981. In October 1996 the power station, the dam and the associated reservoir were renamed in honor of Robert Bourassa, two weeks after his death. The Robert-Bourassa power station is 117 km from the mouth of the Grande Rivière. With an output of 5,616 MW, it is by far the largest power plant in Québec and forms the heart of the Baie James project.

238 km from the estuary, the La Grande-3 power plant was built between 1978 and 1983 , with an output of 2,417 MW. The La Grande-4 power plant was built between 1978 and 1984 . It is 463 km from the estuary and has an output of 2779 MW. In order to be able to supply the newly built power plants with even more water, the Rivière Eastmain , which runs further south, was diverted. For this purpose, the Réservoir Opinaca was built up in front of the confluence of the Rivière Opinaca . Most of the water from these two rivers has since flowed into the Robert-Bourassa Réservoir. Another diversion project concerned the Rivière Caniapiscau on the upper reaches of the La Grande complex. The river was dammed between 1981 and 1985, creating the Caniapiscau Reservoir , with an area of ​​4318 km² the largest standing water in Québec and the second largest reservoir in Canada. Since then, most of the water has been diverted into the Rivière Laforge, a tributary of the Grande Rivière.

The distance between the power stations of the Baie James project and the main customers in the south of the province of Québec is several hundred kilometers. In order to transport the electricity produced to the consumers, it was therefore necessary to build an extensive network of substations and high-voltage lines . The basic network comprised five lines with a voltage of 735  kV and a length of over 5300 km. A sixth line, 957 km in length, was added later. The Radisson substation is also the starting point for the Québec – New England HVDC , a 450 kV high-voltage direct current transmission line that runs near Boston , Massachusetts and is used for electricity export.

Labor disputes

Helicopter for monitoring high voltage lines (1978)

From 1977 to 1981, at the height of construction, between 14,000 and 18,000 workers were employed on the various construction sites of the Baie James project. Hydro-Québec has had bad experiences with strikes in the past , which have proven costly. The company management therefore looked for ways to keep the industrial peace. With various collective agreements she wanted to offer an index wage for the next ten years; In return, the unions should renounce their right to strike. In 1972 negotiations began between the provincial government, Hydro-Québec, and the Fédération des travailleurs du Québec (FTQ), the union that represented the majority of workers. The negotiations stalled when the FTQ demanded that it be allowed to work exclusively with its own employment agencies. Hydro-Québec did not accept this and wanted to leave this task to the state employment agencies. The negotiations finally came to an end on August 22, 1973, when the FTQ refused to sign the contract and insisted on its right to strike.

Conflicts between members of the FTQ and the rival trade union Confédération des syndicats nationaux (CSN) culminated on March 21, 1974 in the Saccage de la Baie James ("Looting of James Bay"). At the construction site of the La Grande-2 power station, an FTQ official stole a bulldozer . He used it to destroy a caravan and a dormitory, cut the water pipes, overturned the three generators in the workers' estate and started a fire by tipping over fuel containers. The total damage was $ 30 million. The destruction of the camp forced the SEBJ to evacuate the workers by plane within 48 hours. 70 people stayed behind to limit the damage. After 55 days, construction work was resumed on May 8, 1974. In March the provincial government set up a non-partisan commission of inquiry chaired by Judge Robert Cliche, who included the future Prime Minister of Canada, Brian Mulroney . The commission, which presented its final report in May 1975, uncovered close entanglements in organized crime among trade unions and construction companies.

Implementation of the second phase

La Grande-1 power plant

Various factors contributed to Hydro-Québec's decision to split the construction of the La Grande complex into two phases. For example, in the 1975 Agreement between the Baie James and North Quebec, the Cree were able to enforce the requirement that the La Grande-1 power station be relocated 34 kilometers upstream, which required complete re-planning. The effects of the oil crisis , fluctuations in aggregate demand , inflation, and the Canadian dollar exchange rate added an element of instability, making it difficult to predict electricity demand.

The second phase came about between 1987 and 1996 when five more power plants were connected: La Grande-1 (1436 MW), La Grande-2-A (2106 MW), Laforge-1 (878 MW), Laforge-2 (319 MW ) and Brisay (469 MW). The signing of the "Peace of the Warriors" ( Paix des braves ), which guaranteed the indigenous people further rights and financial compensation, was the starting signal for further power plant construction, which is informally referred to as the "third phase". The first to go into operation in 2006 was the Eastmain-1 power plant . Two power plants are currently under construction, Eastmain-1-A (768 MW) and Sarcelle (150 MW), connected with a partial diversion of the Rivière Rupert. The work was completed in the course of 2013.

Subprojects not realized

Nottaway Broadback Rupert (NBR)

The development of the NBR river system was postponed in 1971 in favor of the Grande Rivière. However, the construction of power plants in this area was left open as a possibility in Section 8 of the Baie James and North Quebec Agreement in 1975 . The plan was to build a dozen power plants with an installed capacity of around 8,000 MW and an annual production of 53 TWh. At the Rupert River nine dams were provided, as well as the diversion of the Eastmain River in the Rupert River. Lake Mistassini , Québec's largest natural lake, would have been turned into a reservoir.

An additional study in 1976 saw a different variant. According to this, the Rivière Rupert and the Rivière Nottaway would have been diverted to the Rivière Broadback; eleven power plants with an output of 8,700 MW would have produced 46.5 TWh of energy per year. In 1990 Hydro-Québec took up the project again, with seven dams on Broadback and two on the upper reaches of the Rupert. In 2002 the NBR project was finally abandoned in favor of the diversion of the Rupert into the catchment area of ​​the Grande Rivière.

Grande Baleine

During the implementation of the second phase of the Baie James project, the provincial government and Hydro-Québec announced in December 1985 their intention to build three new hydropower plants on the Grande rivière de la Baleine in the Nunavik region . In addition, two smaller rivers, the Petite rivière de la Baleine and the Rivière Coast , were to be diverted into the Grande rivière de la Baleine. This would have created four new reservoirs with a total area of ​​1667 km².

The project immediately sparked fierce resistance. The Cree filed lawsuits at the provincial and federal levels to prevent construction, as well as in several US states to prevent electricity exports there. They got the federal government to conduct an environmental impact assessment and received support from US environmental organizations. Additionally, they launched a public relations campaign in the United States and Europe attacking the Grande Baleine project, Hydro-Québec and Québec in general. Since the campaign was carried out aggressively and only a few months after the Oka crisis and the failure of the Meech Lake Accord , this resulted in various environmental groups in Québec distancing themselves from the Cree. The environmentalist David Cliche compared the actions of individual US organizations with "ecological colonialism". The project opponents achieved success in New York State when the New York Power Authority terminated a four-year-earlier contract with Hydro-Québec in the amount of five billion US dollars in March 1994 . In November 1994, Prime Minister gave Jacques Parizeau of the Parti Québécois , the suspension of the Grande-Baleine project known and explained that it was not for meeting the energy needs of Québec necessary.

Overview of the power plants

The following power plants of the Baie James hydropower project have been commissioned to date:

power plant flow Reservoir Type power Turbines Height of fall commissioning
acceptance
La Grande-1 La Grande Rivière La Grande Reservoir 1 Running water 1436 MW 12 027.50 m 1994-1995
Robert-Bourassa La Grande Rivière Robert-Bourassa Reservoir Storage 5616 MW 16 137.16 m 1979-1981
La Grande-2-A La Grande Rivière Robert-Bourassa Reservoir Storage 2106 MW 06th 138.50 m 1991-1992
La Grande-3 La Grande Rivière La Grande Reservoir 3 Storage 2417 MW 12 079.00 m 1982-1984
La Grande-4 La Grande Rivière La Grande Reservoir 4 Storage 2779 MW 09 116.70 m 1984-1986
Laforge-1 Rivière Laforge Réservoir Laforge-1 Storage 0878 MW 06th 057.30 m 1993-1994
Laforge-2 Rivière Laforge Laforge Reservoir-2 Running water 0319 MW 02 027.40 m 1996
Brisay Rivière Caniapiscau Caniapiscau Reservoir Storage 0469 MW 02 037.50 m 1993
Eastmain-1 Rivière Eastmain Réservoir de l'Eastmain 1 Storage 0507 MW 03 063.00 m 2006
Eastmain-1-A Rivière Eastmain Réservoir de l'Eastmain 1 Storage 0768 MW 03 063.00 m 2011–2012
Sarcelle Rivière Eastmain Running water 0150 MW 03 016.10 m 2013

literature

  • André Bolduc, Clarence Hogue, Daniel Larouche: Hydro-Québec: l'héritage d'un siècle d'électricité . Libre Expression, Montreal 1989, ISBN 2-89111-388-8 .
  • André Bolduc: You génie au pouvoir: Robert A. Boyd, à la gouverne d'Hydro-Québec aux années glorieuses . Libre Expression, Montreal 2000, ISBN 2-89111-829-4 .
  • Roger Lacasse: Baie James, une épopée . Libre Expression, Montreal 1983, ISBN 2-89111-109-5 .
  • Robert Bourassa: L'énergie du Nord: La force du Québec . Libre Expression, Montreal 1985, ISBN 2-89037-252-9 .
  • James F. Hornig (Ed.): Social and Environmental Impacts of the James Bay Hydroelectric Project . McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal / Kingston 1999, ISBN 0-7735-1837-1 .
  • Ministère des ressources naturelles et de la Faune (ed.): L'Énergie pour construire le Québec de demain. La stratégie énergétique du Québec 2006-2015 . Québec 2006, ISBN 2-550-36963-7 ( Online [PDF; 14.0 MB ]).
  • Société d'énergie de la Baie James (ed.): Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière: Realization de la première phase . Éditions de la Chenelière, Montreal 1987, ISBN 2-89310-010-4 .

Web links

Commons : Projet de la Baie-James  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Centrales hydroélectriques. Hydro-Québec, accessed April 30, 2015 (French).
  2. ↑ MRNF: L' Energie pour construire le Québec de demain. P. 10.
  3. ↑ a b c SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. P. 4.
  4. ↑ SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. P. 18.
  5. ↑ SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. P. 21.
  6. ↑ SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. P. 23.
  7. ^ Lacasse: Baie James, une épopée. Pp. 34-35.
  8. ^ Claude Bellavance: Shawinigan Water and Power, 1898-1963: formation et déclin d'un groupe industriel au Québec . Éditions Boréal, Montreal 1994, ISBN 2-89052-586-4 , pp. 181 .
  9. ↑ a b Bourassa: L'énergie du Nord. P. 26.
  10. ^ Bolduc, Hogue, Larouche: L'héritage d'un siècle d'électricité. Pp. 257-258.
  11. ^ Bolduc: You génie au pouvoir. P. 112.
  12. ^ Lacasse: Baie James, une épopée. P. 43.
  13. ^ Bourassa: L'énergie du Nord. Pp. 26-27.
  14. ^ Lacasse: Baie James, une épopée. Pp. 97-98.
  15. ^ Bourassa: L'énergie du Nord. Pp. 27-29.
  16. ↑ Pierre Gravel, Pierre Vennat: Sept mois après la crise d'Octobre: ​​un projet qu'il fallait lancer en 1971! . In: Roger Leroux (ed.): La Baie James, projet du siècle. La Presse, Montreal 1979, pp. 7-9.
  17. ^ Robert Bothwell: Nucleus, the history of Atomic Energy of Canada . University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1988, ISBN 0-8020-2670-2 .
  18. ^ Bolduc: You génie au pouvoir. P. 119.
  19. ^ Bolduc: You génie au pouvoir. P. 113.
  20. ^ Charles Denis: Robert Bourassa: La passion de la politique . Fides, Montreal 2006, ISBN 978-2-7621-2160-5 , pp. 131 .
  21. ^ Bourassa: L'énergie du Nord. P. 33.
  22. ^ Bolduc: You génie au pouvoir. P. 121.
  23. ^ Paul-André Linteau: Histoire du Québec contemporain - Volume 2: Le Québec depuis 1930 . Éditions Boréal, Montreal 1989, ISBN 2-89052-298-9 , pp. 466 .
  24. ↑ a b Bolduc: You génie au pouvoir. Pp. 121-123.
  25. ^ Lacasse: Baie James, une épopée. P. 152.
  26. ^ Bourassa: L'énergie du Nord. P. 35.
  27. ↑ a b SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. P. 2.
  28. ^ Bolduc: You génie au pouvoir. P. 115.
  29. ↑ La grande adventure de la baie James. Radio Canada, March 6, 2007, accessed April 18, 2012 (French).
  30. ↑ SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. Pp. 8-9.
  31. ^ Lacasse: Baie James, une épopée. Pp. 242-246.
  32. ^ Lacasse: Baie James, une épopée. P. 257.
  33. ^ Lacasse: Baie James, une épopée. Pp. 273-274.
  34. ↑ a b SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. P. 423.
  35. ^ Jean-Claude Jay-Rayon: Le Dossier Baie-James. Éditions Leméac, Montreal 1973, pp. 116-117.
  36. ^ Pierre Godin: Robert Bourassa: les mégaprojets. À mille kilomètres de Montréal, arracher des milliards de kilowatts à une region nordique fabuleuse et hostile… In: Le Devoir, March 12, 1994, p. E7.
  37. ^ Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord Québécois . Les publications du Québec, Sainte-Foy 1998, ISBN 978-2-551-17981-7 ( online [PDF]).
  38. ^ Barrage Robert-Bourassa. Commission de toponymie du Québec, accessed April 18, 2012 (French).
  39. ↑ SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. P. 117.
  40. ↑ SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. Pp. 289-291.
  41. ↑ Reservoir de Caniapiscau. Commission de toponymie du Québec, accessed April 18, 2012 (French).
  42. ↑ SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. Pp. 130-131.
  43. ↑ SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. P. 416.
  44. ^ Bolduc, Hogue, Larouche: L'héritage d'un siècle d'électricité. Pp. 363-366.
  45. ^ Lacasse: Baie James, une épopée. Pp. 349-350.
  46. ^ Lacasse: Baie James, une épopée. Pp. 354-355.
  47. ^ Hogue, Bolduc, Larouche: Québec, un siècle d'électricité. P. 368.
  48. ↑ SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. P. 8.
  49. ↑ Entente concernant une nouvelle relation entre le gouvernement du Québec et les Cris du Québec. (PDF, 1.42 MB) Government of Québec, February 7, 2002, accessed April 18, 2012 (French).
  50. ^ Projet de l'Eastmain-1A-Sarcelle-Rupert: Projet en bref. Hydro-Québec, accessed March 1, 2012 (French).
  51. ^ Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord Québécois. Les publications du Québec. Pp. 123-126.
  52. ↑ Bâtir au coeur de la Taiga. Historia, 2006.
  53. ↑ SEBJ: Complexe hydroélectrique de la Grande-Rivière. P. 9.
  54. ^ Jean-Thomas Bernard, Éric Genest-Laplante, Benoit Laplante: Le coût d'abandonner le projet Grande-Baleine. (PDF, 1.93 MB) Université Laval, Département économique, 1992, pp. 153–167 , accessed on April 18, 2012 (French).
  55. ↑ Rollande Parent: Ventes d'électricité: la contestation of Cris tourne court. In: La Presse, February 22, 1990, p. D9.
  56. ^ Frédéric Tremblay: Les Cris perdent la bataille du Vermont. In: Le Devoir, October 3, 1992, p. A5.
  57. ^ Martin Pelchat: Hydro et des écologistes québécois dénoncent une organization américaine. In: La Presse, August 8, 1992, p. A5.
  58. ^ Louis-Gilles Francoeur: Écologistes québécois et américains ajustent leur tir sur Grande-Baleine. In: Le Devoir, October 9, 1992, p. 3.
  59. ^ The Canadian Press : NYPA annule un contrat important. In: Le Soleil, March 30, 1994, p. B8.
  60. ↑ Louis-Gilles Francoeur: Parizeau gèle le projet Grande-Baleine. In: Le Devoir, November 19, 1994, p. A1.