Berlin-Niederschöneweide
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Niederschöneweide district of Berlin |
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| Coordinates | 52 ° 27 '22 " N , 13 ° 30' 47" E |
| height | 34 m above sea level NN |
| surface | 3.49 km² |
| Residents | 12,850 (Dec. 31, 2019) |
| Population density | 3682 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation | Oct. 1, 1920 |
| Post Code | 12439 |
| District number | 0905 |
| structure | |
| Administrative district | Treptow-Koepenick |
| Locations |
Oberspree |
Niederschöneweide is a part of the Treptow-Köpenick district of Berlin .
geography
Niederschöneweide is located in the north-western part of the Treptow-Köpenick district. It is located on the southern bank of the Spree opposite the Oberschöneweide district . The border runs along the bank on the Niederschöneweider side. The Britzer connecting canal forms the northern border . The district borders on Spindlersfeld in the east, Adlershof in the south-east, Johannisthal in the south-west and Baumschulenweg in the north-west . To the east of the district Niederschoeneweide which is local situation Oberspree.
The area of Niederschöneweides is flat and heavily built up. The only larger contiguous green areas are in the east of the district in the form of allotment gardens .
history
First settlements
The name "Schöne Weyde" is mentioned for the first time in 1598 in a travel description by Elector Joachim II . It describes an extensive meadow to the left of the Spree in the direction of the river. On old maps there is a settlement called "Theer Ofer" in the area of today's Niederschöneweide. Based on the available source material, it is assumed that tar coaling began here at the beginning of the 17th century . The tar scler's hut stood on the bank, where the described meadow turned back into the forest. During the Thirty Years' War the indulgence was ruined and then rebuilt. The Kurmärkische Kammer gave the tar furnace regularly for three to six years to a tenant who was subordinate to the office of Köpenick . In 1753, Friedrich II personally approved the timber for a new house on the "Schöneweiden tar stove". The construction work fell a little later, however, to the Seven Years' War victim. Its resident, who was drafted as a conscript, did not return from the war. During the war, Austrian and Russian troops plundered the tar pig.
Despite the war, the Frederician inland colonization was successfully continued. After the Seven Years' War there were seven settlements on the southern bank of the Spree within only half a mile. There were both agricultural and commercial settlements. For these positions, known as “establishments near the beautiful pasture” or “establishments near Köpenick”, inheritance certificates were issued by the Köpenick office on November 1, 1764. The tar smelling was taken over by a colonist from Saxony . But the time of tar smelling was slowly coming to an end. The bleaching industry developed as a new trade , which developed parallel to the flourishing textile production in Köpenick. In 1778 the last coal digger sold his inheritance rights to a Köpenick bleacher.
Around 1800, 42 people lived in the establishments. In addition to the bleaching and calico printing works, there was also a saltpeter mill , a jar factory , a Jewish courtyard and the “Neuer Krug” inn. The settlements did not form a communal unit and also had no official name. In 1810, after the Köpenick office was dissolved, the establishments were subordinated to the Berlin police district. The inheritance payments still to be paid were collected by the Mühlenhof Rent Office . In terms of area, the establishments belonged to the Teltow district .
At first, more bleachers and calico printers spread out on both sides of the Spree. The first re-establishment of the factory age was the "Wolff" calico printing company, which operated thirteen 150 hp steam engines and had 250 employees. It was followed in 1869 by the once well-known John Blackburn shoddy and woolen factory . English specialists came with their families with the wool factory and lived with the local residents.
Independent municipality
Officials had been considering since 1850 to unite the settlements on the left bank of the Spree with an existing municipal district or to form an independent municipality. There were very different views among the long-term residents. Manufacturers willing to invest pushed for an independent municipality. In 1867 the Berlin leather manufacturer Dotti and the chemical entrepreneur Louis Kunheim succeeded in convincing the Mühlenhof office. The decision still had to go a long way through the instances. On August 9, 1878, all commercial, factory and villa properties were finally declared to be a separate municipality with the name "Niederschöneweide". The new rural community between Grünauer Straße (today: Michael-Brückner-Straße) and Berliner Straße (today: Schnellerstraße) received a piece of land from the Royal Government of Potsdam to build a school. The school, which was completed a year later, was initially attended by children from Oberschöneweide and Johannisthal . Attending school was only free for the children in the local area. Until the church was built around 1908, Niederschöneweide remained in the association of the Stadtkirche Köpenick.
The development of the village of Niederschöneweide continued in the wake of industrialization. After mainly textile trades and factories had settled on both sides of the Spree, other branches of production were gradually added. The Kunheim chemical factory "Kanne" (1928 Kali Chemie AG ), which moved here in 1871 , the Borussia Meinert und Kampfhenkel brewery (1898: Schultheiß-Brauerei AG) in 1881, the Anton and Alfred Lehmann scarf and cloth factory in 1881, and the one in 1890 should be mentioned here German brass works Flunkert, Kretzer and Eveking and in 1902 the Ginsberg ironworks. At that time, the future AEG and Niles locations on the opposite bank of the Spree were still green.
Despite the increasing industrialization, Niederschöneweide gave the impression of an ascending excursion destination in the last third of the 19th century. There have been two steamboat landing stages since 1866. One each for the “Neuer Krug” restaurant and one for the “Essig” café, which later became the “Sedan” restaurant. In the summer months ships of the Berlin Steamship Company arrived every two hours with numerous guests who could enjoy their stay here in the pretty gardens, glass pavilions, bowling alleys and playgrounds with excellent hospitality. In the 1870s and 1880s, other garden and entertainment venues such as “Neptunhain” and “Hasselwerder” were built, but also the pompous furnishings of the Borussia brewery, which offers its guests a beer garden full of romantic rocks, grottos, fountains, towers, colossal imperial busts and its own water supply and a dance hall for 2,000 guests. With the catering facilities on the opposite bank of the Spree, today's Oberschöneweide, a recreation area was created, into which up to 50,000 people have streamed since the opening (1874) of the Neuer Krug-Johannisthal railway station (today: Berlin-Schöneweide train station).
As a result of the increasing industrialization, through which considerable sums flowed into the tax coffers, the excursion restaurants gradually disappeared. The money was urgently needed for the necessary road and road construction and its connection to the road network of the Teltow district. In 1885, with funds from the district, a chain ferry was created to cross the Spree by foot. A wooden bridge built between 1890 and 1891, over which the tracks of the Oberschöneweide industrial railway ran and connected Oberschöneweide to the Berlin – Görlitz railway line , replaced the ferry. With the Kaisersteg , a pedestrian bridge largely financed by the AEG, a second Spree crossing was built in 1898. Only in 1904 with the Treskow bridge and in 1908 with the replacement of the dilapidated wooden bridge with the steel Stubenrauch bridge were large load-bearing crossings to Oberschöneweide created. All bridges were built by the municipality of Oberschöneweide or companies based there.
A variety of structural measures have been purposefully implemented since the community was formed. Among other things, a post office was set up (1884), a delivery contract was concluded with the Berliner Elektricitäts-Werke (1887), an above-ground telegraph line was built (1892), a pharmacy branch, the Niederschöneweide fire brigade , a river bathing establishment and a paying office for the joint local health insurance fund for Köpenick and Surrounding area built (1895), electrical underground cables laid for street lighting (1897), a joint stock company "Gaswerk Niederschöneweide" founded (1898), the connection to the drinking water system of the Berlin waterworks carried out and at the same time the street wells removed (1900) and a community cemetery created ( 1910-1912). Due to the fact that the land in Schöneweide was coveted and expensive due to the constantly advancing industrialization, a plot of land in Altglienicke was acquired for the cemetery . Today it is the Altglienicke municipal cemetery .
The “ Neuer Krug-Johannisthal ” stop of the Berlin-Görlitzer Railway , which was laid out in 1874, was expanded between 1880 and 1882 to become the “Johannisthal-Niederschöneweide” station. At the request of the municipality, the station was renamed "Niederschöneweide-Johannisthal" in 1896, as it had co-financed the extension of the route to Spindlersfeld and several companies had private industrial railway connections to the rail network at this address. In 1929, the station was renamed again to the still valid name Bahnhof "Schöneweide". At that time, local public transport was supplemented by several tram lines operated by the Berlin Ostbahnen , some of which are still in the Berlin tram network .
According to the suburban building regulations of 1892, Niederschöneweide was intended as a country house district, but in view of the realities this plan already turned out to be out of the question at the turn of the century. The building regulations were repealed. Due to the industrial settlements, no more stately villa houses were built here anyway. The works officials mostly enjoyed the preference of company apartments on the company premises. For ordinary workers, all areas that were not used for production facilities were built on with three- and four-story apartment buildings in a profit-seeking and unsocial manner. In addition, the apartment buildings on the courtyard side often had side wings and up to two rear buildings. Due to the increasingly massive construction activity, the serious problem of service water disposal arose. In 1895, some properties, including the parish hall, were allowed to build an approved underground disposal facility for industrial and rainwater, but the disposal required a general solution. Since Niederschöneweide was not alone in confronting this problem, the municipalities of Adlershof , Altglienicke , Grünau , Johannisthal , Rudow and Niederschöneweide joined forces in 1902 to jointly tackle the introduction of a regulated sewer system. The leading role fell to Niederschöneweide. It not only provided the chairman and was the place of business, it was also the first sub-project of the entire system, which was implemented in stages. The association entrusted the Wiesbaden urban cleaning company with the sewerage project; it managed the construction and later operation as well as the maintenance of the pressure pipe system. The activities of the association only ended after the formation of Greater Berlin . At the beginning of the 20th century, Niederschöneweide offered the image of a contiguous industrial and workers' residential area with streets that looked like a big city.
Incorporation to Berlin
On October 1, 1920, the "Law on the Formation of a New City Council Berlin" came into force. According to the law, Niederschöneweide and other rural communities formed the 15th Treptow administrative district of Greater Berlin . The municipal councils of the incorporated rural communities only continued to work for a short time. They were relieved of their responsibilities and incorporated into the district administration as local offices. The municipal independence of Niederschöneweide ended after 42 years.
Industrialization and housing construction continued unabated. To alleviate the housing shortage, new settlements were established throughout the district. The Oberspree settlement was established in 1924 in the east of Niederschöneweide. From 1926 to 1928, improvements were made to the urban road network. The Stubenrauchbrücke was rebuilt over the Spree to Oberschöneweide and the Oberspreestrasse was expanded as the main connection route to Köpenick . In 1930 the Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse moved into a spacious new administrative building on Fennstrasse. Niederöneweide also received a new church in 1930, the Protestant Peace Church designed by Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer in the Bauhaus style .
As a result of the global economic crisis , there were also mass layoffs in Niederschöneweide from 1929 onwards.
time of the nationalsocialism
During the time of National Socialism , Niederschöneweide quickly developed into an important location for arms production due to its metal and chemical industry . A new building was built for the health department in Hasselwerderstrasse, which housed the departments of genetic and racial care, infant care, school doctor and school dental clinic. For the SA standard 5 " Horst Wessel ", a building was erected at the end of Sedanstrasse (today: Bruno-Bürgel-Weg), which also served as the HJ home for Niederschöneweide. In 1933, the crossing area in front of Schöneweide train station was redesigned and the main road system was expanded. Because of the increased number of drafts from 1941, there was a shortage of staff in the factories. More and more forced laborers were used to keep production going . In 1943 Albert Speer had a barrack camp built between Britzer-, Sedan- and Grimaustraße for over 2,000 forced laborers . The barrack camp is now a listed building . Part of it was made accessible to the public in the summer of 2006 as a documentation center for Nazi forced labor under the sponsorship "Topography of Terror".
On April 16, 1945, the last great battle of the Second World War began in Europe for Berlin. On April 24th, Niederschöneweide was in the hands of the 8th Guard Army of the 1st Belarusian Front . Previously, German rearguards had blown up the Kaisersteg and the Treskow Bridge.
Post-war and GDR times
The district of Treptow , and with it Niederschöneweide, fell under Soviet control after the division of Greater Berlin into four sectors by the victorious Allied powers . The Soviet military commander of the Treptow district moved into his quarters at Fennstrasse 18-22 in Niederschöneweide.
As everywhere in the Soviet-occupied areas , numerous non-destroyed means of production were initially dismantled and brought to the Soviet Union in Niederschöneweide . This was followed by the expropriation and later reorganization of the industrial companies into state- owned companies .
As part of the reconstruction of residential areas, new residential complexes were built in the Oberspree area.
The division of the city meant that the routes through West Berlin were interrupted. Therefore the infrastructure had to be expanded. Schnellerstraße and Grünauer Straße were expanded to include six lanes as a section of the new trunk road 96 . As a result, the connection between the train station and the town center was lost. The Schöneweide station was expanded to become a long-distance and S-Bahn station Berlin-Schöneweide .
Time since the reunification of Berlin
After German reunification on October 3, 1990, many residents and employees in Niederschöneweide had to cope with considerable changes. Due to the changed market situation for the former GDR companies , there were mass layoffs, company closings and the privatization of companies.
Since 1994, Niederschöneweide has been one of the 22 redevelopment areas in Berlin. Niederschöneweide has had a hard time taking its industrial legacy from a century and a half. The contaminated soil on many company areas has to be removed and detoxified at high cost. Many new trees and bushes have been planted since 1994 and work on the waterfront has begun. Historic industrial architecture has been restored and given new uses.
On January 1, 2001, due to the administrative reform in Berlin, the districts of Treptow and Köpenick were combined to form the new common district of Treptow-Köpenick , to which Niederschöneweide has belonged ever since.
Population development
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Sights and culture
Buildings
- Old fire station
- Old Office House (Michael Brückner House)
- School building on the corner of Hasselwerder and Schnellerstraße (primary school at the old fire station )
→ See also: List of cultural monuments in Berlin-Niederschöneweide
Recreational facilities
- Youth club and youth ship ReMiLi, berth on the banks of the Spree at Hasselwerderpark
- Senior recreational facility
- Ratz-Fatz social and cultural center in Oberspree
Economy and Infrastructure
Established businesses
- Praxair , industrial gases company
- Railway depot Berlin-Schöneweide of the Berlin S-Bahn
- Shopping center at Schöneweide S-Bahn station
- Berlin metal works and semi-finished products , closed in 1990
traffic
Private transport
The federal highway 96a runs through the district of Niederschöneweide from southeast to northwest . Within the district it is called Adlergestell , Michael-Brückner- and Schnellerstraße. The Sterndamm and Rixdorfer Straße lead from the southwest into the district. Coming from the direction of Köpenick , from the east, you come to Niederschöneweide via Oberspreestraße. The Treskowbrücke and Stubenrauchbrücke serve as a connection across the Spree to the Oberschöneweide district opposite . The Kaisersteg pedestrian bridge , which was destroyed in the Second World War , was completed as a new construction in September 2007.
The Berlin zoning plan also provides for the construction of two additional bridges for motor traffic. The Minna-Todenhagen Bridge was opened as part of the south-east connection project between Rummelsburger Strasse and the northwest of Niederschöneweides at the end of 2017, with an extension to the federal motorway 113 in Späthsfelde being planned. Between the Wilhelminenhofstraße in Oberschöneweide and Schnellerstraße is Wilhelminenhofbrücke planned, but their completion date is still open.
An overview of the streets in the district can be found in the list of streets and squares in Berlin-Niederschöneweide .
Transportation
With public transport, Niederschöneweide can be reached by S-Bahn , tram and bus . The district is connected to the Berlin S-Bahn network with three train stations, the Schöneweide S- Bahn and regional train station and the Schöneweide S-Bahn station on the Berlin – Görlitz line, as well as the Oberspree S-Bahn station on the branch line to Spindlersfeld . S-Bahn lines S8, S9, S45, S46, S47 and S85 run in Niederschöneweide. Schöneweide station has been served by the regional train line RB24 Eberswalde - Berlin - Senftenberg since March 2016 . The tram lines M17, 21, 37, 60 and 67 as well as the bus lines 160 and 165 go through Niederschöneweide .
Streets and squares in the district
The district has 36 streets and squares, which are described in more detail in the corresponding main article.
Public facilities
Citizens' Registration Office II of the Treptow-Köpenick district , Michael-Brückner-Straße 1 (Michael-Brückner-Haus)
education
Niederschöneweide has two municipal day-care centers, two state schools (one elementary school and one high school), the free creativity elementary school at the Birkenwäldchen and the "Ernst Busch" academy for drama . In 1993 the Free Waldorf School Berlin Southeast was founded in Niederschöneweide.
Personalities
- Max Buntzel (1850–1907), Royal Horticultural Director, born in Niederschöneweide
- Egmont Schaefer (1908–2004), draftsman and painter, born in Niederschöneweide
- Ernst Schneller (1890-1944), KPD - Reichstag , lived in the Berliner Straße 70a, which got its name on July 31, 1947
- Michael Brückner (1939–1998), 1990 first freely elected mayor of the Treptow district, lived in Niederschöneweide
See also
literature
- Judith Uhlig: Treptow. Stapp Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-87776-070-8 ( history of the Berlin administrative districts , vol. 22).
- Hans-Jürgen Rach: The villages in Berlin. VEB Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-87776-211-5 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Flyer from the Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment
- ↑ waldorfsuedost.de
