Bernardon de la Salle

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Bernardon de la Salle (* 1339 ; † June 1391 ) was a French mercenary leader in u. a. English and Papal Services. He was Seigneur de Figeac , de Mornas , de Caderousse , d ' Oppède , de Malaucène , de la Tour-de-Canillac et de Mas-Blanc (in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence ), and Soriano nel Cimino in Italy.

Life

The French Bernardon de la Salle, who comes from the diocese of Agen in Gascony , is little known in his home country, but more so in Italy, where he is called Bernardo della Sala and Bernardo Guascone . For John Hawkwood ( Giovanni Acuto ), his brother-in-law (both had married illegitimate daughters of Bernabò Visconti ) he was the best condottiere next to Giovanni degli Ubaldini († 1390).

In the wages of the English, the Pope and the Visconti

Bernardon distinguished himself as a military in the service of Charles the Evil , King of Navarre and Edward of Woodstock , called "the Black Prince", Pope Clement VII in Avignon , Louis II of Anjou , Count of Provence and King of Naples , as well as the Visconti family . It is known that the Gaskogner never committed a single cowardice or breach of loyalty in these services. It is problematic to say the same of his wars as an adventurer in Languedoc rhodania ( Pont-Saint-Esprit , Anduze ), in the Bourbonnais ( Saint-Pourçain , Belleperche ) or in Italy against Siena , Pisa or Lucca . He was married to Riccarda, an illegitimate daughter of Bernabò Visconti . and is the illegitimate father of Bernardon de Serres (1359-1413) and Antoine de la Salle (around 1385-around 1462).

His campaigns in France

Bernardon began his career in France in 1359 at the side of Jean III. de Grailly , Captal de Buch , captain of Charles the Evil of Navarre. After the Peace of Brétigny (1360) he was dismissed and in the same month founded one of the Grandes Compagnies , a mercenary force that plundered France.

One of the leaders of the Tard Venus

These mercenaries arrived in several groups in the Rhône Valley in December of the same year . In addition to the Bernardon de la Salles troupe, there were those of John Hawkwood, Petit Meschin, Robert Briquet, l'Espiote, John Creswey and Naudon. de Blageran, Lamit, Battalion and Bour de Lesparre. These routiers are known as Tard-Venus and rose on the pay of André de Beaumont, brother-in-law of the Duke of Lancaster , and Pierre Vernay, known as "the Englishman", who had the goal of a certain Jean Gouge (Gianinno Guccio or Baglioni) to set the French throne who pretended to be John I of France , called “Postumus”, the son of Louis X and Clementine of Hungary , who was only four days old.

The Gascogner made a name for himself on the night of December 28th when he stormed Pont-Saint-Esprit. The Seneschal of Beaucaire, Jean de Souvain, who led the resistance, broke his leg when he fell from one of the wooden battlements of the ramparts. Jean Froissart writes that many men were killed in the storm, many women and girls were raped, and that they took so much booty that they could live on it for a whole year.

Mercenaries of the English and the King of Navarre

Bernardon took part in the famous Battle of Brignais on April 6, 1362, in which the regular French troops were destroyed and in which Jacques I de Bourbon, comte de La Marche was killed. He then joined Robert Knolles and John Creswey, with whom he devastated the vineyards of Saint-Pourçain.

After his return to the service of Charlemagne, he took La Charité-sur-Loire in a coup d'état in October 1363 , where he was besieged by French troops in May 1364 after the Battle of Cocherel (May 16, 1364). His counterparts were Robert de Fiennes , called Moreau, the Connétable of France , the two marshals Jean I. Le Maingre , called Boucicaut, and Arnould d'Audrehem , as well as Mouton de Blainville, Louis de Sancerre and Bertrand du Guesclin . Since Bernardon received no support from the King of Navarre, he agreed with Creswey and Briquet to return La Charité and not to serve Charles the Evil for three years.

In the service of you Guesclin and the Black Prince

In the following year he was in Spain with Bertrand du Guesclin to help Heinrich von Trastamara in the overthrow of Peter the Cruel . But in February 1367, Bernardon changed into the service of the Black Prince to now fight against Heinrich von Trastamare and Bertrand du Guesclin.

In mid-August 1369, still on behalf of the Black Prince, he occupied with Bernard de Wisk and his brother Hortingo de la Salle the Belleperche Castle in Bourbonnais, the residence of Isabelle de Valois (1313-1383), the mother-in-law of King Charles V of France . He was besieged here in September 1369 by Pierre I. de Bourbon , Louis de Sancerre and Édouard II. De Beaujeu, and was able to hold the fortress until May 1370. This allowed him to take part in the conquest and sack of Limoges on the side of the Black Prince in September of that year .

The Lord of Figeac returns to Languedoc

On October 14, 1371 he was knighted after conquering Figeac for the English on the same day . He released the city, of which he was now ruler, only for 120,000 francs, and left it in the summer of 1373 after he had made the inhabitants swear allegiance to the English king.

But since March 10, 1372, strange rumors were circulating in Nîmes about a company that had holed up in Anduze, a fief of Guillaume III. Roger de Beaufort , a brother of Pope Gregory XI. It was the vanguard of Bernardon's troops who camped at the gates of Le Puy-en-Velay . Concerned, the consuls of Nîmes sent their servants near the parishes of Viviers and Aubenas to check the presence, number and intentions of these soldiers on the spot.

The sack of the Anduzenque

Until the end of the summer of 1372, Bernardon de la Salle and his men camped in the Anduzenque and lived on the produce of the land. On September 3, several gas-conical companies marched towards Bagnols-sur-Cèze , another fortress of the Viscount de Turenne, which was defended by Jean Coq, the captain of his guard. After trying unsuccessfully to conquer the city, the Routiers withdrew on the night of September 8th to 9th and crossed the Rhône at Pont Saint-Esprit to join their leader, who had moved on towards Comtat Venaissin . There Bernardon negotiated with Juan Fernández de Heredia . The captain of the Comtat's troops integrated him with many of his people into the troops of François des Baux, Duke of Andria. The other companies broke away from Heredia and moved to Nîmes on September 15, where they joined on September 29 of the same month Arenas passed by.

Defense of the Comtat Venaissin

When he arrived in Comtat Venaissin , he entered the service of Gregory XI. During the first half of 1375, Raymond des Baux, Prince of Orange , threatened the papal states, whereupon Juan Fernández de Heredia instructed the Gascogner and Raimond de Turenne to attack Gigondas , Jonquières and Suze-la-Rousse , fiefs of his brother Bertrand. After an armistice had been signed, the two papal captains took up the fight against the Bretons of Olivier du Guesclin (Bertrand's brother), who were again traveling along the Rhône.

His campaigns in Italy

For Bernardon this first campaign to Italy was decisive. From now on, his entire military career on the peninsula was to serve the Popes of Avignon (Gregory XI and Clement VII), in the service of the Younger House of Anjou (Ludwig I and Ludwig II of Anjou) or on the side of his cousin Gian Galeazzo Visconti run away.

The captain of Gregory XI.

At the request of the Pope, he was recruited by Cardinal Guillaume Noellet at the end of 1375. On his orders he besieged Bologna with Jean de Malestroit and Sylvestre Budes in July of the following year . During this time, Gregory XI. prepare for his return to Rome. He set sail on October 2, 1376 and, after an eventful journey, landed in Ostia on January 14, 1377 and returned to Rome via the Tiber .

Raimond de Turenne, nephew of the Pope who commanded the papal armies, immediately made Bernardon his right hand. In view of the worsening situation, they went overland to fight against Gregory XI. subjugating rebellious cities. In April Raimond attacked Viterbo and Bolsena , in May Bernardon ran away at Solaro Astorre Manfredi.

At the end of May, Gregory XI withdrew. back from Anagni to escape the Roman troubles. In his summer residence, the Pope gave Raimond de Turenne, Sylvestre Budes and Jean de Malestroit the order to march to Florence, which Malestroit resisted: despite the joint efforts of Turenne, Budes and the Cardinal of Ostia, his defection could not be prevented. The papal army not only could not penetrate the Florentine lands, but even turned against the Pope, and in mid-September went to Subiaco to demand an increase in pay.

On December 5th, the Pope disappointedly asked his nephew to go to France with letters of accreditation for the Dukes of Anjou, Berry and Burgundy. Raimond left and handed over his command to Bernardon de la Salle.

At the service of the College of Cardinals

Gregory XI. died on the night of May 26th to 27th, 1378. On the evening of April 7th, the cardinals entered the conclave under the worst of circumstances . The next day, rioters surrounded the College of Cardinals . The troops of Bernardon and his cousin Guillemet went to great lengths to contain these uprisings. One day later, under pressure from the population, Bartolommeo Prignano was elected. He took the name Urban VI. on.

The new Pope then revealed his unyielding character and quickly turned his back on the cardinals. But resistance was quickly organized. In Viterbo , residents had refused to swear allegiance to the new Pope, which is why Bernardon, who had joined Urban VI's army, was sent against them in May. Then he retired to Bolsena.

The Gaskogner now changed sides and joined the College of Cardinals at the end of June. On his orders he rode to Rome in July. Together with Malestroit, who had much to be forgiven for his misdeeds, he met the Romans on the Salario Bridge. More than half a thousand of them were killed during the fight. To thank him, the cardinals offered him the proceeds from the fiefs of Oppède , Mornas and Caderousse , all of which are located near Avignon.

On September 20, a new conclave was opened in Fondi , under the protection of Berardon and his lancers. The cardinals voted unanimously for Robert of Geneva, who chose the name Clement VII . The occidental schism had begun.

The Gaskogner opposed John Hawkwood in April 1379. After five hours of fighting, he was defeated and captured by the Compagnie de Saint-Georges . He was taken to Rome and quickly released after promising to leave the service of the antipope. The Queen Joan I of Naples was forced on May 18, 1379 to submit to the obedience of Urban VI. to connect; Clement VII, who had no more important ally on the peninsula, decided to return to Avignon, where he arrived on June 20th in an atmosphere of indescribable madness.

From the end of December he was supported by Bernardon. He paid homage to him for his fiefdoms Oppède, Mornas and Caderousse. During this stay, Raimond de Turenne sold the castle of Tour-Canillac and Mas Blanc near Saint-Rémy-en-Provence to his Gascon friend.

With Ludwig I of Anjou during the conquest of Naples

After his return to Italy in June 1380, Bernardon crushed an army under the pay of Urban VI. From that date on there is no trace of his actions until the spring of 1381, when he seemed more of a routier than a supporter of the Pope in Avignon.

Everything changed on June 1st when the Roman pontiff crowned Charles of Durazzo as King of Naples. It was now only left for Queen Joan's nephew to conquer the kingdom. Three days later she appealed to Louis I of Anjou , the brother of Charles V of France , to come to her aid.

On June 8th, Charles of Durazzo left Rome. On the 24th he ran Otto von Braunschweig , Queen Joan's husband, and four days later he invaded the kingdom. It was immediately called for the Gascogner. But in July Bernardon and Otto's troops were defeated in front of Porta Capuana in Naples. Bernardon had to surrender and was released against a promise not to fight Karl von Durazzo for a year. He kept his promise, since he did not meet Louis I of Anjou in Maddaloni until autumn 1382 . Now he could face the Carlist again. It was mainly the first trimester of 1383 that Bernardon left his mark. He attacked Montefiascone first . Then he went to Orvieto and devastated the plain of the Sala.

Together with Guillemet de la Salle, he allied himself with the Prefect of Rome, Francesco di Vico , to devastate the Maremma . The Angevin offensive was on March 1, 1383 by the death of Amadeus VI. interrupted by Savoy . His army disbanded, while Pope Clement VII urgently called Bernardon back to Comtat Venaissin.

On August 30th, Taranto , which had been besieged since the beginning of March, fell into the hands of the Duke of Anjou, who now controlled most of the kingdom. The Angevine now officially accepted the title of King of Sicily and Jerusalem.

The Gascogner, who was now back in southern Italy, looted Afragola in September after attacking Sant'Antonio Abate , Aversa and Casoria . Then he went to Apulia , where he stayed until the death of Ludwig von Anjou on September 21st.

The captain Marie de Blois' and Ludwig II of Anjous

For the Gascogner, the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples was temporarily over. In December 1384, accompanied by Otto von Braunschweig, he embarked for Provence and returned to Avignon. There he took part on May 21, 1385 at the coronation of the young Ludwig II of Anjou by Clemens VI. part. Since the Kingdom of Naples was still to be conquered, the Pope in Avignon gave Marie de Blois, the mother of Louis II, 60,000 francs. The Gascogner was used as a Capitaine pontifical .

At the end of autumn, Bernardon returned to Italy and resumed the war against Karl and Urban. He first conquered Viterbo. In January 1386 he was directed against Taranto. Unable to conquer it, in May the territory of Cetona and then the area of Pisa were sacked. At the beginning of summer, the Gascon defeated an army of Urban VI in alliance with Francesco di Vico. at San Michele in Teverina .

From August, Bernardon de la Salle, his son Bernardon de Serres and Vico made Viterbo their fortress. In the spring of 1387, the Carlist decided to expel them from there. When the city rebelled in March, Bernardon Jr. went to Canino and Bernardons Sr. to Amelia and arrested the Rector of the Patrimony of Petri in Montefiascone . In June he entered Orvieto at the head of 400 horsemen and drove out the supporters of Urban VI.

The companion of the adventure

in August 1387, Bernardon left Church service to return to adventure. Within half a year he attacked Perugia , San-Michele in Teverina, Civitavecchia and Rispampani . At the request of the Florentines, he occupied the Valdarno in December , then San Giusto alle Monache and Sant'Agostino are taken.

The Pisans worriedly paid him a ransom of 8,000 florins . Bernardon left Cascina to go to Cevoli and Casciana, which he plundered. Siena gave him 9000 florins and Lucca 4000. At the end of the month he attacked Fabbrica and Laiatico and then went to Volterra , where he settled. There he was contacted by the Florentines in January 1388 to go into their service. He refused. The Signoria tried again in April. Their proposal was so tempting that the Gascogner went to Tuscany in May and June. To get rid of him, the Sienese offered him 12,000 florins. So he turned to Pisa. On June 1, 1388, Piero Giambacorta, who had headed the Signoria of Pisa since 1370, preferred to give him 13,000 florins. The Gascogner returned to the eagle's nest of Cannara after the fruitful campaign .

The offer had been so good that in January 1389 Bernardon could not oppose the request of his brother-in-law, John Hawkwood, who had entered the service of Florence . They went together to pillage the Siena region. Little did the Gascogner suspect that a month later his friend Raimond de Turenne wanted to attack his fortress Oppède in Comtat Venaissin.

In the pay of Clemens VII and the Visconti

Was there a cause and effect relationship? In March 1389, Bernardon resumed his service with Clement VII and the house of Anjou. His first fight took place in the Kingdom of Naples. They had his brother-in-law John Hawkwood and his friend Othon from Braunschweig who had decided to join the Carlist. Their encounter did not result in a winner.

The Gascogner was then contacted by Francesco Novello of Carrara to join the league against the potentate of Milan. He not only refused, but immediately warned Gian Galeazzo Visconti of the danger that this meant for him.

In April, Clement VII asked Bernardon, who was then at the head of 1,000 Gascon horsemen, to invade the county of Avellino. His campaign against the Carlist was victorious and the Gaskogner was able to march into Naples with his troops. From there he besieged Benano and in May he took the opportunity to devastate the area of San Michele in Teverina , Fabro , Salce and Corbara .

When summer came, Bernardon was asked by Florence to plunder the Siena area again. After an unsuccessful attempt, the Gascogner returned to the Patrimonium Petri , to the soldiers of Urban VI. to terrorize the besieged city of Canino . Such activity could only be rewarded, and Bernardon was appointed rector of the patrimony by Clement VII. He took office in September and settled in Todi . During this time, Urban’s anger did not die down and he threatened those around him with all sorts of things. Fortunately, the Roman Pope died on October 15th.

Despite numerous demands from the Christian rulers to put an end to the schism, the Cardinals of Rome decided to enter a conclave and on November 2 they elected Pietro Tomacelli, who was named Boniface IX. chose.

Bernardon continued his raids. He invaded the Marches of Ancona and Romagna , where his troops blocked all roads to the north. In November, a large number of supporters of the new Roman pope were captured and killed.

The meeting in Mende

After all these successes in Italy, Bernardon was asked by Clement VII to return to France. His mission was important: in August 1390 he was in Mende , where Jean III. d'Armagnac, on behalf of the King of France, tried to end the private war that Raimond de Turenne was waging against the Pope in Avignon. As a witness, the Gascogner signed an agreement between the legate Clement VII, Antoine de Lovier, Bishop of Maguelonne , and a representative of the Viscount de Turenne.

This meeting in Mende allowed the Florentines to send ambassadors to ask something of the Count of Armagnac. It was proposed to him to cross the Alps and attack the Count of Vertus in Lombardy

A mysterious ending

The family ties between Bernardon and his cousin were strong enough to let the Gaskogner act. In October he landed in Porto Pisano and asked for safe conduct to Pisa to visit Gian Galeazzo.

Through his association with his Lombard cousin, who went in the same direction as his fight against the rival of the Pope of Avignon, Bernardon managed in April 1391 to bribe many captains with the money of the Florentines. At their head he besieged Rome. His army blocked St. Peter's Basilica , where Boniface IX. stopped and got his opponents into great trouble during the siege.

The threat posed by the "Armagnacois" became clear. Only Raimond de Turenne had declined to follow Jean and Bernard d'Armagnac despite their kind requests. In May Bernardon returned to France and recruited a thousand lancers on behalf of Visconti.

In June, the Gaskogner, who had crossed the Alps, came within sight of Moncenisio . There he was surprised in a valley by a detachment of the Count of Armagnac. More than half of his men were killed and 300 were captured during the Battle of Ponte. At first, Bernardon managed to escape. But he was tracked down, trapped in a forest, and killed by three of his horsemen who had betrayed him.

literature

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Remarks

  1. Bernardon de la Salle married Riccarda Visconti, daughter of Catarina Freganeschi from Cremona and Bernabò. John Hawkwood married Donnina, the illegitimate daughter of Bernabò and Montaninna de Lazzari.
  2. Antoine de la Salle, whom he got from his partner Perrinette Damendel, inherited his Provencal fiefs La Tour-de-Canillac and Mas Blanc, which Bernardon had bought from Raimond de Turenne , when his father died . The ownership was confirmed to him on May 8, 1407 by Ludwig II of Anjou, Count of Provence. Antoine accompanied Ludwig on his attempt to retake the Kingdom of Naples for himself. He switched to René d'Anjou's service as a teacher for his son John of Calabria, and in 1435 wrote the famous Histoire et plaisante chronique du petit Jehan de Saintré et de la jeune Dame des belles cousines for him .
  3. The people of Pont-Saint-Esprit were supposed to pay 6,000 florins to be left alone
  4. Le Parvus Thalamus de Montpellier states: Aquel meteys, an LX [year 1360], la nuoc dels innocens [the night of the innocent children], fo pres lo luoc de Sant Esprit, sus lo Roze, per una compenha angleses. Johan Souant, sénescal del Belcaire, en la combatement tombet d'un cadafale de fuste ont era et rompet se cuyssa .
  5. Ce dont fut pitié, car ils y occirent tant maint preudommes et violèrent tant maintes dames et demoiselles, et y confirent si grant avoir que sans nombre, et grande pourveance, pour vivre un an tout entier
  6. Robert Knolles, called Canolles or Robin Quanole, besieged Saint-Pourçain, where Thomas de La Marche was staying, the lieutenant of Louis II , Duke of Bourbon , had entrenched for all areas ruled by him. The English captain bit his teeth here and ravaged the famous vineyard in retaliation (cf. Marcellin Bourdet, 1900, Thomas de la Marche, Bâtard de France et ses aventures (1318–1361), Riom).
  7. Paul Durieu, Les Gascons en Italie - Études historiques , Auch 1885, p. 110 ( online )
  8. The consuls of Nîmes sent couriers on the way to Regordane to contact their colleagues in Alès , Génolhac and Le Puy . Their report, written on June 3, 1372, noted the presence of routiers above Alès and in the Saint-Quentin region , which blocked the passage to Pont-Saint-Esprit.
  9. The area around Anduze
  10. Bernardon de la Salle went into the service of the Duke of Andria, François des Baux, and then set out at the head of 15,000 men to help him recapture his Neapolitan fiefs that had been confiscated by Queen Johanna. After this campaign failed, he returned to Provence for 600,000 florins .
  11. In the first weeks of October 1372, the consuls of Nîmes once again sent a courier across the Regordane road in the direction of Le Puy and Brioude to find out what happened to the gas scanners. A few days later, the Le Puy consuls sent a courier to their colleagues in Alès to inform them that the armed gangs were back in the Velay and roaming the country.
  12. When the Carpentras artillery arrived, Aymar de Poitiers-Valentinois, Rector of the Comtats Venaissin, came to warn the protagonists that negotiations had taken place.
  13. The return of the Pope did not lead to unity on the peninsula. On January 31, 1377, the uprising of Cesena was drowned in blood by John Hawkwood and his English by order of Cardinal Robert of Geneva , later Clement VII. On March 12, Florence, the city of the Guelfs , over which the Pope had pronounced the interdict , concluded an alliance with Pisa and Lucca . A week later, their troops captured Bologna, the capital of the Papal States .
  14. The attack on Bolsena by the captain general of the papal armies was a bitter failure. Francesco di Vico, the prefect of Rome, warned of the coming of the papal troops, attacked Raimond de Turenne and took him prisoner with twenty knights, all relatives of the pope and the cardinals. We learn this from two letters of Gregory XI. of August 24 and 25, 1377 to Pierre d'Estaing in Anagni and the Chancellor of Naples, Nicola Spinelli .
  15. The failure of the "cavalry on the area of ​​Florence" is known to us through a letter from Gregory XI. of September 4th to the King of France and two letters of September 5th and October 12th to the Duke of Anjou. In his letter to Charles V, the Pope accuses the “bad Florentines” and condemns their “misdeeds, blasphemies, insults, persecutions, damage, scandals, miracles, rebellions and offenses”. In his first letter to “his very dear son” Ludwig von Anjou, he informed him: “We have heard more than anything from Raymond de Touraine, but in order to protect his honor, he agreed that our people should oppose the said Florentines The October letter took stock of the failure: "All our deeds are being destroyed by these fake British [who] never wanted to invade the enemy's land".
  16. The fiefs of Oppède and Mornas belonged to the Apostolic Chamber , Caderousse in part.
  17. Bernardon de la Salle made Guillaume de Cornac, archdeacon of Aix, regent of his fiefdom. As such, he received the regent Marie de Blois and her son Ludwig II of Anjou, the Count of Provence and King of Naples, who were on their way to Apt , in Oppede at the end of January 1387 .
  18. In March 1381 Bernardon besieged Chianciano and Montepulciano . In May he allied himself with Rinaldo Orsini for the siege of Corbara . In June he invaded the Siena region with Guillemet de la Salle. Then he helped the Farnese to conquer Montorio . Giovanni opposed them and forced them to retreat to Radicofani near Cione di Siena.
  19. On March 1, 1382, Clement VII responded to the announcement of the coronation of Karl von Durazzo by his Roman rival by proclaiming Louis I of Anjou, Duke of Calabria. He became de facto Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Naples. He left Avignon on May 31st to conquer the Kingdom of Naples in turn. He crossed the Alps in July and Karl von Durazzo decided it was time to get rid of his Aunt Johanna, whom he was imprisoned in a fortress in Basilicata . He ordered them to be suffocated. The "Prince of Peace", as his nickname, made her death official on July 27th.
  20. See FA Gualtiero, Cronaca inedita degli avvenimenti d'Orvieto , Turin, 1846.
  21. On March 1, 1383, Amadeus VI., Ludwig's most important ally, died in Abruzzo either from the plague or from malaria.
  22. On March 9, 1383, the rector of the Comtat, Henri de Sévery , gave the order to put the fortresses of the Venaissin on alert. The fortress of Oppède was placed under the direct orders of the rector after Bernardon's return from Italy.
  23. On September 15, 1384 Ludwig von Anjou, who was afflicted with diphtheria , made his will in Bisceglie . He made the Neapolitan and French barons of his army swear never to negotiate with Charles of Durazzo. He asked his nephew Charles VI. and Clement VII to secure the journey of his wife Marie de Blois and son Louis through Italy to complete the conquest of the kingdom.
  24. This campaign brought him a new fiefdom in Provence. Louis de Montjoie, a nephew of Clement VII, was entitled to Mornas's income from 1383. He therefore gave him that of Malaucène in May 1386 .
  25. In December 1387, Bernardon, who was in Peccioli , had negotiated with the Florentines. In exchange for a ransom of 7,000 florins, the Gaskogner had undertaken not to attack their territory for 14 months.
  26. Raimond de Turenne, who in the refusal of Clement VII., The inheritance of his uncle Gregory IX. to return, and pay for the remainder of his Italian campaigns, came across granite, was rewarded with arms in hand. In February 1389 he sacked Vaison-la-Romaine , destroyed Aubusson near Séguret , reduced the church of Saint-Nazaire in Beaumes-de-Venise to rubble, then attacked Oppède, a papal fortress defended by Archdeacon Guillaume de Cornac has been.
  27. Otto von Braunschweig, widower of Queen Johanna, had offered his services to the mother of Ladislaus of Naples . Some historians have suggested that this change could be explained in a planned marriage between Othon and the regent Margaret of Durazzo.
  28. Noel Valois has compiled terrifying testimonies about the Roman pontiff. He had arrested six of his cardinals and had them tortured by a Genoese pirate who was known to hate clerics. His Holiness, who loved to hear their screams of pain and howling, paced up and down his garden reading his breviary. The historian goes into details, pointing out that these six prelates had to endure lime and vinegar in their mouths and nostrils, reeds under their nails, and strings wrapped around their heads.
  29. ^ Raimond de Turenne came to Mende with his cousins ​​Garin VIII, Baron von Apcher and Gévaudan, and Raoul de Lestrange, Seigneur de Boulogne en Vivarais. An armistice until August 15, 1391 was agreed. The agreement was ratified on August 20, 1390 by François de Conzié, Archbishop of Arles , on behalf of Clement VII . Six days later, Raimond de Turenne undertook “through the Holy Gospel of God and through the faith of his body to keep and fulfill it loyally and without deceit.” Finally, Marie de Blois, Countess of Provence, on August 28 in Avignon approved the Agreement and affixed her seal.
  30. When he married Isabeau de France, the daughter of John the Good , Galeazzo II. Visconti received the county of Vertus in Champagne as a dowry. This title of nobility, the only one that Visconti could boast of, had meanwhile passed to Gian Galeazzo Visconti . The Florence embassy was discreet as it wasn't officially revealed until three months later. Jean III d'Armagnac had a bill with Gian Galeazzo about the rights of his sister Béatrix d'Armagnac to succeed her uncle Bernabò. The ambassadors from Florence came to offer him alliance and financial support.
  31. It is Jean Froissart who reports the details of Bernard d'Armagnac's request to his cousin Raimond de Turenne. The Viscount declined the offer and said: “I think I ended the war with my uncle, this Pope of Avignon”. The ritornello that is placed in the mouth of Turenne probably dates from this period : À tous trois ferai guerre / Contre pape sans Rome / Contre roi sans couronne / Contre prince sans terre , d. H. Clement VII, Ludwig II of Anjou and his brother Karl, Prince of Taranto .
  32. This is the version commonly reported by Italian historians. Noël Valois points out, however, that Clement VII was informed on May 28, 1391 before Bernardon's death. The Gascogner would have died in the Dauphiné before he had crossed the Alps