Pale orchid

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Pale orchid
Pale Orchis (Orchis pallens)

Pale Orchis ( Orchis pallens )

Systematics
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Orchidoideae
Tribe : Orchideae
Sub tribus : Orchidinae
Genre : Orchids ( orchis )
Type : Pale orchid
Scientific name
Orchis pallens
L.

The Pale orchid ( orchis pallens ) or Bleiches orchid is a plant from the genus orchids ( orchis ) in the family of orchid (Orchidaceae). It is one of the few yellow-blooming orchids that bloom the earliest in Germany.

description

Illustration from images of the basic forms of orchid species occurring in Germany and the neighboring areas , plate 23
Section of an inflorescence with zygomorphen flowers in detail
Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 52, 1825, plate 2569

Habit and leaf

The pale orchid is a perennial , herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 15 to 40 centimeters. This geophyte forms two egg-shaped tubers as a permanent organ.

The number of leaves varies between four and six, of which two to four are heaped in rosettes at the base of the stem . The rosette leaves are glossy, unspotted, and light green, 8 to 15 inches long and 2 to 5 inches wide.

Inflorescence and flower

Many flowers stand close together in the broad, cylindrical inflorescence . The whitish bracts are about as long as the ovary.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The flower color is light yellow without drawing; the lip is darker yellow. The lateral sepals are oblique or perpendicular upwards and are turned outwards. The middle sepals (sepals) and the petals (petals) are inclined together and form a helmet. The lip is flat or folded lengthways, wider than it is long, and three-lobed. The cylindrical spur is curved upwards. The scent of flowers is interpreted differently - it tends to be between black elder and cat urine.

The flowering period extends from mid-April to mid-June (in mountainous areas).

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes in pale orchid is 2n = 40; Diploidy results from the basic chromosome number of the genus Orchis of x = 20 .

ecology

This geophyte drifts about a week after the snow melts.

Since no nectar is offered in the spur of the flowers of the pale orchid , it is ecologically a nectar flower . As pollinators various apply bumblebees as Bombus agrorum , Bombus pratorum and Bombus terrestis ; the bumblebee species mentioned above normally supply themselves with the nectar of the flowers of Lathyrus vernus , as soon as this source runs dry, they switch to the flowers of Orchis pallens .

Occurrence

Pale orchid in its location on the eastern Swabian Alb
Biotope in Franconian Switzerland
In association with the green umbel ( Hacquetia epipactis , right and below) and the dog's tooth lily ( Erythronium dens-canis , here only leaves, top center) in Slovenia

The distribution area of the pale orchid stretches in Europe from northern Spain in the west across Central Europe to the Middle East and the Caucasus region in the east. There are localities for Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Italy , France including Corsica , Spain , Poland , Hungary , the former Czechoslovakia , the former Yugoslavia , Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , Greece , Turkey , the Ukraine and the Crimea . The southern limit of distribution is to be drawn from southern Italy over the Peloponnese to southern Turkey. The northern border is the middle part of Germany.

In Germany, the main area of ​​distribution is in Thuringia , Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria . A few occurrences exist in Hesse , Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . Except for Vienna and Carinthia , it occurs in every federal state of Austria. There are only a few areas in Switzerland where marsh orchid is more common.

In the Alps, the pale orchid rises to altitudes of around 1800 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it only rises to an altitude of 1500 meters on the Hirschberg from Schnepfegg near Schnepfau in Vorarlberg. According to Baumann and Künkele , Orchis pallens has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 120 to 1500 meters, France 500 to 1970 meters, Switzerland 445 to 2000 meters, Liechtenstein 480-1680 meters, Austria 300 to 1840 meters, Italy 200 to 1950 meters, Slovenia 150 to 1490 meters. In Europe, Orchis pallens thrives from 120 to 2300 meters in Greece; in Turkey even up to 2400 meters.

All in all, it is very rare in Central Europe , but occurs at its locations mostly in smaller, loose and occasionally in populations with a large number of individuals. The pale orchid is most common in light forests, but it can also be found in mountain meadows. It thrives best with light shade in deciduous and mixed forests, on grasslands and mountain meadows .

The Pale orchid grows best on calcareous, loose, leaked a bit and usually stony clay soils with good gauze pad . The pale orchid grows on base-rich, humus-rich and loose loam and clay soils. It thrives in plant communities of the associations Fagion, Tilio-Acerion, Quercion pubescentis or Mesobromion.

Due to the specific demands on the biotopes , it is very rare. Orchis pallens blooms together with Viola odorata and Primula veris in the colline altitude .

Conservation and endangerment

Like all orchid species found in Europe, pale orchid is under strict protection by European and national laws.

Red lists

Like all orchid species, Orchis pallens has been specially protected in Germany since 1980 under the Federal Nature Conservation Act = BNatSchG. And there is a worldwide trade ban according to CITES Appendix II.

Due to its rarity, the pale orchid is generally endangered. When traditional use is abandoned, the occurrences in coppice forests are threatened by the compaction of the canopy and bushes ; occurrences on poor grassland and mountain meadows are endangered by too early mowing or too much grazing . Wild boars and badgers are particularly fond of stalking the tubers of pale orchid and plunder entire stocks. In late frosts, frostbite can lead to a complete failure of the flower.

Orchis × loreziana nothosubsp. loreziana with the parents Orchis mascula subsp. mascula and Orchis pallens in the Swabian Alb

Taxonomy

The valid species name Orchis pallens was first published in 1771 by Carl von Linné in the work Novitiarum Florae Suecicae Mantissa , 2, page 300. The specific epithet pallens means "pale". Homonyms are: Orchis pallens Moritzi 1844 and Orchis pallens L. published in Mantissa Plantarum , 2, 1771, page 292. Other synonyms for Orchis pallens L. are: Orchis sulphurea Sims , Orchis pseudopallens K. Koch .

Hybrids

With the Provence orchid ( Orchis provincialis ), Spitzels orchid ( Orchis spitzelii ) and the male orchid ( Orchis mascula ), the pale orchid ( Orchis pallens ) often shares locations and forms yellow-blooming hybrids with reddish hues on the lips.

For example:

  • Orchis × loreziana Bruges nothosubsp. loreziana (Syn .: orchis × haussknechtii M.Schulze = orchis mascula subsp. mascula × orchis pallens )

literature

Standard literature on orchids
  • Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups of domestic orchids, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .
  • Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele: The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8 .
  • Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
  • Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae (original title: The Orchids. Natural History and Classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Et al. 1981). Translated by Guido J. Braem with the assistance of Marion Zerbst. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-413-8 (good work on the subject of systematics).
  • Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
  • John G. Williams, Andrew E. Williams, Norman Arlott: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor (= BLV determination book. 25). Translated, edited and supplemented by Karl-Peter Buttler and Angelika Rommel. BLV, Munich / Bern / Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Orchis pallens L., Pale Orchid. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ Orchis pallens at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ↑ a b c Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae. In: Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape  8 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Commelinidae part 2, Arecidae, Liliidae part 2): Juncaceae to Orchidaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3359-8 , Orchis pallens , p. 393-395 .
  4. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Orchis pallens. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW-Verlag, Eching near Munich, 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , page 370.
  6. ↑ a b Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X , p. 188 .
  7. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  281 .
  8. ↑ data sheet at WISIA .
  9. ↑ a b c Orchis pallens at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  10. ↑ Orchis mascula x pallens. In: FloraWeb.de.

See also

Web links

Commons : Pale Orchid ( Orchis pallens )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Pale Orchid ( Orchis pallens )  - Directory of species
Distribution maps
Regional links