Buchonia

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Buchonia or Buchengau is an old name for the area of ​​the northern Rhön and the Fulda basin , roughly identical to today's East Hesse , and at times also for the southern Vogelsberg up to the Wetterau .

Buchonia is an originally Celtic forest area and later a Franconian district . In Roman historiography , Buchonia is a wooded area north of the Limes ; the first mention is in 53 BC. Occupied. From the 8th century, the Lower Gau of the Franconian Grabfeldgau was mentioned as a political administrative area.

The name Buchonia is still in use today in the Hessian, especially in the East Hessian area, to specify the origin and to clarify the connection with this historical region.

Beech forest in the Rhön

Origin of name

The origin of the name has not yet been clarified in terms of linguistic history. According to various sources, it is not the beech country , but rather the hill country due to a Celtic or even older word meaning .

Hill country

The first settlement finds are documented from the Neolithic period (5700–2200 BC) and the Early Bronze Age (2200–1500 BC). Since the Hallstatt period (750-450 BC) the region has been populated by Celts, on the Milseburg ( Oppidum Milseburg ) and the Steinsburg in the Rhön, as well as on the Glauberg in the Wetterau. The name "Buchonia" can be derived from their designation for "mountainous forest area" (hill country or humpback country).

According to these sources, the original name was "silva Bocauna" or "Bucauna", corresponding to the allegedly Celtic "bok (mountain)", "bohil or buhil (bühl hill)", "melibokus (large mountain)"

This possibly relates to a publication from 1841 with little knowledge of Celtic at that time. According to the current state of research, a Celtic word "bok" has not been found in the ancient Celtic ( Gallic , Celtiberian , Lepontic ) nor in a medieval and modern language, but it could have been preserved in the Fulda region's name treasure over the course of the long history of settlement. Concrete evidence is difficult because the area did not belong to the Roman Empire and the Roman writers only vaguely reported. Furthermore, the sources from the migration period between the collapse of Roman rule and the Franconian reorganization for the area are sparse.

Beech country

Example of forest development based on pollen analyzes in the Black Moor in the Rhön .

"Silva bacenis", the beech forest, appears in Roman historiography for the first time in 53 BC as an indication of the area.

Buchenland is a change in meaning in the course of history, the original meaning has been replaced by the meaning of the beech-forested region. Since the 8th century at the latest, Buchonia has only been translated as land of beeches or beech forests, which takes up the vegetation that forms the stand. This is proven by studies on forest development based on pollen analyzes in the Black Moor in the Hochrhön. Since the early La Tène period , at least for the Hochrhön region, these have clearly identified the beech as a stock-forming element.

Eihloha

The part of the Fulda basin was called Eihloha, the oak forest. This name has been handed down from the founding of the Fulda monastery in 744 by Sturmius . The monastery was founded on the site of a Merovingian royal court ( Karlmann donation ). From 813 on, Buchonia is also mentioned for Fulda.

This name change was investigated early on by forest scientists as a result of a change in the population of natural forests in Central Europe . In the first century, the oak that forms the stand, previously favored by a mild climate , was replaced by the beech, which is resistant to more severe climatic changes and with less need for light. A process that has been slow to come into common use.

Others

The Brothers Grimm also associate the origin of the name with the sl due to the beeches in their German dictionary . Bucovina in Galicia .

In addition to Buchonia, there are also the following general names: Fagonia, Baconia, Boconia, Buconia, Bochonia, Buchovia, Bucha, Bocauna, Bucauna and Bucino.

These terms show a connection between the name “Buchonia” and the Celtic origins of the landscape - and thus the questionable derivation of the name from “pronounced beech forests”.

Geographical location and extent

Approximate location of Buchonia

Buchonia included the area between the ridges of the Hochrhön in the south, Bad Hersfeld in the north and the westernmost part of the Thuringian Forest in the east. In the early Middle Ages the Werra was named as the eastern border. Different sources name the eastern Vogelsberg and the Wetterau as the western expansion at different times. Two mentions suggest a temporary northern expansion into the Kaufunger Forest .

The area was settled by individual tribes in so-called settlement chambers, the territories changed their social and political affiliations. There were no limits according to today's criteria. Precise demarcation, which has been subject to constant change throughout history, is not possible.

Mention in Roman historiography

On behalf of Caesar , Ubier should explore the settlement areas of the Suebi , who had withdrawn into an extensive forest area. It protected them from the attacks of the Cherusci . "Silva bacenis", the beech forest, is the first documented mention in the report of these spies in 53 BC.

Bucinobanten

The Bucinobanten were an Alemannic tribe that settled in the Main estuary as far as Mainz . The last part of the name is derived from the Germanic space designation "bant" (country, area). The border of his two Untergaue Wetterau and Grabfeld goes u. a. through the Bellinger Berg near Steinau an der Straße .

The forest area still played a special role in the 4th century, when the Romans had established themselves on the right bank of the Rhine, in the Wetterau. Their princes Makrian and Bukinobaudes ruled the Wetterau.

Development of Buchonia in the Frankish Empire

The development of Buchonia as a politically administered area begins with the establishment of the Frankish Empire under the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties from the 5th century.

The vast wilderness was defined and designated more precisely in individual areas:

Located in the northern border area, it was rather insignificant in world history. Mention is made in 498 of the murder of the Ripuarian prince Sigibert (who ruled up to Buchonia) by his son Chloderich on a pleasure trip through Buchonia.

The forecast for lived many centuries ago in the scale Hart, a large, deep forest between Rhon and Vogelsberg, the "Wild Army" that against his king had risen and was driven from his home. In particular, the place Flieden , which was on the southern edge of the Zunderhart, was repeatedly haunted by the wild hordes ...

Buchonia was not an independent district, but a sub-district of the Franconian Grabfeldgau. The administration was carried out by their counts, but no counts of their own are known for the Untergaue.

The name Buchonia appears in the Franconian county constitution of 741, the districts were attached to the grave field. In later documents they appear again and again as so-called Untergaue (Waldgaue):

  • Buchonia / Buchenland
  • Gau Tullifeld / Föhrengau
  • Baringau / Eibengau
  • Aschfeld / Eschengau.

Historical documents contain multiple Buchonia mentions. A progressive division of this forest becomes visible, in which the Hessengau , the Wettereiba, the Grabfeld and the neighboring Saalegau were involved.

At times the Wetterau (Wettereiba) belonged to the Buchoniagau. Gedern belonged to the Buchonia district and moved to the Wettereiba district in 797 AD. (A map from 1550 also names Wettereiba as belonging to Buchonia.) The separation is certainly also due to the increasing influence of the monasteries Fulda (founded in 744) and Lorsch (founded in 763), the geographical and spiritual centers changed.

The map "Gaue before 900" shows the overlaps between the individual Gaue, evidence of constant changes.

Documentary evidence from 7xx AD

The name Buchonia can be found in documents that have adopted the Roman "in pago X - formula" (cf. Pagus ).

In the documents and notes on tradition from the 8th to 12th centuries the specified locations are usually localized more precisely with the addition "in pago X". This document formula comes from the West Franconian area and related there to the division of the former Roman provinces into urban centers (“civitates”) and associated rural districts (“pagi”) from late antiquity . When the "in pago X formula" was transferred to the eastern parts of the Franconian Empire, the writers of the documents used a wide variety of landscape and district names, which are generally referred to as Gaue in research, although only about a third of those that have survived Room designations with the basic word -gau is formed. The equation of "pagus" and Gau implied by this is probably not correct, since "pagus" was a political spatial term, whereas Gau was more of a geographical one. For the Buchoni naming this means that a political administrative unit does not necessarily exist at the respective point in time, unless there are further references in the document.

The early mentions of the communities of Schotten and Gedern in the western Vogelsberg prove that the Wettereiba belonged to the Buchoniagau until 797 AD. Changes due to Christianization become clear. The first donations concern the Honau monasteries (near Strasbourg) and the Lorsch monastery. From 781 AD, only Fulda is mentioned in the documents.

Scots (778 AD)

Abbot Beatus donated eight churches to his Irish-Scottish monastery in Honau near Strasbourg, including one that was with the Scottish monks ("ad scotis").

Gedern (780 AD)

Gedern is first mentioned in a document by donation. On May 24th 780 in Gedern (Geriwada) a bifang (cleared property) was given to the Lorch monastery: “Donatio Rudolfl Gauuirida. Nos in dei nomine Rudolf et Gozbertus et Ildrat donamus ad.sN m (at) rem… Heimericus… in pago Buchonia in villa Gauuirada I bifangum, stipulatione subnixa. " (A gift from Rudolf, Gozbertus and the Iltrat, based on the vow of hand) Actum in monasterio Laurish. the VIIII Kl-Junii. anno XXII Karoli regis. Kar. R. 780 May 24. Karl Glöckner: Codex Lauresamensis III. Vol. 3631 (Probably a date error according to Kluge, p. 22. Karl the Great King 768 therefore + 22 = 790!)

Unterhaun / Haunetal (781 AD)

In December, Charlemagne donated the “campus, qui dicitur unofeld” to the Salvator Monastery in Fulda. This document and the comment "with its forests in Buchonia" is the first written mention of the Haunetal .

Poppenhausen (826 AD)

In 826, Poppo, the Count of Grabfeldgau, gave a clearing area ("Bifang") on the Lütter River and some goods with 13 servants (unfree farmers) to the Fulda Monastery. In this Bifang Poppos the settlement Poppenhausen was built .

The donation was confirmed on February 1, 826 in a document, the wording of which was published by the Fulda scholar Johann Friedrich Schannat. It reads in translation: “I, Count Poppo, give Saint Bonifatius (the Fulda monastery) ... for my salvation a bifang in the Buchonia forest on a river called Lutraha (Lütter) and located in Grabfeldgau, completely whatever I have in possession of fields and forests, gardens, buildings, meadows, pastures, bodies of water or watercourses, cattle and serfs. "Then the names of these serfs are mentioned: Wolfmunt, Zitger, Berolf, Rodmunt, Bernger, Musgo, Sito, Thragabold, Vuottizo, Lantburg, Thiurhilt, Sconea and Waldger. These 13 servants were given away "with all their household items". Finally, the document says: "This donation was made in the Fulda monastery in the 13th year of the government of Ludwig, the Emperor of the Franks, on the calendar of February", ie on February 1, 826.

Völkershausen (827 AD)

Völkershausen was first mentioned in a document in 827 AD. Sigiruh (or Sigilauge) gives "7 Hufen Landes" to Voulfricheshuson (Wulfried's house) and Roßdorf in the Grabfeld district with his serfs to the Roßdorf Abbey belonging to Fulda. This, doubtful, donation is justified by the Fulda historian Schannat. Buchonia and Föhrengau (Gau Tullifeld) are both named for the area around the village.

Exchange certificate from Poppo I (839 AD)

Poppo I. exchanged fuldische goods u. a. in Ernestesheim and Streu near Mellrichstadt to concentrate his possessions there.

Widdershausen (845 AD)

On July 18, 845, King Ludwig the German left the monastery of Fulda under Abbot Hatto in exchange for his possessions. His vassal Hartwich had this fiefdom in the Eiterfeld marrow in Buchonia. He exchanged them for all the monastery goods at Zutilinga, Willihereshausen and Tunnaha and that after his death they would go to the Fulda monastery. (Note. This document is possibly inappropriateness by the controversial Fulda monk Eberhard .)

Hersfeld (8th to 9th century)

In the list of goods in the Breviarium Sancti Lulli of the Hersfeld Abbey , Buchonia was mentioned in the Hessen-Mark.

Vacha (from 1300 AD)

Some sources suggest that the name origin of the city of Vacha comes from the Latin word for beech, fagus . So the Servite order is in its annals as Conventus Vuach Fagi, id est in Fagonia regione. described. Even Matthew Merian writes in his Topographia Hassiae that the place ages ago Fagorum Oppidum was called because of the book.

Prince of beeches

During the Thirty Years' War the Swedish King Gustav Adolf transferred the territory of the Imperial Abbey of Fulda to Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hesse-Kassel, who was allied with him . On June 2, 1633, Wilhelm received the area from the Swedish Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna as a Swedish imperial fief. Wilhelm exercised this rule from autumn 1631 to September 1634, after the battle of Nördlingen on September 6, 1634, as "Prince of Buchen". The governor of this short-lived principality was Urban I. von Boyneburg-Lengsfeld , the chancellor was the legal scholar and landgrave secret councilor Wilhelm Burchard Sixtinus .

Buchonian knights

The "Buchonischen Knights" or "Buchische Knights " (also called "Fulda Knights") were imperial knights who had received their fiefs from the king or emperor and were only subject to him. These were the noble families of those of Henneberg , von der Tann , of Thuringia, of Guttenberg and Haune, as well as the related Rhöner nobility of those of Schneeberg, Eberstein and Ebersberg, all the so-called "Frankish lily" in their arms wore that Coat of arms of the Frankish king Clovis. Its roots go back to the Frankish conquest before Bonifatius and Kilian and are connected with the tasks of administration and the lower jurisdiction, predominantly in the Rhön. In addition, there were probably a few independent, free noble families (primeval nobility) such as the lords of Buchenau and the local lower nobility , the majority of whom had grown out of the service team ( ministeriality ) of the Fulda abbots.

Buchisches Quartier

The Buchonian (Fulda) knights received their provisional freedom in 1631 and their final imperial freedom in 1656 and joined the Franconian knightly canton of Rhön-Werra as "Buchisches Quartier" . In addition to the Buchonic, this consisted of the

  • Henneberg quarter
  • Saale quarter
  • Main quarter

Buchonia in old reference books

German dictionary

The German dictionary by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm states:

BOOK , f. Buchonia, an area overgrown with beech trees, there used to be a lot of this, preferably a region in the Wetterau, towards Hesse and Thuringia. MAALER 82a has: in the Buchen, in front of Menz over near Gelhausen, Bucinobantes. However, the name of this Alemannic people is derived from ahd. puochîn fagineus and panz, bant pagus (historian dd spr. 594); all around were deep forests, Odenwald and Spessart. in silva Bacenis Caesar put the German K, but kept the Latin A from fagus, with Greg. door. 2, 40 stands for Buchonia silva; the sl has the same meaning. Bukovina in Galicia.

Meyers Konversations-Lexikon

In Meyer's Konversations-Lexikon there are the lemmas “Rhön”, “Grabfeld” and “Felda” for Buchona.

Rhön - Rhône ... The R. was once a land covered by beech forest, a real member of the Buchengau (Buchonia); now only remnants of it remain on the mountain slopes and on the heights, except for the highest grass-covered ones; in many cases the beeches are displaced by coniferous forests . ...
Grabfeld , old district in Franconia between the Thuringian Forest, the Vogelsgebirge, the Spessart and the Upper Main, divided into a western one, the so-called. Buchonia with the main places Fulda and Hersfeld, and in an eastern part, which included the actual G. with the Untergauen Banzgau, Haßgau, Baringgau, Tullifeld, Saalgau, Weringau and Gozfeld. … Cf. Genßler, Geschichte des Franconian Gaues G. (Koburg 1801-1803, 2 vols.).
Felda (Velle, Feldaha), a small river in Saxony-Weimar, rises on the Rhön and flows into the Werra above Vacha . At the time of the district constitutions, the Feldathal, which now runs through the Feldabahn (Kaltennordheim-Salzungen), formed part of the Tulli field and, together with Buchonia (beeches), belonged to the large Grabfeld district. ...

Buchonia today

As the area of ​​origin of its inhabitants, Buchonia has underlined their identification with the region for centuries. The knight and humanist Ulrich von Hutten (1448–1523) already added the name “ex Buchonia”. Clubs and other groups still do this today. The term is marketed and taken up in logos and coats of arms.

marketing

Buchonia is intended to suggest an intact environment and a centuries-old historical tradition for marketing other Hessian regions as well.

"Buchonia is on the Edersee "

"Hessen is Buchonia: The kingdom of the beech"

are advertising slogans in which the term Buchonia is misused, historical facts are misrepresented and historically proven boundaries are ignored. The Kellerwald can be clearly assigned to the Hessengau, as the map "Gaue vor 900" shows.

In the broadest sense, the forest area north of the Limes can be traced back to the first Roman mention in 53 BC. Can be used as a basis.

Logos and coats of arms

Logos and coats of arms highlight the geographical origin in a special way. They meet the requirements of heraldry and visualize the traditions, the connection with the region and the historical roots.

Hofbieber

Coat of arms of the community of Hofbieber

The community of Hofbieber created its own coat of arms in 1973. It shows a beech tree on a white background with 16 leaves, a broken branch on the right and a black cross to the right of the tree.

This means:

  • The beech stands not only for the wealth of forests in the area, but also for belonging to Buchonia.
  • The 16 strong leaves are symbolic of each individual early church.
  • The broken branch symbolizes, on the one hand, that parts of the former municipality were lost due to the division of Germany in 1949, and on the other hand, that until 1990 the world of the municipality ended at the Iron Curtain, as if the world even ended here.
  • As a Christian symbol, the black cross reminds the community of its long affiliation to the Fulda monastery and at the same time illustrates its Catholic roots.

University of Fulda

Sign with the logo of the University of Fulda

The logo of the " Hochschule Fulda - University of Applied Sciences" clearly refers to the local region.

The " figurative mark " is the three-leaf beech tree, which is derived from the official seal designed in 1982 and largely corresponds to this in terms of form. This motif is reminiscent of the centuries-long history of the cultural landscape in Vogelsberg and Rhön, the "Buchenland - Buchonia".

The logo is intended to implement the tension between the reciprocal relationship and the relationship between nature and order, between nature and science and between nature and research. The tenor is the cycle of nature and the relationship between human culture, human engagement with nature and their search for knowledge.

The beech is a strong symbol: it embodies strength and growth, networking and roots, it is a prime example of how natural cycles work.

Other uses of names

Rooted in the East Hessian area, there are various name supplements with "Buchonia". For example:

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e beech leaves, supplement of the Fuldaer Zeitung for Heimatfreunde. Is Buchonia a beech country? No. 1, 80th year v. January 27, 2007
  2. Schneiders Rhon leaders, the official leader of the Rhon clubs. Parzeller publishing house, Fulda, ISBN 3-7900-0365-4
  3. The Celts in the Rhön on rhoener-touristik-service.de ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), Kelten in der Rhön. Copy of the original page; Retrieved July 3, 2015
  4. Stefan Zimmer: Buchonia and the Celts - a statement. On "Is Buchonia a beech country" In: Buchenblätter , supplement of the Fuldaer Zeitung for friends of home. No. 8, 80th year v. April 17, 2007
  5. Diocese of Fulda - From the beginning to the present. Published by the cathedral chapter in appreciation of the apostolic service of Bishop Dr. Eduard Schick (1975-1983)
  6. a b c d e f The Merovingians in Buchonia  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Jungborn-Büdingen; Retrieved December 16, 2006@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.jungborn-buedingen.de  
  7. a b Book. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 2 : Beer murderer – D - (II). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1860 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  8. ORBIS LATINUS (Dr. JG Th. Graesse (1909)) ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Retrieved December 16, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pribramska.cz
  9. Buchonia, Rhön, Salzforst ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Copy from Rhönklub Bischofsheim. Accessed July 3, 2015
  10. The Wild Army and the "Kingdom of Flieden": Gustav Damann in the Buchenblättern Fulda No. 9/1982.
  11. a b History of the City of Gedern ; Retrieved December 17, 2006
  12. ^ History of the city of Gedern ; Retrieved February 6, 2007
  13. a b "The Gaue before 900". Historical atlas of Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on December 17, 2006 .
  14. "The Gaue after 900". Historical atlas of Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on December 17, 2006 .
  15. Marktstadt Schotten (city tour / history) ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Retrieved December 17, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.marktstadt-schotten.de
  16. Historical development of the Hauneck area , taken from "Hauneck: Chronicle of the Seven Villages", publisher: Community council of the community Hauneck; Retrieved December 17, 2006
  17. 1000 years of Rhina - The Sinzburg . ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ; PDF) Findings from studies by name (Part I) by Victor Sabo, Haunetal; Retrieved December 17, 2006
  18. ^ Graf Poppo and Poppenhausen by Prof. Gottfried Rehm. Accessed December 19, 2006
  19. Source citation by Prof. Gottfried Rehm: More details from Michael Mott in the Buchenblättern, supplement of the Fuldaer Zeitung , No. 12/1994.
  20. History of Völkershausen compiled and edited by Ernst Schulze (1993); Retrieved December 19, 2006
  21. ^ Poppo I, Graf im Grabfeldgau Middle Ages Genealogy; Retrieved December 23, 2006
  22. Widdershausen on the time axis - in old documents ( memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , (Source given in the link); Retrieved December 19, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.widdershausen.de
  23. ^ Paul Grau and Max Eckardt, Chronik der Stadt Vacha , page 12, published by Erich Homuth 1922
  24. Joseph Gößmann: contributions to the history of the former principality of Fulda. Fulda, 1857, p. 184
  25. Buchonia is located on the Edersee . ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Kellerwald - Edersee National Park, accessed on December 20, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kleinern.de
  26. Hessen is Buchonia: The kingdom of the beech . ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Kellerwald - Edersee National Park, accessed on December 20, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nationalpark-kellerwald-edersee.de
  27. Meaning of the logo of the Fulda University of Applied Sciences ( Memento of the original dated February 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Fulda University of Applied Sciences; Retrieved December 20, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hs-fulda.de
  28. Creation of the logo of the Fulda University of Applied Sciences  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 192 kB) Fulda University of Applied Sciences; Retrieved December 20, 2006@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hs-fulda.de  
  29. Collection of copies of the Buchonia at the University of Marburg (accessed on November 19, 2014)
  30. ^ Wilhelm Mons : Heimat rocks, minerals and fossils in Hans Dieter Nüdling (ed.): 100 years of Franz Karl Nüdling - From quarry to industrial enterprise 1893 to 1993, self-published 1993, p. 176/177
  31. ^ "SV Buchonia Flieden" ; Retrieved December 16, 2006
  32. ^ Sports club DJK Buchonia Fulda. ( Memento of the original from February 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Retrieved December 16, 2006 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.djk-buchonia-fulda.de.vu
  33. ^ CVZ Buchonia. Retrieved December 16, 2006
  34. Student connection Albia-Buchonia to Fulda ( Memento from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ); Retrieved December 16, 2006