Hofbieber

Basic data
State :	Hesse
Administrative region :	kassel
County :	Fulda
Height :	390 m above sea level NHN
Area :	87.2 km 2
Residents:	6082 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density :	70 inhabitants per km 2
Postal code :	36145
Primaries :	06657, 06658, 06684
License plate :	FD
Community key :	06 6 31 013
LOCODE :	DE HXP
Address of the ; municipal administration:	Schulweg 5 ; 36145 Hofbieber
Website :	www.hofbieber.de
Mayor :	Markus Röder (independent)
Location of the community of Hofbieber in the Fulda district

View from Milseburg into the community of Hofbieber

The large community of Hofbieber is located in the Fulda district in East Hesse , Germany and, with its 16 districts, is part of the Hessian Rhön Nature Park .

geography

Neighboring communities

Hofbieber borders in the north on the municipality of Nüsttal (district of Fulda), in the northeast on the city of Geisa (in the Wartburg district in Thuringia ), in the east on the city of Tann , in the southeast on the municipality of Hilders , in the south on the municipality of Poppenhausen , in the southwest the community of Dipperz , and in the west to the community of Petersberg and in the northwest to the city of Hünfeld (all in the district of Fulda).

Districts

The districts all have their own local districts. (Population as of June 30, 2018)

Allmus (154)
Danzwiesen (51) with the hamlet Öchenbach (11) and the farmsteads Vorderstellberg , Hinterstellberg and Grabenhof
Elters (522) with the hamlet of Steens and Hof Hahnershof
Hofbieber (1899) (main town)
Painter village Kleinsassen (357) with Schackau (122)
Langenberg (26)
Long bender (1005)
Mahlert's (46)
Niederbieber (459)
Upper Pits (44)
Obernüst (173) with the hamlet of Boxberg
Rödergrund-Egelmes (100)
Schwarzbach (461)
Traisbach (245)
Wiesen (323) and Mittelberg (42)
Wittges (86)

history

Stone age

There is only sparse evidence of a settlement in the area in the Paleolithic . Numerous quartz and tertiary quartzites were found in the gravel terrace near Großenbach, which is about twelve kilometers from Niederbieber, which are clearly carved by human hands and have been dated to about a million years. So they belong to the Paleolithic or early Mesolithic, when people were still hunters and gatherers and not settled.

A near the village of Schackau blade found in brownish-black chert and other finds from around Kleinsassen and Oberbernhards but clearly belong to the European Mesolithic and prove that the territory of the present village of Hofbieber hunting area was early on as used.

From the Neolithic , beginning around the 6th millennium BC. BC, which is characterized by the transition to agriculture and cattle breeding and thus by sedentarism, there are few individual finds. Two hammer axes were found , one near the village of Danzwiesen , another at Delzenhof , and a stone ax with a polished edge near the former Milseburg train station.

Bronze age

From the Barrow Bronze Age , the Middle Bronze Age approx. 1600–1250 BC. In the forests of the municipality some grave structures made of earth and stone can be found:

The local researcher Joseph Vonderau (1863–1951) opened such a burial mound with a diameter of 14 meters for the first time in 1906 near the village of Traisbach . From the grave goods it could be seen that it was a woman's burial (bronze jewelry, robe pin). The finds are now in the Vonderau Museum in Fulda.

Further excavations took place in 1932 and 1934 under the direction of Vonderau by pupils from the Hermann Lietz School at Bieberstein Castle. They uncovered two grave mounds near the former Bieberstein train station. The material found there is kept at Bieberstein Castle.

For the so-called Urnfield Age or Late Bronze Age (1250–750 BC) there is only one lance tip found at the foot of the Milseburg from the area of the Hofbieber community .

Iron age

In addition to numerous small finds from this era, reference can be made primarily to the ring wall system on the Milseburg ( Oppidum Milseburg ). The complex was probably up to the 1st century BC. Settled.

From the Middle Ages to 1802/1803

As can be deduced from the old name Biberaha for the oldest district Langenbieber , the Alemanni gave the river Bieber and ultimately the area their name. They often used aha to mark a river. Possibly this area was founded before the Alemanni by the also Germanic tribe of the Hermunduren , of whom the Roman writer Tacitus in his Annals Lib. XIII. reported, inhabited.

After the Alemanni were defeated by the Franks under King Clovis around the year 500, the area became Franconian. The area around Hofbieber was initially a Merovingian royal estate , but with the above-mentioned donation to the Fulda monastery under the Carolingians in the 9th century, it became a monastery property . The residents of the Biebertal had to pay taxes to the monastery. The following emerges from a recording by the Fulda monk Eberhard: "[...] in Biberaha Lidi [= group to be settled between free and subservient] 6, Slavi [= Slavs, who were not infrequently to be found in this area at the time] 36, Servitores [= Unfree / bonded ] 37, Tributarii [= Zinser / zinsmen / taxpayers] 12, qui unam victiman solvunt. [...] " Later the area belonged to the noble von Eberstein family . This can be seen from a document from 1458, according to which Abbot Reinhard von Fulda Hermann and Philipp von Eberstein "den hoff und die mule zcu Langenbibra, [...] yren part of the fronwiesen zcu Nidernbibra, item a castle estate zcu Bibersteyn with siner Zcugehörung [...] " of Eberstein family gave .

In the Middle Ages and into the early modern period , the residents of what is now the area of the community of Hofbieber at that time had to integrate themselves into the feudal system typical of that time . They led a rural life and paid taxes and labor services for the noble landlords . Bieberstein Castle above its localities was a burden for the population, because it was here that they had to do their work and this was where they had to deliver their taxes.

As in the entire Bishopric of Fulda, even in Europe at all, raged since the end of the 14th century in the municipality of Hofbieber multiply the plague . As in other areas, the epidemic led to a significant decline in the population and several economic crises. However, towards the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century , the country slowly recovered. In Hofbieber this can be seen, among other things, from the fact that new projects were devoted to. A new church was built around 1500 and a new chapel in the village of Allmus . The list of the year 1605 for the collection of the Turkish tax in the Fuldaer Hochstift shows a clear population growth. At that time, Balthasar Nuss , the world record holder in burning witches, was Zentgraf at Bieberstein Castle.

The Thirty Years' War brought new suffering and a renewed population decline . As in many parts of Germany, Hofbieber was also destroyed and looted by mercenary armies passing by . Although the villages in the region were not completely devastated, individual farms were often burned down. Harvest damage often resulted in famine, so that the population quickly declined. It is documented that at the end of the Thirty Years War of the former 62 farms that belonged to the Bieberstein office, only 15 were still in operation in 1649.

The village population recovered only slowly from this period.

The community of Hofbieber in the 19th century

In the course of general secularization in 1802/1803, the history of the Principality of Fulda also ended. The area initially fell to the Orange William V, who left it to his son Friedrich Wilhelm I. However, since Friedrich Wilhelm did not want to join the newly founded Rhine Confederation under Napoleon's protectorate in 1806, the former ecclesiastical principality of Fulda and with him Hofbieber and the surrounding towns were placed under French administration.

This phase brings a lot of bad luck for the residents of the country, as a "Kronik from Hofbieber beginning with 1788" by the Hofbieber pastor Joseph Anton Schmitt shows for this period: “In this and the following years the Fuldaer Ländchen is not doing well. The furniture in the castles is sold, the cannons at Bieberstein are removed, buildings and land are sold [...]. The people have to endure many billeting of the passing military, pay special war taxes, do warfare, deliver horse rations in hay, straw and oats. Many are impoverished and the children have to go into the field as soldiers against Prussia and Russia . [...]. ”(Quoted from: Kronik from Hofbieber beginning with 1788, recorded by Pastor Joseph Anton Schmitt, translated and illustrated by A. Spors, in: Hofbieber 1093 - 2003, p. 75.) However, there are also good things To report: In 1808 Napoleon abolished serfdom , so that numerous farmers in the area of the municipality of Hofbieber were also exempt from their labor and taxes and were now allowed to call their farms their property.

The Battle of Leipzig brought to the village of Hofbieber first not only the liberation of Napoleon. Because after he was near Leipzig from 16. – 19. October 1813 had to accept his defeat, he withdrew with his army. From October 27th to 29th, he went through Fulda and the area of the municipality, more precisely the town of Traisbach, was passed by a group of soldiers. The example of the village of Buttlar, which was burned down to prevent the persecutors from advancing, shows that such passages were not without danger. That this was of little use to Napoleon is shown by the fact that the Austrian Emperor Franz I reached Fulda on October 31, only two days later. A souvenir from the Battle of Nations and the persecution of Napoleon through Germany was the spread of an epidemic, a kind of nervous fever , as Pastor Schmitt called it. Many died from her. How important the victory over Napoleon was to the newly strengthened ruling class is also shown by the fact that a solemn high mass and Te Deum should be held in the churches every year on October 18 to commemorate the Battle of Nations. However, according to Pastor Schmidt, this only happened for seven years.

In connection with the Congress of Vienna and the establishment of the German Confederation in 1814/1815, the area of the municipality of Hofbieber fell to Prussia together with the Grand Duchy of Fulda. However, a year later Prussia exchanged it with the Electorate of Hesse for its areas on the Rhine .

However, despite all these political changes, everyday life did not change for the residents of the community. She was still interested in the harvest and it was bad in 1816, for example, because it had rained too much. Ultimately, this led to hunger and misery. If the grain and the potatoes were too expensive that year, the farmers suffered again in the following years from prices that were too low. In terms of infrastructure, a lot was done for the area in the 1830s, but the people moaned and moaned a lot under the additional road construction work.

Through the Bull Provida solersque (1821) by Pope Pius VII and the Bull Ad Dominici gregis custodiam (1827) by Pope Leo XII. the dioceses were redistributed. The diocese of Fulda , which was founded in 1829, was responsible for the Kurhessische area and thus also for the area of today's municipality Hofbieber.

From 1834 on, people from the area around Hofbieber also emigrated to North America to escape the poor conditions of rural life in the Rhön. However, progress slowly made its way into the Rhön . From the end of the 1830s, for example, water canals were drawn through the village of Hofbieber, and Langenbieber had its own school in 1843. Nevertheless, for the residents of the Biebertal, the middle of the century is mainly characterized by hunger and hardship, and for some even by a struggle for survival. Pastor Schmitt reports: "I urged my parishioners to show mercy and generosity to help them in need, and God strengthened my will that I would set a good example: Accustomed by my blessed parents to not sending the poor away, I did not either The rush of hungry people was great and often reached 300 a day, sometimes more. " (ibid. p. 93)

The municipal area was also not entirely spared from the turmoil caused by the March Revolution in 1848. Especially in the phase after the failed struggle for unity and freedom , when the sovereigns tried to restore oppression and incapacitation in their areas, the community suffered from billeting in large numbers of soldiers. According to Pastor Schmitt, there were at times almost 2,000 men "who molested the people" .

The historical news for the second half of the 19th century for the community of Hofbieber is very poor. The "Kronik aus Hofbieber beginning with 1788" by Hofbieber Pastor Joseph Anton Schmitt, which despite its brevity provides important information for the history of the parish in the 18th and 19th centuries, ends with the pastor's death in 1851 and was not continued.

Further news about community life in the 19th and 20th centuries still seems to be very scattered and is waiting to be systematized by the historians of the community: reports and files on a number of associations are available; the systematic creation of a school chronicle by the Hofbieber teacher Johann Adam Biehl from 1875 onwards gives at least a small insight into everyday school life.

The time of the world wars

1914 to 1932

Like all cities and villages in Germany, the towns of the Hofbieber community also complain of numerous dead and war invalids. Several memorial plaques in the various villages list the dead of the First World War (1914–1918) and the Second World War (1939–1945) in their memory. Nevertheless, the people of this area were still lucky because, apart from 1945, the actual war events did not affect their hometowns. Life changed fundamentally for her too, if only because numerous sons and fathers moved to the front, but her everyday life continued to be shaped by work in agriculture. The chronicle of the beekeeping association of Hofbieber, founded in 1882 by the first chairman Franz Xaver Beck, provides a small glimpse into the time of the First World War: "Now the world war came, with its horrors also disaster for beekeeping and the association. Many peoples were neglected there the bee fathers were drafted into the military and because of the rationing of sugar and the very high price for the same. Not only did the number of bee colonies melt down, but also the number of association members and the interest in beekeeping had dwindled. " After all, the beekeeping association still existed during the war. The choral society, which was also founded in 1882, had to cease its activities entirely during the First World War. Under these generally difficult circumstances, it is all the more astonishing that it was precisely at this time, namely in 1915, that the family of the country doctor Dr. Seubert, the second family in the village of Hofbieber - the first is the innkeeper family Sondergeld - was able to enjoy a water pipe for their little house, the so-called Schlösschen .

News about what happened in the community of Hofbieber in the revolutionary months of 1918/1919 after the end of the First World War has not yet been published. But it can be assumed that the question of whether Germany should become a republic based on a democratic model or a council system will have found little heated hearts in this rural area. Instead, for example, a sports club was founded in Hofbieber in 1919. The year 1923 with its inflation , which brought the game operations of the sports club founded only 4 years ago to a standstill , is likely to have provided more fuel for discussions . It is also certainly not a coincidence that the beekeeping association's chronicle reports in detail for this year that the pound of honey was initially available for 5,000 marks and then even for a trillion marks, while after the currency changeover it was available for one Rentenmark was to buy. In general , the economic situation seems to have been in the general focus of the community's interest during the Weimar Republic . If one orientates oneself again on the news of the beekeeping association, then the bad years are emphasized, which possibly led to the complete standstill of the association life since the beginning of the world economic crisis in 1929. It remains to be seen whether the establishment of the 'Schützenabteilung des Krieger-Verein Hofbieber' on July 1, 1928, should be seen as a sign of a deep depression or rather as a wish for a future removal of the shame of Versailles .

1933 to 1945

A change that could be experienced by everyone - including the people of Hofbieber, which is otherwise rather remote from politically explosive events - came in 1933. National Socialism now dominated the political stage and, with its claim to conformity, penetrated into the most remote Rhön villages in front. Supported by an ideology that, among other things, gave agriculture a higher priority, it was hardly surprising that the Rhön communities also had to notice the new changes. Testimony to this is provided by the beekeeping association's chronicle, which records that from then on there was no longer an association chairman, but an association leader. This is a clear sign that the so-called Führer principle has also been implemented here . The same applies to the sports club, which from 1934 had to carry out the election of the board according to the leader principle. But that's not all: for the beekeeping association it is testified that the entire association statute was reformulated in the National Socialist sense. The fact that the number of members has now increased significantly is worth mentioning and considering! The beekeeping association also had to hold more meetings than usual, as it was important to listen to more lectures on good beekeeping and breeding with the overarching goal of increasing yields. For this purpose, new technical devices were also introduced. While the association suffered from the rationing and rising prices of sugar during the First World War, the National Socialists gave the beekeepers the privilege of distributing cheaper sugar during the Second World War. However, in return they were obliged to dispose of honey and wax. The association continued to exist almost without restriction during the Second World War. Other clubs, such as For example, the choral society, which had joined the German Choir Association in 1938 , or the sports club, suspended their activities from 1939 to 1945.

That in the time of National Socialism "something with the Jews was wrong" , got the people in this area - with only in passing - as so often in Germany. "At some point," say some old people today, "the Jewish cattle traders stopped coming" - they supposedly didn't notice anything more.

In contrast, the war was perceived more clearly. On the one hand, the fathers and sons had to move to the front again and in many cases the women were left with all the work that had to be done. On the other hand, this time the war came threateningly close to the community. At Pentecost 1943, bombs fell on the Wasserkuppe, about 25 km away, and some Hofbieberers who were there were injured. When the bombing raids on Kassel took place on October 22nd, 1943 , the glow of this inferno could still be seen in the community of Hofbieber. Several hundred people died in the bombing raids in September and December 1944 on Fulda, 15 km away, including some from the Hofbieber community. When the Weihershof became the target of the Allied bombing raids on February 9, 1945 , which suspected an ammunition factory here , 8 large funnels and a large destroyed water container testified to the mortal danger of the community's population. The Hofbieber elementary school teacher Sippel notes in the school chronicle: “The end of the war is becoming more and more apparent.” When air raids on Fulda on March 22, 1945, it was clear that the area of the community of Hofbieber would soon be in enemy hands. The commander-in-chief of the West High Command, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, had to recognize this when his hiding place, the Milseburg Tunnel, was bombed. He left the area of the community - luckily for the population - fleeing the Americans, heading east.

In the last days of the war, the community experienced an indescribable flow of refugees, often from broken Wehrmacht units . But other people also set out - finally - on their way: "Former prisoners of war leave their workplaces and move westward unmolested and in small groups away from the road," says teacher Sippel relentlessly in his notes, openly and naturally. Then on April 1, the Americans entered the parish area. In the days that followed, they took up quarters in a few houses that had to be evacuated by the population, and curfew times were imposed. However, after a few days the troops moved further east.

Incorporations

In the course of administrative reform in Hesse on 31 December 1971, the previously independent municipalities Allmus, Danzwiesen, parent, Kleinsassen, Langenbieber, Niederbieber, Roeder basic Egelmes, Trai Bach, meadows and Wittges and the district Langenberg were the community Dörmbach at Milseburg with time incorporated about 50 residents. On August 1, 1972, Mahlert, Obergruben, Obernüst and Schwarzbach from the Hünfeld district were added by state law .

Small border traffic in 1989 and reunification

On December 30, 1989, the border with the GDR was opened for the community of Hofbieber . A small border crossing arose between the Gotthards and Ketten , which both sides used with curiosity - although understandably more East Germans stormed into the West than the other way around. Most of the time, their stay in the villages of Hofbieber was only short. Instead, the shops in the city of Fulda attracted the citizens of the GDR.

The villagers of the Hofbieber community quickly got used to the sight of Trabis, which since the official reunification in 1990 have been driving through the area of their community in increasing numbers to get to their new workplaces in the Fulda district or even in the city of Frankfurt . The former community of the so-called border area had moved into the center of Germany overnight. However, it has so far only benefited little from this location, but has remained a transit station.

politics

Community representation

The local elections on March 6, 2016 produced the following results, compared to previous local elections:

Distribution of seats in the municipal council 2016 A total of 31 seats FDP : 1 CDU : 20 CWE : 10	Parties and constituencies		% 2016	Seats 2016	% 2011	Seats 2011	% 2006	Seats 2006	% 2001	Seats 2001
	CDU	Christian Democratic Union of Germany	63.3	20th	42.8	13	56.9	18th	72.6	22nd
	CWE	Christian voter unity	32.1	10	28.2	9	17.5	5	5.3	2
	FDP	Free Democratic Party	4.6	1	3.0	1	3.1	1	3.1	1
	GREEN	Alliance 90 / The Greens	-	-	14.0	4th	10.0	3	6.9	2
	SPD	Social Democratic Party of Germany	-	-	12.1	4th	12.4	4th	12.1	4th
	total		100.0	31	100.0	31	100.0	31	100.0	31
	Voter turnout in%		68.1		66.7		58.0		63.7

mayor

Markus Röder was the only applicant to be re-elected mayor with 91.6% in June 2018. In July 2012, Markus Röder was elected as the new mayor with 54.4% of the votes in the first ballot against four competitors. The predecessor was Marcus Schetzt.

coat of arms

The coat of arms shows a beech tree on a white background with 16 leaves, a broken branch on the right and a black cross on the right of the tree.

The coat of arms has the following meaning:

Beech: The beech generally stands for the abundance of forests in the area and for the fact that today's greater municipality of Hofbieber belongs to the area that Boniface called Buchonia in the 8th century because of its abundance of beeches .

16 leaves: The 16 strong leaves are symbolic of each individual original community.

The broken branch: On the one hand, it symbolizes that parts of the former municipality were lost due to the division of Germany in 1949, and on the other hand, that until 1990 the municipality at the Iron Curtain ended as if the world had ended here.

The black cross: With this Christian symbol, the community reminds of its long membership in the Fulda monastery and at the same time illustrates its Catholic roots.

Culture and sights

The village culture is now less represented in real lived customs, but is mainly represented by the activities of numerous clubs (music, singing, sports and carnival clubs, hiking and theater groups and volunteer fire brigades ). The image of many of the villages is now less characterized by old half-timbered houses , as these were very often torn down, for example in the main town of Hofbieber.

Buildings

St. Georg (Hofbieber)
Bieberstein Castle
Oppidum Milseburg
Painter village of Kleinsassen
various churches of the community, including St. John the Baptist (Allmus)
Barefoot adventure trail in Hofbieber

Catholic Church of St. Isidor in Wiesen
Catholic parish church of St. George
Bieberstein Castle, distant view
Bieberstein Castle, complex

Art, theater and museums

Art exhibitions in the Kleinsassen art station
Theater groups in a number of districts put on folk plays, especially around Christmas time
Pfundsmuseum for old measures, weights and scales in Kleinsassen
Local history collection in the old school in Elters

Nature trails

Educational forest trail Rare, native tree species and forest damage trail on Stellberg near Langenbieber
Nature trail foal pasture
Prehistoric hiking trail on the Milseburg

Hiking and biking trails

Hundreds of kilometers of cycle paths and over 175 kilometers of marked hiking trails are laid out in and around the community of Hofbieber.

The Milseburgradweg runs through the districts of Wiesen, Niederbieber, Langenbieber and Elters . As part of the Hessian long-distance cycle route R3 and the Hesse rail cycle route, it runs on the former Rhön railway route Biebertalbahn / Rhönbahn over a length of 27 kilometers from Petersberg- Götzenhof to Hilders through the Hessian Rhön .

Ochsentour theme cycle path

Economy and Infrastructure

View of the golf course in the Hofbieber district

The Ludwig Wolker House in Kleinsassen

Economic structure

The area of the municipality covers an area of about 90 km². Almost 6000 people live here.

The municipality of Hofbieber has been shaped by agriculture for centuries . However, today its function as an agricultural production and living space has largely lost its importance. Only a few farmers still operate full-time agriculture, many are only active as so-called after-work farmers.

The municipality of Hofbieber is one of the poorest in the Fulda district in terms of financial strength . For this reason, too, it is trying to establish itself as a holiday region. Hofbieber is now a recognized health resort and the districts of Schwarzbach are designated as a resort .

sport and freetime

BBQ areas
heated outdoor pool (Langenbieber)
Carriage and covered wagon rides (Niederbieber)
Riding (Hofbieber / Schwarzbach)
Shooting (Hofbieber)
200 meter long toboggan run (Langenbieber)
Toboggan run (Langenbieber)
3 tennis courts (Hofbieber)
18-hole golf course (Hofbieber)
the longest bench in the Rhön at 17 meters
Water treading pool (Hofbieber)
Barefoot adventure trail (Hofbieber)
Libraries in the districts
Children's playgrounds and football fields

Youth education and leisure centers

The "Ludwig Wolker House" in Kleinsassen at the foot of the Milseburg in the Rhön. Is a youth education and leisure center of the Catholic youth associations in the diocese of Fulda . The sponsor is the Jugendwerk St. Michael eV in Fulda.

Personalities

Sons and Daughters of the Greater Parish

Reinhard Goering (1887–1936), writer
Hans B. Heil (1919-2006), banker

literature

Heinrich Peter Noll: From the past of the parish Hofbieber , in: Sources and treatises on the history of the abbey and diocese of Fulda , ed. v. Gregor Richter. Fulda 1907.
Eberstein, documentary history of the imperial knightly family Eberstein , 2 volumes. Berlin 1889.
Ferdinand Stein: Hofbieber, Langenbieber or Niederbieber? Considerations on the first mention of the "Bibarahu" settlement , in: Buchenblätter (= supplement to the Fuldaer Zeitung), November 21, 2003, no. 26, year 76.
Erwin Sturm: Fachwerk-Landschaft Langenbieber , in: Buchenblätter (= supplement to the Fuldaer Zeitung), July 7, 2003, No. 17, year 76.
"Chronicle" working group Hofbieber (Ed.): Hofbieber 1093–2003. From the story of a village . Nüsttal-Hofaschenbach 2003.
Literature about Hofbieber in the Hessian Bibliography

Individual evidence

↑ Hessian State Statistical Office: Population status on December 31, 2019 (districts and urban districts as well as municipalities, population figures based on the 2011 census) ( help ).
↑ General Statute Hofbieber §8. Local advisory board. P. 4 [PDF; 143 kB]
↑ Draft budget 2019 for the municipality of Hofbieber. P. 61 [PDF; 5.77 MB]
↑ Law on the reorganization of the districts of Fulda and Hünfeld and the city of Fulda (GVBl. II 330-14) of July 11, 1972 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1972 No. 17 , p. 220 , § 2 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).
^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 394 and 395 .
^ Result of the municipal election on March 6, 2016. Hessian State Statistical Office, accessed in April 2016 .