Burg-Graefenrode
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Burg-Graefenrode
City of Karben
Coordinates: 50 ° 15 ′ 32 " N , 8 ° 47 ′ 49" E
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| Height : | 145 (110–217) m above sea level NHN |
| Area : | 5.42 km² [LAGIS] |
| Residents : | 1301 (December 31, 2014) |
| Population density : | 240 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | December 31, 1971 |
| Postal code : | 61184 |
| Area code : | 06034 |
Burg- Graefenrode , also known colloquially as Roggau , is one of the seven districts of the city of Karben in the Wetterau district of Hesse . The place is located on the northern edge of the Rhine-Main area , about 18 kilometers northeast of Frankfurt am Main . In 2006, Burg-Graefenrode had around 1400 inhabitants.
geography
Burg-Gräfenrode is located in the cultural landscape of the Wetterau ( natural sub- unit Heldenbergener Wetterau ) at around 150 meters above sea level on a gently sloping terrace around one kilometer east of the Nidda River . The lowest point of the district is the level of the Nidda at 110 meters above sea level, to the east the terrain rises steadily and reaches a height of 217 meters in the rough forest, the more striking Kaicher height peaks at 201 meters.
Neighboring places are
- Ilbenstadt (1.2 km north),
- Kaichen (two kilometers east),
- Groß-Karben (two kilometers south),
- Okarben (two kilometers west),
- Nieder-Wöllstadt (two kilometers northwest).
The country road 3351 (Berlin street) connects the village with large-Karben and Ilbenstadt that other neighboring towns are fortified farm roads to reach.
After the end of the last Ice Age, the rocky bedrock consisting of marl and limestone and the overlying Quaternary gravel and sand layers were covered with a meter-high, fertile layer of loess , which is very suitable for agriculture. The vast majority of the district area is used for agriculture; in the south and east, Burggräfenrode has a share in the Karben forest, towards the Nidda lies the small "Einsiedlerwald".
Lime was still being mined and burned between the village and the Rauwald around 1900; For centuries, building blocks were broken from a limestone quarry east of the high forest (the "old stone chew"). The villagers supplied themselves with gravel in the old river bed of the Nidda near the Einsiedelwäldchen.
Thanks to its elevated position, Burg-Graefenrode, unlike the neighboring towns of Ilbenstadt, Nieder-Wöllstadt and Okarben, is spared from the frequent floods of the Nidda. However, there have been repeated mudslides in the past, which broke into the village after heavy rains from the fields above the village towards the Karben forest, on May 13, 1948, June 5, 1979 and most recently on May 28, 1999.
history
To the place name
The name of the village is derived from the castle seats of those von Carben, of which only the upper castle has survived. The part of the name rode indicates the origin of the place that emerged as a clearing settlement.
Much more often than the full name, one hears the village's nickname, Roggau , in the village and in the surrounding area . This goes back to the Rodgau , an area south of the Main. The Counts of Hanau , who, along with others, were heirs to the Munzenberg family and thus part of the feudal lords of the village, also owned the Rodgau. The fact that Burg-Graefenrode, as an at least partially Hanau enclave, had a special position in the Kaichen Free Court, which was determined by the Reichsburg Friedberg , probably led to the creation of the neckname in the 18th century.
Early history and Roman times
The oldest evidence of human settlement in the area of Burg-Gräfenrodes is a barrow field in the Rauwald above the village. It dates from the late Neolithic and the early Bronze Age (around 1800 to 1500 BC). This corridor served as a burial place for a long time. In 1901 a Franconian sword was found here during a robbery , which probably came from a grave from the time of the Great Migration. The whereabouts of the sword is unclear.
After the conquest of the Wetterau by the Roman Empire, the colonization of this area began around 85 AD. Okarben , two kilometers away, dates back to a Roman fort from that time, and under the protection of the Limes , Roman manors , so-called villae rusticae, were built throughout the Wetterau . In the area of Burg-Graefenrodes, in the corridor “Auf der Steinrutsch”, a Roman courtyard can be assumed, the name of the abandoned homestead could have been torn down by later settlers and used to build new houses. Even after the end of their rule, the political and cultural influence of the Romans remained considerable until the 5th century. The dead straight road from Burg-Graefenrode to Ilbenstadt (today's state road 3351), which was once part of the Roman military road from Friedberg to Kesselstadt , is a testimony of the Roman era that is still visible today .
middle Ages
The development of today's village dates back to the High Middle Ages . In the 12th century, the history of the Wetterau was determined by the Munzenberg family , who received large parts of the area as an imperial fief . The family of the "von Carben" family is mentioned for the first time in 1184 as the feudal family of the Munzenberger . In Einsiedelwald, one kilometer to the west, which later remained the personal property of the von Carben family for centuries, there are remains of the ramparts and ditches of a probably wooden moated castle from the 11th or 12th century. According to a legend based perhaps on historical facts, the name of the forest goes back to the fact that in the early 16th century a member of the von Carben family withdrew from his castle seat in the village to live as a hermit in the forest. Maybe he lived in the ruins of the old moated castle.
The present-day village emerged as a clearing settlement in the 12th century, aided by the Roman road that is still movable, as the name suggests. The settlement included a fortified courtyard belonging to the von Carben family, to whom today's upper castle can be traced back to a certain degree. The place was initially only called Rode. Since there were numerous settlements with this name in the area, early mentions of this name cannot be used to determine whether it is actually today's Burg-Gräfenrode. The first documentary mention, in which the present-day location is undoubtedly meant, comes from the year 1405. It is a feudal letter from the Lords of Hanau , who had become feudal lords through the Munzenberg inheritance . In this fiefdom letter, the strict knight Hern Herman von Carbin is confirmed the fiefdom over the village to the Rode . The fact that this is the current place is secured by later feudal reverses. The existence of a church can be inferred from a document from 1409, in which a cappelan to the Rode near Elwenstat [Ilbenstadt] is mentioned. In 1411, the entire place name Burggräfenroden was first mentioned in a deed of purchase .
A lapel from 1429 suggests the existence of two castle seats that were inhabited by offspring of the Carbene dynasty; the Steynen Huss mentioned in it is to be equated with today's upper castle, while Nidderste Gaden with the lower castle, which has now disappeared and in which a branch of the von Carben family resided, the so-called “Herdan line”. It can be assumed that the Weißenburg, which has also disappeared today, was also present at this time. In the 15th or 16th century, the village was surrounded by a fortification of ramparts, fences, bridges and moats, into which the three castles were integrated alongside other brick buildings. The east side of the fortification ran along the road between Groß-Karben and Ilbenstadt, today's main road. The entrance to the village was a fortified gate at the junction of today's Burgstrasse from the main road, which until recently was called “the gate”. The gate construction is still shown on an illustrated map from the 18th century.
In order to survive carbene against the big farms of those and forced labor to be limited, the free farmers joined the places Burg-Gräfenrode, wholesale Karben Klein-Karben and Kaichen probably already at the beginning of the internal colonization of the so-called "Carber Mark “together. The mark was initially a cooperative, special purpose association with its own field jurisdiction , whose rights were confirmed in an imperial letter of protection in 1442 . The highest jurisdiction was incumbent on the Imperial direct free court Kaichen . In terms of feudal rights, Burg-Graefenrode, as a Hanau property, did not belong to this territorial association. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Mark Carben came increasingly under the influence of the Burgraves of Friedberg . In 1475 the Friedbergers also became feudal lords of the free court and from 1534 took over the office of Kaicher Obergrefen. With the increase in power of the Friedberg Burgraves, the peasants of the Mark lost many freedoms. The Wetterau was spared from the peasant war , but after the defeat of the southern German peasants, the status of the peasants here and in the entire empire deteriorated.
Early modern age
In 1549 the Reformation was introduced in Burg-Graefenrode . After the outbreak of the Thirty Years War , the Wetterau was haunted again and again by changing armies and marauding mercenaries . Although there are hardly any documents for this period that explicitly refer to Burg-Graefenrode, it can be assumed that the place fared no better than the places in the vicinity, whose lot is better documented. The first plague was recorded in 1626, and in 1635 the plague took many villagers away. It is also assumed that the Weißenburg, the third fortified property in the village, was destroyed in the war, because the written references to its existence, which are very rare anyway, are torn down around this time. From July to August 1646 a united Bavarian and imperial army set up camp between Burg-Gräfenrode and Ilbenstadt to cover Friedberg, which was threatened by Kassel , Swedish and French troops. During this time, the Habsburg Crown Prince Ferdinand was crowned King of Bohemia . The Friedberger Stadtchronik reports that on this occasion in the imperial camp in Ilmstadt and Burggräfenroth three salvo from all pieces and muskets were given . After the Swedes and French withdrew to the south, the imperial forces broke up their camp and pursued them.
The often inconsiderate tax collection practices of the Burg-Friedbergers caused increasing displeasure among farmers in the 18th century. In 1719 the Märker refused to pay the Friedbergers the Turkish money, citing the former imperial directness of the Kaichen Free Court . When their complaint was rejected by the imperial authorities, the peasants of the Mark rose against the castle troops, who brutally suppressed the uprising. According to the Märker portrayal, the Friedbergers also shot children and old people. During the uprising, the Burg-Graefenroder farmers provided some ringleaders who are usually mentioned first in contemporary representations. The defeated Märker sent a three-person delegation to Vienna to seek assistance from the Reichshofrat . But this judged in Causa Burggrafenroth & Consorten Contra Die Kayserl. and salvation. Roman Empire Castle Friedberg on July 17, 1719 in favor of Friedberg. In 1790 the Carber Mark was finally dissolved.
Regardless of the de facto rule of the Friedbergers, the feudal relationships in Burg-Graefenrode were complicated, since the inheritance and legal succession of the Munzenbergs, who died out in the male line in 1255, developed extremely confused. The village was a three-part fiefdom that belonged in equal parts to the Counts of Solms-Rödelheim , Kurmainz and the County of Hanau, which was now part of Hessen-Kassel . In 1729 the von Carben family died out and the village fell back to the feudal lenders. Kurmainz enfeoffed the Counts of Elz with his third; from then on the village was administered by a joint office. The feudal lords conflicted with Friedberg Castle in 1732. The imperial castle demanded the continuation of the payment of the knight's tax , which had flowed from those of Carben to the imperial knighthood until it died out . With reference to the imperial immediacy of their Münzenberg inheritance, Hessen-Kassel rejected this demand. In 1732 and 1734, Kurhessian troops drove the castle militias who had come to collect them from the gates of the village.
In 1757 and 1762, French troops billeted in the village during the Seven Years' War . During the war years, the place was heavily burdened by considerable requisitions .
19th century
As in 1806, French troops occupied the Wetterau, castle-Gräfenrode was spared in contrast to the neighboring resorts of quartering, because one third of the collaborating with Napoleon Kurhessen belonged; instead, even an Electorate of Hesse's protective guard moved into the town. The multiple rule ended in 1810 in the course of the Napoleonic "land consolidation" of the German territories. The Elzer and Solms-Rödelheimer feudal shares were transferred to the Hesse-Darmstadt , elevated to the Grand Duchy, in 1806 , followed by the Electoral Hesse -Hanau third in 1810. The material possessions of the Elzer and the Solms-Rödelheimer, however, remained untouched. The Elzer police and court rights were assigned to the Grand Duchy of Hesse on July 1, 1822. Within Hessen-Darmstadt, Burg-Graefenrode was an independent municipality in the district of Vilbel , from 1852 in the district of Bad Vilbel and after its dissolution in 1874 in the Friedberg district of the province of Upper Hesse .
According to official statistics, the village population in 1836 was as follows:
- Burg-Graefenrode has 2 public buildings and 80 residential buildings; Children under 14 years: boys 92, girls 84; Persons over 14 years of age: male 155, female 167; Souls in general: 498, including Lutherans 429, Reformed 2, Catholics 35, tradesmen 33, day laborers: male 32, female 18, servants male 7, female 9, journeymen 5, craft apprentices 5, foreigners: male 3, female 1, outside the village live together 28.
- Schools it owns 1; School children: boys 57, girls 46.
However, the percentage of the Jewish village population cannot be read from these statistics . The first evidence that Jews also settled in the village is a record of the reprimand court from 1721. In the course of the 19th century, the number of Jews rose sharply. In 1861 the village had 62 Jews with 546 inhabitants. By 1890 they are said to have made up around a quarter of the population. There was a Jewish prayer house and a bath house . The Jewish cemetery in Einsiedelwald was built after 1900, but the local Jews had buried their dead in this forest decades earlier. In the early 20th century, the Jewish community became smaller and smaller as people moved away. In 1927 it was dissolved because the number of ten men ( minyan ) required for the service could no longer be achieved.
20th century
In the late 19th century the economic development of the village fell behind compared to the neighboring towns. While Groß- and Okarben were connected to the Main-Weser Railway , Burg-Graefenrode could still only be reached by carriages on unpaved field roads. In 1913 the village was connected to the power grid, and in 1928 a bus connection to Groß-Karben was set up.
Politically, Burg-Graefenrode had meanwhile developed into a stronghold of the Social Democrats . In the Reichstag election on November 6, 1932 , the SPD was the strongest party with 127 votes ahead of the NSDAP (115); in the election of March 5, 1933 , the NSDAP (150 votes) overtook the SPD (128). After the seizure of power , the village square, the “Placken” in front of the castle gate, was renamed “Adolf-Hitler-Platz” and an “Adolf-Hitler-Oak” was planted there. As in other places, the “ synchronization” encompassed all areas of life. For example, the workers' choral society “Singer Pleasure” was dissolved; most of the members then joined the folk "cheerfulness".
On November 9, 1938, during the Reichspogromnacht , there were also attacks on the Jewish population in Burg-Graefenrode. Some Jews from Burg-Graefenrode managed to flee abroad, but those who remained were first interned in the town hall in 1939 and later deported to a collection camp in Frankfurt. At least twelve Burg-Graefenroder Jews were murdered in the extermination camps .
The village was largely spared from war damage. On October 14, 1943, an American pilot parachuted down over the village after his plane had been shot down. He was arrested by the villagers and handed over to the police the following day. In March 1944, a bombing raid on the village narrowly missed its target. Around 200 heavy bombs fell in a field in the high forest. On March 26, 1945 troops of the sixth American armored division advanced without a fight. During the Second World War, 35 Burg-Graefenröder died at the front.
Since the end of 1945 the community has belonged to the Darmstadt administrative region in the newly founded state of Hesse.
The population of the village has more than doubled since the end of the war. This increase in the first post-war years was mainly due to the expulsion of German refugees from the eastern regions of the Reich . In the following decades, the population continued to grow due to urban exodus and suburbanization ; the proximity to Frankfurt am Main also made itself felt in the Wetterau. The favorable economic development of the Rhine-Main area ensured further immigration to the region.
On the occasion of the Hessian regional reform , Burg-Graefenrode was incorporated into the town of Karben, founded the year before, on January 31, 1971 as the sixth district. The Friedberg district , to which Burg-Graefenrode had belonged for 98 years, was merged with the neighboring Büdingen district on August 1, 1972 to form the new Wetterau district.
1971 to 1972 a multi-purpose hall was built on the other side of the town exit on the road to Groß-Karben. Since then, it has served as a sports facility and venue for various festivities such as the Roggauer Faschingsball, which was established in the 1970s, although Burg-Gräfenrode is Protestant. The adjacent soccer field has served as the venue for the FSG Burg-Gräfenrode soccer club, founded in 1922, since 1946, and the asphalt forecourt of the hall is the location for the annual Roggauer Curb . Between 2004 and 2005, the development of the Bindweidgraben new building area closed the gap between Halle and the village. In 1987 a cycle path to Groß-Karben was inaugurated; A cycle path to Ilbenstadt was built in 2019 after many years of efforts.
Culture and sights
societies
As in many rural locations, the clubs in Burg-Gräfenrode are important social networks. The Burg-Graefenrode volunteer fire brigade , which was founded in 1951, is one of the most important local associations . After the fire brigade had previously been paid for by spraying masters, a volunteer fire brigade was set up in the 19th century, but in 1913 it was transformed into an officially appointed mandatory fire brigade. Only after the Second World War did the fire service become a volunteer again. The fire station has been located on the corner of Weißenburgstrasse and Freihofstrasse since 1975; In 1991 it was partly demolished and redesigned. In the last few years the volunteer fire brigade Burg-Graefenrode has been working more closely with the other district brigades and has often been deployed in neighboring towns.
The 1922 Burg-Graefenrode soccer and sports community has a soccer department, volleyball and badminton departments and also offers aerobics, gymnastics and children's gymnastics courses. The pride of the club, however, is the first men's football team to be promoted to the Friedberg district league in 2005 after an epoch-making series of 17 wins in a row. The second team of the FSG currently plays in the B league. The FSG also organizes the Roggau Carnival Ball and the Children's Carnival every year in its premises in the multi-purpose hall at the Birkenstadion. The sports clubs also include the Reitgemeinschaft Weissenburg and the sports shooting club Burg-Graefenrode 1967 e. V., there is also the Vogelfreunde Burg-Graefenrode, the scout tribe “Gray Dragons” and the choral society “Heimatliebe”. On the occasion of the 600th anniversary of the place in 2005, the home and culture association Burg-Graefenrode was launched.
An annual highlight, in which the local clubs are not involved, is the Ironman Germany , the bike course of which leads through Burg-Graefenrode.
Townscape
The inventory of monuments of the State of Hesse established in 1999: Individual farmsteads contribute to the fact that, at least in sections, one can still speak of a historical street scene; this is particularly the case in the old settlement core along Weißenburgstrasse. In 1991 Burg-Graefenrode was included in the village renewal program of the State of Hesse. Since then, the castle complex has been restored with state funds and the half-timbering has been exposed on some of the previously plastered houses. The courtyard complex of the old village school, which was closed in the 1970s, was expanded into a "village meeting place" and today houses the Karben mothers' center including a multi-generation meeting place and club rooms as well as the local library.
Today, however, the townscape is largely characterized by homes from the post-war decades. Various new building areas have been developed around the old village center. Initially, the village grew between around 1950 and 1980, mainly east of the main road, creating the squares around Kaicher Weg, Wetterauer Straße, Rollgraben and Hochholz. In the past two decades, the areas around Einsiedelweg, Sohlweg and Bindweidring were also built on with homes. The Sohlweg II development area has been under development since December 2014. Around 35 new houses are to be built there in 2015. [outdated]
Oberburg
The upper castle is the only remaining castle in the village. It was first mentioned in 1429 as the Oberste Wonunge daz Steynen Huss with Syme Term and served as the seat of members of the von Carben family until it died out in 1729. It was originally built in the Gothic style . Between 1550 and 1565 it was enlarged in the Renaissance style; At least these dates can be found on two windows of the stair tower that was built in front of the defense structure in the course of the renovation on the northern transverse side. The baroque style , which dominates today, took place in the 18th century . The octagonal tower and the Welsh hood of the stair tower as well as the slate mansard roof date from this time . Characteristic of the building is its pink paint, which was originally mixed with ox blood.
The upper castle formed the focus of the village fortifications and secured the village to the north and east. The moats around the castle were drained after the Thirty Years War. The castle has been owned by the parish since 1867, and in that year the old castle gate was demolished and the moat and kennel filled in. Today the castle houses a kindergarten on the ground floor, and the parish offices and apartments are on the upper floors. The approximately one hectare park-like castle garden is open to the public and is planted with cherry and pear trees, among other things; An old walnut tree with a trunk circumference of over five meters, long one of the landmarks of the village, had to be felled around 1990 due to trunk rot. The castle garden is used today in particular by the village youth as a football field and is also equipped with a table tennis table, a fireplace and a small playground.
Opposite the castle is an economic building from 1688, which, as the Hesse-Darmstadt inventory of art monuments established in 1895, “lacks any artistic distinction”.
The only remaining corner tower of the castle is the so-called Liesel tower. This round tower protected the castle gate and the entrance to the Zwinger and was also the castle dungeon . On the first floor, a pointed arched sandstone portal opens the entrance to the round interior, which is connected to the underground dungeon via a square opening in the floor. The second floor of the tower, an octagonal half-timbered tower crowned by a tent roof, also served as a prison. Next to the doorway on the north side there was a small opening closed by a flap on the south side of the tower, through which food could be handed to the prisoner without opening the door. The flap, a cast iron plate with a relief depicting the Last Judgment, is now placed in front of the tower. During an excavation in 1979, the dungeon in the tower was uncovered. The conviction that has persisted in the village that there was once a secret escape tunnel from the castle or the Liesel tower to Ilbenstadt has not been confirmed to this day.
A legend is associated with the Liesel Tower, but it is unlikely to be based on historical facts and may not have been conceived until the 20th century, as there were no written references to it before. According to legend, a cruel lord of the castle once threw his sister Liesel, who had often slipped food to the poor villagers, into the dungeon and then let it flood; Liesel survived thanks to the help of her servant. On the occasion of the 600th anniversary of the village in 2005, a wooden statue of the legendary Liesel was erected on the roundabout at the southern entrance to the village.
Evangelical parish church
The parish church is one of the so-called Reinhard churches of the first half of the 18th century. It was built in the years 1726–1727 after the previous medieval building was demolished. It is a simple hall building with high round windows. The roof turret with the bell chamber is crowned by a two-tiered Welschen hood.
The interior from the 18th century has been preserved almost unchanged and represents a fine example of Hessian peasant art. The three-sided wooden gallery is painted with pictures of the apostles and evangelists; the pictures were created by the Staden painter Bockhardt. The simple organ of Dreuth dates back to 1781; the interior was renewed in 1911 by Förster & Nicolaus .
In 1876 nine baroque grave tablets made of sandstone, mainly from members of the von Carben family, were removed from the chancel and placed on the outside wall of the church; the inscriptions have since been weathered to the point of illegibility. The small churchyard is surrounded by an old quarry stone wall.
The Protestant parish is subordinate to the Wetterau deanery of the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau . The patronage is held by the Barons von Leonhardi, who are based in Groß-Karben. The pastor of Burg-Graefenroder also looked after the Protestant residents of the predominantly Catholic neighboring town of Ilbenstadt until 2005. The link to the parish of Ilbenstadt was broken in 2005, however, and in view of the dwindling number of people attending church services, Burg-Graefenrode was only granted half a pastorate. The parishes of Okarben and Burg-Graefenrode are now looked after by a pastor.
Economy and Infrastructure
In the past few decades, the employment structure in Burg-Gräfenrode has changed considerably. While a large part of the population worked in local agriculture until the post-war period , today the majority of those in employment commute to their workplaces in the Rhine-Main area . In the village itself, in addition to around ten farms, there are only a few medium-sized craft businesses, two riding stables , two taverns and a branch of the Sparkasse Wetterau. In addition to the manageable village shop in the old school, there has recently been a kiosk in the Bindweidgraben development area.
Almost the entire undeveloped area of the Burg-Graefenrodes district is used intensively for agriculture. The main crops are mainly wheat and sugar beet , and recently, increasingly, rapeseed , asparagus and strawberries . The Bär family runs the Margaretenhof, an arable farm with pig fattening, near the village; Heinz Christian Bär , current Honorary President of the Hessian Farmers Association, was President of the Hessian Farmers Association from 1994 to 2006, Vice President of the German Farmers Association from 1997 to 2006 and a member of the Presidium of the European Farmers Association until 2006 and a member of the Executive Committee of the World Farmers Association for seven years. The Marienhof, a former economic courtyard of the Büdesheim Palace, is located on the south-eastern boundary of the district . Today it is one of the largest turkey farms in the region with around 30,000 animals .
The village-based bus company Eberwein drives the regular buses in the city of Karben in the Rhein-Main transport association for the Oberhessen transport company . The company is one of the largest private bus companies in the Wetterau district. The village itself is connected by bus line 72 with Friedberg and the Okarben and Groß-Karben S-Bahn stations .
literature
- Wilfried Rausch: It sounds from the old days ... A Burg-Graefenröder Heimatbuch. Karben 1982.
- Festschrift for the 600th anniversary of Burg-Graefenrode. Karben 2005.
- Ulrich Schütte (Ed.): Wetterauer Geschichtsblätter. Volume 53: Churches and synagogues in the villages of the Wetterau. Friedberg (Hessen) 2004.
- Heinz Wionski: Cultural monuments in Hessen. Wetteraukreis II: Friedberg to Wöllstadt. = Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Ed .: State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen . Braunschweig and Wiesbaden 1999.
- Rudolf Adamy: Art monuments in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Province of Upper Hesse. Band circle Friedberg. Darmstadt 1895.
- Literature on Burg-Graefenrode in the Hessian Bibliography
Web links
- Burg-Graefenrode district on the city of Karben's website.
- Burg-Graefenrode, Wetterau district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of December 22, 2014). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
Individual evidence
- ^ Economic data of the city of Karben. P. 7 (PDF) ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed in July 2016.
- ↑ See: Uta Löwenstein: Grafschaft Hanau. In: Knights, Counts and Princes - secular dominions in the Hessian area, approx. 900–1806. = Handbook of Hessian History 3. = Publications of the Historical Commission for Hesse 63. Marburg 2014. ISBN 978-3-942225-17-5 , pp. 196-230 (206).
- ^ Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1822, No. 19 ( online at the Bavarian State Library p. 209)
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 360 .
- ↑ Caroline Grottker: Lutheran churches in the county of Hanau-Münzenberg under Count Johann Reinhard III. (1712–1736) [unpublished master's thesis in the Department of Philology and Art Studies at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main]. Frankfurt 1984, pp. 48-51.
