Lopodunum

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Jupiter giant column from Ladenburg, replica in front of the Lobdengau Museum

Lopodunum was a Roman city from which today's Ladenburg ( Rhein-Neckar-Kreis , Baden-Württemberg ) arose. From the earliest period of occupation in the last quarter of the 1st century AD, two forts are known, after which the city was founded according to plan. The nickname of the associated administrative body ( Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicrensium ) suggests that this took place during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117 AD). Lopodunum was the suburb of the Neckarsueben resident here . The remains of a forum and a monumental basilica bear witness to this suburb function in Roman times . The ancient Ladenburg was one of the most important places in the hinterland of the Upper German Limes until it was abandoned in the middle of the 3rd century. In late antiquity , when the Rhine again formed the imperial border, the Romans again laid out a military installation in the form of a Ländeburgus in the city area.

history

Rhine-Neckar region in Roman times

prehistory

The area on the lower reaches and in the alluvial cone of the Neckar was already largely settled before the Romans penetrated the Rhine. The name for the Roman foundation is the Celtic toponym Lokudunum (in German "Seeburg"). The Latin lopo- represents a phonetic assimilation or a mixture of the Latin lupus ( wolf ) with the thematic Celtic loku . In addition to sites in the plain, the ring walls on the nearby Heiligenberg testify to this . The lack of finds since the middle of the 1st century BC Chr. May be a consequence of the Gallic War and typical of the right bank of South Western Germany ( " Helvetier Wastes "). Near the Rhine between Neckar and Main, there are some known burial grounds which, after a long scientific discussion, are now regarded as Germanic. Emperor Tiberius had Suebi settle here in the run-up to the imperial border on the Rhine, decades before the conquests on the right bank of the Rhine ( Emperor Domitian's Chat Wars ) . In Ladenburg town area settlement finds are located in the corridors Lustgarten , Weiher gardens and brick scouring before further burial sites in the field of gravel pit right of Wallstädter path and at Erbsenweg (with associated settlement).

In the course of the 1st century AD, the Romans began to expand the traffic routes on the Rhine. Even before the Limes was established, the route on the right bank of the Rhine on the Roman Rhine Valley Road was expanded. As the shortest connection between the important legionary sites on Rhenus ( Rhine ) and Danuvius ( Danube ) it led from Mogontiacum ( Mainz ) via Groß-Gerau - Gernsheim -Ladenburg to the south, where at Offenburg opposite Argentoratum ( Strasbourg ) that of Gnaeus Pinarius Cornelius Clemens created " Kinzigtalstraße " reached.

Military site in the late 1st century AD

In the 1970s, the Romans built two forts one after the other in the area of ​​today's Ladenburg old town, which is very centrally located within the Neckar plain. The camp village ( vicus ) of Fort I overlays Fort II, so that Fort II must be older. The new building, which took place after just a few years, could indicate a change in the troops stationed here. Both forts were located on the high bank of the Nicer ( Neckar ), which is protected from flooding . As in many rear forts, a cavalry unit ( ala ) was most likely stationed here. This is indicated by the size of Fort I, the associated horse stables, characteristic finds of horse harness and the consecration stone of a decurio of Ala I Cannanefatium , which was found built in the medieval city wall in 1906. Fort I in Stein, originally built with a turf wall, was expanded in the Domitian period around 90 AD.

The Ala I Cannanefatium is attested between 74 and 90 AD by military diplomas as part of the Upper German Army. It appears for the first time in 116 in Pannonia , where it was sent by Trajan for the Dacer Wars . The castle was also abandoned during the time of Emperor Trajan, with the walls being torn down and the pointed trenches filled in. The layers of rubble contained ceramics from the Trajan period. The abandonment of the rear military base goes hand in hand with parallel developments in the entire hinterland of the Limes. Under Trajan, rear garrisons such as those in Nida-Heddernheim , Wiesbaden and Groß-Gerau were disbanded and the units relocated to the Limes.

The city in the high imperial era

The distinctive cut in the infrastructure of the settlement with the founding of the city around 106 is clear from the fact that an urban forum with a monumental basilica has now been created in the retenture of the abandoned fort. With a size of 130 × 84 m, the overall system has no equivalent in the larger urban settlements to the right of the Rhine. It is therefore assumed that Ladenburg was planning a more extensive function ( colonia or municipium ?), Which was not completed for unknown reasons. Various indications such as the lack of finds, especially parts of the floor, from the layers of the basilica's soil suggest that it was not completed. However, the forum was fully functional, as indicated by finds of brick slab floors and other architectural parts in the shops. A theater was also built around this time.

Lopodunum thus fulfilled the function of a central location in the lower Neckar region, the Kraichgau and the Bergstrasse in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The next settlements of this kind were to the north in Dieburg ( Civitas Auderiensium ) , east in Bad Wimpfen ( Civitas Alisinensium ) and south in Pforzheim . To the west the Rhine formed the border to the Civitates of the Nemeter - with the main town Noviomagus ( Speyer ) - and the Vangionen - with the main town Borbetomagus ( Worms ). The city experienced its heyday in the 2nd and early 3rd centuries. Significant country estates ( villae rusticae ) were built in the surrounding area , of which well-excavated examples are in Hirschberg- Großsachsen and in Ladenburg itself ("Ziegelscheuer"). The basis of the economic prosperity was probably the presence of the wealthy Roman border troops. Up to the middle of the 2nd century, the urban private houses consisted mainly of half-timbered houses. The parts of the settlement on the trunk road north and south of the fort that emerged from the fort vicus had buildings in the form of strip houses up to 30 m long . It was not until the middle of the 2nd century that stone buildings with average sizes of up to 2000 m² became common, with several plots being merged occasionally.

End of the city and late antiquity

The end of the city came around the middle of the 3rd century with the so-called Limesfall . A city wall was built as early as the early 3rd century, which for reasons that have not yet been clarified cannot be detected in the north of the settlement. It is proven to have a length of 1.2 km, its length can be extended to 2.7 km. High-quality architectural parts that were built into its foundation suggest that some important representative buildings no longer existed at this time. Several fire horizons in the city date back to the first third of the 3rd century and could be related to the Germanic incursions of 212 or 233. When the imperial troops withdrew in 260, the remaining Roman civilian population appears to have followed them. In any case, Germanic settlers soon settled in the urban area. Alemannic archaeological finds from the Südstadt are already available for the period shortly after 260.

Map of the Roman Ladenburg
North tower foundation of the porta praetoria (square foundation) with installation of the later Franconian royal court (staircase apse)
Wall plaster from the praetorium of Fort I, exhibition at the site

After the Rhine re-established the imperial border, the urban area remained under the influence of the Romans due to its strategic location. In addition to a fourth century fort, which was occupied for a short time, this is primarily attested by the remains of a burgus that was discovered under today's new town hall. It was built together with other fortifications in the region under Emperor Valentinian I around 370. The fortification leaned as a ship landing directly on the Neckar high bank; it was apparently used to monitor the apron and could only be reached from the river as it had no gate on the land side. Soon after 400 the burgus was abandoned, whereupon the Germans settled in the city again in the 5th century.

Roman buildings

Castles

The older Fort II was discovered in 1962. Parts of the eastern fence could be verified over a length of 34 m. It consisted of a five-meter-wide and two-meter-deep pointed ditch and a three-meter-wide turf wall. Four massive posts indicate a wooden tower. Findings from camps from the fort area to the west, like the interior development, could not be proven; they may have been washed away by the Neckar.

Fort I, moved to the southeast, will have replaced the older one after a few years. At first it also had a turf wall with a width of 4.2 m and several intermediate towers. In front of it there were two pointed trenches with a width of seven meters and a depth between three and 3.6 m. The porta praetoria was oriented towards the Neckar flowing past to the west. The size can be reconstructed as 238 × 164 m, which corresponds to an area of ​​almost four hectares.

Around 90 AD the sod wall was replaced by a 2.2 m wide stone wall. Sometimes it was still up to 1.8 m high, the original height may have been 5.5 m. Parts of the main gate are exposed in an archaeological window on the Sebastian chapel. There you can see the nine-meter-wide double gate passage with two gate towers.

The Roman trunk road ran through the fort as a via principalis in a north-south direction. The staff building (principia) located at the intersection of the streets has been proven in several construction phases; initially it was a half-timbered building with a size of 34 × 36 m. The commandant's house to the north also consisted of half-timbered houses and also had several construction phases. The plastering found on the walls of a five-meter high, hall-like interior is remarkable. It can be viewed in an exhibition together with the younger building remains of the Südforum at the site where it was found in Metzgergasse.

Civil settlement

The development of the civil settlement no longer extends as far to the north as the camp settlement previously located there. Perhaps there was a civilian settlement of Neckarsuebian style south of the fort, which is indicated by isolated finds. In general, to the north of the fort or from the forum and basilica, considerable washings through the Neckar are to be expected, which is probably why evidence of the city wall and a burial ground on the northern arterial road has not yet been found. The size of the city is to be given as 40 ha.

Mithras Sol relief with a cult meal scene

The cityscape was dominated by the forum built in the fort area and the basilica. A spacious complex south of it on the road to Heidelberg is interpreted as a macellum or second forum, originally it was thought to be a mansio . A bronze treasure consisting of 51 bronze objects was found here in 1973. The hoard was probably closed at the time of the Limes fall. The pieces have been identified as fittings of a two-winged magnificent portal with a height of four meters and a width of over two meters.

To the west in the area of ​​today's Carl-Benz-Gymnasium and the Lobdengau-Halle was a structure at least 75 m long. Large heated rooms, a bathing wing, symmetrical floor plan and apsidial building corners indicate a representative building of a high-ranking personality. Originally a bath was supposed to be there. It resembles a building in Heidenheim an der Brenz . A larger storage building (horreum) southwest of the city was probably part of a river port, as well as in Nida-Heddernheim was detected.

In front of the right side gate (porta principalis dextra) of the fort, a heatable stone building with numerous brick finds is interpreted as a fort bath. The fort baths were probably initially used by the civil town. To the north of the palace building, another building with a size of at least 45 × 25 m is interpreted as a bathroom. Lopodunum, due to its size and importance, must have had several temples or sanctuaries, which can only be assumed (see below). Two buildings in the south are addressed as Mithraeum . In one of the buildings there was a Mithras - Sol relief with a cult meal scene.

There were businesses and burial grounds in the vicinity of the city. A large lime kiln was uncovered to the northeast of the city wall. The burial fields are assumed to be on the northern and southern arterial roads, but extremely little is known about them in Ladenburg.

Model of the forum and the basilica in the Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg
Uncovered foundations of the basilica in front of St. Gallus Church

Forum

The forum extended between today's Neugasse and the St. Gallus Church in the rear area of ​​the fort (retentura) . With a total size of 130 × 84 m, it was located in the northern half of the settlement east of the Rheintalstrasse, which, as the central settlement axis, led directly past the front and entrance hall of the forum. The complex has a clear structure with a central courtyard (size 41.5 × 75 m) and flanking parts of the building. The shops on the long sides were accompanied inside and outside by colonnades . The three-aisled basilica formed the eastern end.

basilica

The basilica , excavated in 1911 and 1935, is one of the largest Roman monumental buildings north of the Alps with a size of 73 × 47 m. The floor plan indicates a pillar basilica with two-storey arcades on the long sides. There were transverse halls on each of the two narrow sides, while the Curia , the elevated council chamber of the Ladenburg city council, is to be assumed in the tribunal apse of the central building . The choir of today's St. Gallus Church sits exactly on the Roman apse. One can still get an approximate idea of ​​the size of the building through the Gothic church construction, since its length corresponds to the width of the Roman basilica.

Theater steps with inscription from Ladenburg, today in the Archaeological State Museum in Konstanz

theatre

In 1967 the remains of a theater were discovered in front of the southeast corner of the Roman city wall and destroyed by overbuilding. A stage building about 90 m long as well as an orchestra with a width of 30 m could be documented. This was followed by the rows of seats, which, in the absence of a natural elevation, were piled up with earth, on which larger stone blocks had been placed. The first of these stones, some of which were inscribed, were discovered in 1867 and brought to the Badisches Landesmuseum in Karlsruhe . Some of the stones bear the names of the donors who bequeathed the building to the vicani Lopodunenses . Other important finds include a consecration altar for the genius of the Civitas of the Neckarsueben and a statue of Jupiter , probably formerly part of a Capitoline Triassic set up in the building . It is possible that there was a connection between cult building and theater, as can be proven for some Roman theaters, for example in the Trier temple districts of Altbachtal or at Irminenwingert . A clay actor mask depicting demons was found in the immediate vicinity of the theater.

Reconstruction sketch of the Ladenburger Schiffslände-Burgus

temple

In 2019, the Mainz archaeologist Johannes Lipps proposed to interpret two fragments of large column drums made of sandstone as evidence of an unusually large, monumental temple . Due to the diameter of 107 cm, Lipps reconstructed a column height of a good 10 meters; If this is the case, the presumed temple must also have clearly towered over the basilica; in this case it would have been the largest known Roman temple in today's Baden-Württemberg. The question of where such a structure could have been in Lopodunum has not yet been clarified.

Late antique Burgus

The fortification from the Valentine period (370 AD) was discovered by Berndmark Heukemes in 1979 when a farmhouse was demolished for the new construction of the Ladenburg town hall . Presumably it was built in connection with the last reinforcement measures of the Romans on the Rhine Limes and to ward off the Alamanni . As the masonry of the multi-storey central tower was still partially up to 8 m high, the burgus is one of the best-preserved buildings of its kind. Parts of it could be integrated into the western front of the town hall and an underground car park. The system was designed on a footprint of 40 × 40 m. It was enclosed on three sides by a pointed ditch with a width of 5.5 m and a depth of 3.3 m. The center of the facility was a square tower (core work) with a side length of 13.2-14 m and a massive basement. Its roof was made of lead, parts of which could still be found. On the bank side, barracks buildings were leaned against the tower, the core facility was enclosed by a pincer wall on the land side, while it was kept open to the river as a ship landing. At the corners there were small towers with a side length of 4.5 m.

The crew of such a small fortress could have been between 35 and 40 men. Together with the Altrip fort and a similar facility near Neckarau , the Romans controlled the river and the mouth of the Neckar . Around 400 AD the Burgus was given up again.

Research history

The identification of Ladenburg with the Lupodunum mentioned in the Mosella of Ausonius succeeded over 400 years ago. It goes back to the Palatinate historiographer Marquard Freher . In 1893, the epigraphist Karl Zangemeister , who worked in Heidelberg, was able to resolve the abbreviation CVSN, which is often used in inscriptions, as civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicretum .

Interest in the Roman ruins of Ladenburg awoke in the second half of the 19th century and was initially borne by the Mannheimer Altertumsverein, founded in 1859 . On his behalf, Karl Schumacher researched the Roman city wall in 1898/99, later he devoted himself to Neckarsuebian grave finds. Hermann Gropengießer succeeded the discovery of the stone fort in 1912, and he led excavations at the Basilica by. Archeology also owes important observations to the Ladenburg city architect Konrad Seel III.

In the period after the Second World War , the exploration of the Roman city was associated with the name of Berndmark Heukemes for over 40 years . In 1986 he published a compilation of the Roman sites in his overall plan of the Roman Ladenburg. Since then, the Roman city map has been supplemented by the excavation activities of the Baden-Württemberg State Office for the Preservation of Monuments . Finds from the Roman city are exhibited in the Lobdengau Museum .

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : Lopodunum, Ladenburg a. N .: the excavations in spring 1960 (= Badische Fund reports. Special issue 1). Freiburg i. Br. 1962.
  • Berndmark Heukemes : Ladenburg HD. In: Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , pp. 383-397.
  • Klaus Kortüm : Cities and Small Town Settlements. Civil structures in the hinterland of the Limes. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , pp. 154-164.
  • Renate Ludwig: On the way from Lopodunum to Heidelberg. In: Vera Rupp , Heide Birley (Hrsg.): Country life in Roman Germany. Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2573-0 , pp. 71-74.
  • Britta Rabold : Topography of the Roman Ladenburg. Ascent from a military base to a metropolis. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , pp. 177-180.
  • Britta Rabold: Ladenburg (HD) - The Roman city. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 161-168.
  • Britta Rabold: Ladenburg in Roman times. In: Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany 36. Heidelberg, Mannheim and the Rhine-Neckar area. Theiss, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8062-1407-7 , pp. 159-165.
  • C. Sebastian Sommer : Lopodunum and the Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicrensium. In: Hansjörg Probst (Hrsg.): Ladenburg from 1900 years of city history. Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 1998, pp. 81–201; 806-809.
  • Rainer Wiegels : Lopodunum. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 7, Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-476-01477-0 , column 439 f.

Lopodunum series:

  • Hartmut Kaiser, C. Sebastian Sommer: Lopodunum I: The Roman findings from the excavations at the winery in Ladenburg 1981–1985 and 1990 (= research and reports on prehistory in Baden-Württemberg. Volume 50). Theiss, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8062-1170-1 .
  • Rainer Wiegels: Lopodunum II: inscriptions and cult monuments from the Roman Ladenburg am Neckar (= research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, Volume 59). Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1491 .
  • Gertrud Lenz-Bernhard: Lopodunum III: The Neckarswebische settlement and Villa rustica won "Ziegelscheuer": an investigation into the settlement history of the Upper Rhine Germans (= research and reports on the prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg. Volume 77). Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1567-7 .
  • Thomas Schmidts : Lopodunum IV: The small finds from the Roman houses at the winery in Ladenburg: (excavations 1981–1985 and 1990) (= research and reports on the prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg. Volume 91). Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1878-1 .
  • Johannes Einartner : Lopodunum V: The basilica and the forum of the Roman Ladenburg (= research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg. Volume 124). Theiss, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-8062-2647-8 .

Web links

Commons : Lopodunum  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Xavier Delamarre: Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise. Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. 2e édition revue et augmentée, Editions Errance, Paris 2003, ISBN 2-87772-237-6 , ISSN  0982-2720 , p. 206.
  2. ↑ Gertrud Lenz-Bernhard: Lopodunum III: The Neckarswebische settlement and Villa rustica in the win "Ziegelscheuer": an investigation into the settlement history of the Upper Rhine Germans. Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1567-7 (research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg 77) , pp. 17–24.
  3. ↑ Information from Gertrud Lenz-Bernhard: Lopodunum III: The Neckarswebische settlement and Villa rustica in the "Ziegelscheuer" area: an investigation into the settlement history of the Upper Rhine Germanic. Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1567-7 (research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg 77) , p. 16f.
  4. ^ Britta Rabold: Ladenburg (HD) - The Roman city. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, p. 161.
  5. ^ Britta Rabold: Ladenburg (HD) - The Roman city. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, p. 163.
  6. ↑ CIL 13, 11740
  7. ↑ a b Berndmark Heukemes : Ladenburg HD. In: Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 384.
  8. ^ Egon Schallmayer : Traian in Upper Germany and the consequences. In: E. Schallmayer (Ed.): Traian in Germanien, Traian in the realm. Report of the Third Saalburg Colloquium . Saalburg Museum, Bad Homburg v. d. H. 1999, ISBN 3-931267-04-0 ( Saalburg-Schriften 5), pp. 179-194, especially pp. 186f.
  9. ^ Britta Rabold: Ladenburg (HD) - The Roman city. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, p. 164f .; same: large public buildings. Architecture based on the example of Rome. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , p. 171f.
  10. ^ Britta Rabold: Ladenburg (HD) - The Roman city. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, p. 165.
  11. ^ Britta Rabold: Topography of the Roman Ladenburg. Ascent from a military base to a metropolis. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , p. 180; same: Ladenburg (HD) - The Roman city. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, p. 164.
  12. ^ Britta Rabold: Ladenburg (HD) - The Roman city. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, pp. 166-168.
  13. ↑ C. Sebastian Sommer : Lopodunum and the Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicrensium. In: Hansjörg Probst (Hrsg.): Ladenburg from 1900 years of city history. Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 1998, p. 179f.
  14. ↑ Berndmark Heukemes: The late Roman Burgus of Lopodunum - Ladenburg am Neckar. In: Fund reports Baden-Württemberg 6, 1981, pp. 433–473.
  15. ↑ all figures according to Britta Rabold: Ladenburg (HD) - The Roman city. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, p. 162.
  16. ↑ Berndmark Heukemes: Ladenburg HD. In: Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 385; Gertrud Lenz-Bernhard: Neckar weaving on Ladenburg district. In: Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany 36. Heidelberg, Mannheim and the Rhine-Neckar area. Theiss, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8062-1407-7 , pp. 159-165, here: p. 160.
  17. ^ Britta Rabold: Topography of the Roman Ladenburg. Ascent from a military base to a metropolis. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , p. 179f.
  18. ↑ C. Sebastian Sommer: Lopodunum and the Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicrensium. In: Hansjörg Probst (Hrsg.): Ladenburg from 1900 years of city history. Regional culture, Ubstadt-Weiher 1998, p. 150f.
  19. ^ Ernst Künzl : The Roman portal of Ladenburg. The highlight of Gallo-Roman handicrafts. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , pp. 181-185; the same: the Roman pompous portal of Ladenburg. Folio, Hertingen 1998.
  20. ↑ Berndmark Heukemes: LOPODVNVM. Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicretum. Archaeological plan of the Roman Ladenburg. Stuttgart 1986; C. Sebastian Sommer: Lopodunum and the Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicrensium. In: Hansjörg Probst (Hrsg.): Ladenburg from 1900 years of city history. Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 1998, pp. 147–150.
  21. ↑ a b Britta Rabold: Topography of the Roman Ladenburg. Ascent from a military base to a metropolis. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , p. 180.
  22. ↑ Information by Bernd Mark Heukemes: Ladenburg HD. In: Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , pp. 386f .; Britta Rabold: Large public buildings. Architecture based on the example of Rome. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , p. 171f.
  23. ↑ Information from Berndmark Heukemes: Ladenburg HD. In: Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 389.
  24. ↑ CIL 13, 06421
  25. ↑ CIL 13, 06417 (4, p 95)
  26. ↑ C. Sebastian Sommer: Lopodunum and the Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicrensium. In: Hansjörg Probst (Hrsg.): Ladenburg from 1900 years of city history. Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 1998, p. 152f.
  27. ↑ Johannes Lipps : A monumental temple in the Roman Ladenburg? . In: Barbara Porod, Peter Scherrer (ed.): Files of the 15th International Colloquium on Provincial Roman Art. The founder and his monument. Graz 2019, pp. 250–261
  28. ↑ Jürgen Oldenstein : Alzey Castle. Archaeological investigations in the late Roman camp and studies on border defense in the Mainz ducat. Habilitation thesis Universität Mainz 1992, pp. 322–325 ( online , PDF, 14.9 MB).
  29. ↑ Information from Berndmark Heukemes: Ladenburg HD. In: Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , pp. 393f .; Ludwig Wamser , Christof wing , Bernward Ziegaus (ed.): The Romans between the Alps and the North Sea. Civilizational legacy of a European military power. Catalog manual for the state exhibition of the Free State of Bavaria Rosenheim 2000. Zabern, Mainz 2000, ISBN 3-8053-2615-7 . P. 384.
  30. ↑ Ausonius : Mosella 423 ( Latin text ).
  31. ^ Britta Rabold: Ladenburg (HD) - The Roman city. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, p. 161.
  32. ↑ Berndmark Heukemes: LOPODVNVM. Civitas Ulpia Sueborum Nicretum. Archaeological plan of the Roman Ladenburg. Stuttgart 1986.

Coordinates: 49 ° 28 '17.7 "  N , 8 ° 36' 40.2"  E

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on October 16, 2014 in this version .