The Green Vienna
| The Green Vienna | |
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| State party leader | Birgit Hebein |
.JPG)
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| Club chairman | David Ellensohn |
| Country Managing Director | Christian Tesar |
| Headquarters | Würtzlerstrasse 3/3 1030 Vienna |
| Seats in state parliaments |
10/100 ( LTW 2015 / MPs ) |
| Number of members | around 1,500 (as of 2009) |
| Alignment | Green politics |
| Website | https://wien.gruene.at/ |
Die Grünen Wien is the Viennese regional organization of the Austrian party Die Grünen - Die Grüne Alternative . Since the state and municipal council elections in Vienna in 2015, the Vienna Greens have appointed10 of the 100 members of the Vienna state parliament or municipal council, and since the 2010 electionwith Maria Vassilakou, a deputy mayor and councilor for urban development, transport, climate protection, energy planning and citizen participation. Since June 26, 2019, this has been Birgit Hebein , who also holds the newly created office of party leader.
History of the Vienna Greens
The beginnings of the green movement in Vienna
The green movement arose in Austria in the 1970s due to various social changes, with the issues of ecology and environmental protection becoming more and more politically relevant. The later Greens defined themselves in the 1970s primarily through resistance to large-scale projects, nuclear power plants, road construction and military armament (see overview: History of the Greens - The Green Alternative ). In Vienna, the prevention of the construction of the observatory park in 1973 is considered the first green success. Numerous citizens' initiatives and their fight against further building projects as well as the Arena movement in 1976, which developed numerous social, cultural and ecological initiatives through the occupation of the inland slaughterhouse in Sankt Marx, which was planned for demolition, provided further impetus . In addition, there was the nationwide fight against the Zwentendorf nuclear power plant .
At the beginning of the 1980s, the Austrian Alternative List (ALÖ), which was oriented towards the German Greens, competed with the civil United Greens of Austria (VGÖ). As a result, the Alternative List Vienna (ALW) and the VGÖ-supported, conservative electoral community for citizens' initiatives and environmental protection (WBU) stood in the regional and municipal council elections in Vienna in 1983 . While the ALW reached 2.5% and thus clearly on the move into the state and municipal council, the WBU only came to 0.6%. However, the ALW succeeded in gaining a mandate in each of the districts 1 to 10. The fight against the construction of a power station in Hainburg meant a boost for the Green Movement, which should flood seven square kilometers of floodplain landscape on the northern bank of the Danube. The strong protest movement prevented the construction of the power plant in 1984, but initially neither the ALÖ nor the VGÖ were able to benefit from the protest movement. Rather, due to the opening of the ALÖ and the attempt to set up a green collective movement, the ALÖ split into two competing wings. From one of the wings the Green Alternative Collection Movement (GRAS) finally formed in 1986 , in which propenents of the ALW, the excluded Viennese regional association of the VGÖ, the citizens' initiative parliament, the New Austria party and other groups came together.
After Freda Meissner-Blau's success in the federal presidential election in 1986, the break of the SPÖ / FPÖ coalition led to the election of the National Council being brought forward. As a result, the green groups were forced to act, whereupon Freda Meissner-Blau registered the list The Green Alternative - List Freda Meissner-Blau for election and concluded a basic agreement with various green groups. After the historian Andrea Komlosy, who was close to the left wing of the ALW, was elected as the top candidate in Vienna with 222 to 150 votes against Freda Meissner-Blau at the Vienna State Assembly on October 4, 1986 , there was a split because Meissner-Blau chose Komlosy not recognized. Around Meissner-Blau, the party Die Grüne Alternative was founded in September 1986 , which achieved 4.8% in the National Council elections in Austria in 1986 and entered parliament with eight seats. The competing list of GRAS The Green Alternatives - Democratic List (GAL), on the other hand, only achieved 0.7% in Vienna and failed nationwide with 0.1% in making it into parliament.
The way to the Vienna Landtag (1986–1991)
After the election success in the National Council election, in which the Green Alternative in Vienna had risen to the third largest force with 6.1%, the first district groups were formed in the spring of 1987. The majority of these groups, however, were only founded when the state and municipal council elections were brought forward to November 8, 1987. However, top candidate Friedrun Huemer failed with 4.4% of the vote in the state parliament, whereby the alternative list also cost the VGÖ, which achieved 0.8% in the election. However, the Green Alternative managed to move into all 23 district representations, with a total of 55 mandates being won. In the districts of Josefstadt, Mariahilf and Neubau, the Greens were able to win four seats with more than 9% of the vote. From 1988 the Green Alternative campaigned primarily against the planned Vienna-Budapest World Exhibition and against the Freudenau power station. In addition, the Greens directed their political activities against the Spittelau waste incineration plant. Within the party, after the election of a reform board, the party opened up and the statutes were reformed. In addition, the Grün-Alternative Zeitung was published from January 1990 . In the National Council election in Austria in 1990 , the Green Alternative was able to increase its number of seats from 8 to 10 seats, with the party in Vienna achieving its best national result with 7.6%. The Viennese Greens were finally able to repeat this success in the state and municipal council elections in Vienna in 1991 , in which they achieved 9.1% and entered the state parliament with seven members. In addition, the Greens get a seat in the city senate or the state government. In the district council elections that were held at the same time, the Greens almost doubled their mandates and achieved 102 out of 1,082 seats. As a result, employees were hired for the Green Parliamentary Club and the house at Lindengasse 40 was rented as party headquarters.
Stabilization and Growth (1991-2001)
After moving into the Vienna state parliament and municipal council, the Vienna Green Party focused on public transport in 1992 and began collecting signatures to initiate a referendum. The demands included, among other things, the night-time operation of Wiener Linien , shorter intervals, the construction freeze on high-ranking roads and the expansion of the bicycle network . In the course of the campaign, the Greens collected around 75,000 signatures up to 1994, but due to clashes with other votes and elections, the signatures were ultimately never submitted. In 1993, the Greens also raised the issue of excessive costs in the construction of the Vienna subway. The issue accompanied the Greens for several years, which resulted in the uncovering of price fixing and court proceedings. After the resignation of Mayor Helmut Zilk in 1994, his designated successor Michael Häupl entered into a limited cooperation with the Greens for the first time. Since the SPÖ only had 52 out of 100 MPs, Häupl sought to secure his election as mayor against possible opponents from within his own ranks. As a result, Häupl agreed on several projects with the Greens, including the introduction of a continuous night bus operation or the consideration of organic products in the procurement system of the City of Vienna. In return, Häupl was elected mayor with the votes of the SPÖ and the Greens. In 1995, 22 night bus routes were introduced.
In the run-up to the state parliament and municipal council elections in 1996 , the Vienna Greens implemented a structural reform that introduced the function of state spokesman and state manager. The position of country spokesman was subsequently taken over by Thomas Prader , and Michaela Sburny was appointed country manager . In addition, on May 11, 1996, the regional assembly decided on the election program “25 green points for Vienna” and an election manifesto for the regional and local council elections. In the state and municipal council elections in 1996, however, the Greens suffered slight losses for the first time since their first election, with the Greens having to vote in the Liberal Forum (LIF) in particular. With a loss of 1.1%, the Greens even fell behind the LIF, but were able to keep their previous seven mandates with 7.9%.
Internal wing battles and the battle for second place (2001-2005)
After the election of the Greens in the state and municipal council elections in 2001, there was increased fighting within the Viennese Greens. According to newspaper reports, in the course of drawing up the lists for the 2001 election, a rope team was formed around the then party leadership, including the country manager Martin Margulies , country spokeswoman Monika Vana , the country board members David Ellensohn and Claudia Sommer-Smolik, and the chairman of the Vienna regional conference Rüdiger Maresch . They coordinated their elections and then all made the leap to the local council. The group was subsequently referred to in the media as "Fundis", with its proponents attributed to the left wing of the party. They faced the so-called bourgeois “Realos” around club chairman Christoph Chorherr , the non-executive city councilor Maria Vassilakou and councilors such as Sigrid Pilz and Marie Ringler . When the Federal Greens entered into coalition negotiations with the ÖVP after the National Council elections in 2002 , only the Viennese Greens openly spoke out in favor of coalition negotiations. The state party dominated by the “Fundis”, however, fought massively against the coalition negotiations and thus disavowed the canon. In addition, there were internal party threats with motions to vote out. Canon finally withdrew from his position as club chairman in 2004 and brought the previous city councilor Vassilakou, classified as "Realo", as the new club chairwoman. From the left-wing party spectrum, David Ellensohn subsequently moved to the office of the non-executive city council.
The internal list creation of the Greens for the state and municipal council elections in 2005 made headlines in the media after Günter Kenesei did not achieve the necessary two-thirds majority for admission to the state assembly after two periods in the municipal council. Kenesei subsequently switched to the ÖVP, while the former club chairman canon only reached number 8 on the state list. Club chairwoman Vassilakou was elected as the top candidate, followed by the politicians Ellensohn, Vana and Margulies, who were assigned to the “Fundi” camp. The Greens then went into the election campaign with the topics of poverty reduction and basic security, environmental issues and educational issues. In addition, they called for nationwide childcare and a start-up initiative for women's businesses. After the polls forecast the Greens to have a share of just under 20 percent of the vote before the start of the election campaign, the Viennese Greens declared the fight for second place. The Greens were able to gain 2.2% on election day, but clearly missed the fight for second place. While the Greens achieved 14.6%, the ÖVP achieved 18.8%. The FPÖ was also ahead of the Greens in terms of share of the vote, but achieved one less mandate than the Greens, who won three more seats and for the first time had 14 members. In addition, for the first time, the Greens were entitled to two non-executive city councilors. In the district council elections, the Viennese Greens were able to defend their relative majority in new buildings and also won the office of district chairman in Josefstadt. In addition, the Greens also achieved second place in five districts for the first time and thus the office of district chief deputy.
After the state and municipal council elections, the left wing of the party prevailed in the town hall club. So David Ellensohn and Monika Vana were elected to the office of non-senior city councilors, Martin Margulies was able to secure important positions in the committees. In December 2005, the Vienna Greens finally agreed on a structural reform to resolve the internal dispute between the party wings. The state board was expanded to include Vassilakou and Ellensohn as well as the municipal councils Pilz and Margulies. In addition, the party founded a steering team, which, in addition to Vassilakou and Ellensohn, also included state spokesman Albert Steinhauser, state manager Robert Korbei and one representative each from the districts and the state conference.
Junior partner in the city government (since 2010)
In the run-up to the state and municipal council elections in 2010 , online activists launched a call to register with the Greens as supporters and to take part in the list creation. This was presented as the realization of grassroots democracy, but it also caused irritation in the party. By June 2009 around 300 non-party members had registered as supporters - previously only 30 people had held this status. The state party executive finally rejected some applicants, 69 of 182 delegates even voted for a motion that would have deprived the supporters of their participation in the list creation.
After the SPÖ had lost its absolute majority in mandate, it conducted exploratory talks with the ÖVP and the Greens about a coalition. The SPÖ then decided to negotiate coalition with the Greens, which were successfully concluded on November 12, 2010. After the coalition agreement, Maria Vassilakou became deputy mayor and acting city councilor for urban development, transport, climate protection, energy planning and citizen participation, while the previous city councilor David Ellensohn was elected club chairman.
Structure and organs
Membership in the Wiener Grünen
The Wiener Grünen distinguish between three types of members. In addition to the classic members, who are accepted after a written declaration by the state executive committee, there is also the status of relatives or supporters. The relatives are non-members who exercise public mandates for the Vienna Green Party or are delegates in state or federal bodies. The status of a supporter, on the other hand, is open to all persons who declare to the state party that they agree to the principles and the program of the Vienna Greens and want to work with the Greens and participate in decision-making. In turn, the state executive board decides on acceptance as a supporter. While relatives are legally equal to the members, supporters only get the right to vote in the state assembly after four months. In addition, female supporters are excluded, for example, from the right to vote in the event of changes to the statutes and the election of party-internal functions. At the state assembly on November 15, 2010, around 1,500 members and around 450 supporters were eligible to vote.
National Assembly
The highest-ranking body of the Wiener Grünen is the publicly held state assembly, which is convened at least twice a year. The tasks of the state assembly include voting on motions as well as party and election programs with a simple majority. In addition, the state assembly decides on coalition agreements and coalition-like agreements with an absolute majority and on amendments to the statutes with a two-thirds majority.
Furthermore, all central personnel decisions are made within the Wiener Grünen at regional assemblies. In addition to the internal functions such as the financial officer, the state spokesman, the members of the state executive board and the delegates to the state conference, the state assembly also elects the candidates for the state and municipal council elections in Vienna, the federal councilors to be sent and the state or regional candidates for National Council elections. In addition, the state assembly elects the delegates for the bodies of the federal party, the federal congress and the extended federal board.
All members and relatives are entitled to vote in the elections and votes of the national assembly. Supporters, on the other hand, do not have the right to vote in the case of changes to the statutes, voting on coalition agreements, state financial decisions and the active choice of internal party functions.
National conference
The state conference, which meets between the state assemblies - at least twelve times a year - deals with questions of strategic orientation. The tasks of the state conference include political tasks such as developing political strategies, controlling projects or strategies and evaluating the work of the town hall club. In addition, the state conference decides whether to start government negotiations and has to approve the budget with a two-thirds majority.
The delegates to the national conference are elected for two years, whereby the national conference comprises a maximum of 34 delegates. 12 delegates are nominated by the district groups and seven are elected by the state assembly. The regional executive board and the town hall club each send three members, six members are provided by sub-organizations or party-affiliated organizations. In addition, two delegates to the Extended Federal Executive Board, a member of the National Council and the state manager are represented in the state conference.
State Board and State Spokesman
The state executive manages the business of the party and consists of nine people. In addition to the state manager, the state spokesman and the financial officer, the board comprises six people who are elected by the state assembly. The state executive bears the political responsibility for the implementation of the resolutions of the state conference or state assembly and takes care of the public relations work for the projects decided by the state conference. The state board is also the legal representative of the party and determines the recognition or rejection of membership applications. The state spokesman, who is anchored in the state board, is also responsible for the political representation of the party to the outside world, the representation of the party interests in the town hall club with a seat and a vote as well as the active demand and implementation of the political decisions of the state board and the state conference.
Election results
State and municipal council elections
The forerunner party of the Vienna Greens, the Alternative List Vienna (ALW), won 2.5% of the votes in the state and municipal council elections in 1983 and thus clearly failed to enter the state parliament. The ALW achieved its best result in the districts of Mariahilf (4.3%) and Neubau (4.0%). After the founding of the Green Alternative and the party's entry into the National Council, The Green Alternative also stood in the 1987 state and municipal council elections in Vienna. With 4.4%, the newly founded party also failed because of the five percent hurdle for entry into the state parliament and local council. Like the ALW, Die Grüne Alternative achieved its best election results in the western inner city districts, with the three highest shares of votes being achieved in Josefstadt (7.8%), Mariahilf (7.7%) and in Neubau (7.7%) . When they ran for the second time, the Viennese Greens finally managed to secure a place in the Viennese state parliament and municipal council with 9.1% in the 1991 state and municipal council elections . The Greens received seven mandates, whereby they each achieved a basic mandate in the constituencies of Wien Zentrum (districts 1, 4-6) and Inner West (districts 7-9). As in the previous elections, the Greens did best in the districts of Neubau (17.7%), Josefstadt (16.1%) and Mariahilf (14.6%). In addition, the Greens received a seat in the state government or the city council, which allowed Christoph Chorherr to move into the government as a non-executive city councilor.
After the establishment of the Liberal Forum (LIF), which partially addressed similar groups of voters, the Vienna Greens suffered losses for the first time in the 1996 state and municipal council elections . The Viennese Greens lost 1.1% and only achieved 7.9%, which put the Greens just behind the Liberal Forum. Nevertheless, the Greens were able to hold their seven mandates and a city council post, which Friedrun Huemer has now occupied. However, the upward trend was already continued in the 2001 state and municipal council elections , with the Viennese Greens gaining 4.5% and totaling 12.5%. The Greens were able to increase their number of mandates from 7 to 11. In addition to the constituencies center and inner-west, the Viennese Greens also obtained a direct mandate in Leopoldstadt .
In the 2005 state parliament and municipal council elections , the Vienna Greens subsequently targeted second place, but were again fourth. Nevertheless, the Greens were able to increase by 2.2% to 14.6% and the number of MPs from 11 to 14. They were able to obtain two direct mandates each in the constituencies center and inner-west as well as one mandate each in the constituencies Leopoldstadt, Landstrasse and Donaustadt. In addition, the Greens received two seats in the city council and the state government, which were taken by David Ellensohn and Monika Vana . The party again achieved its strongest result in the district of Neubau, where it achieved a majority of 34.7% for the first time in a district in the municipal council election. In contrast, the Greens in the populous suburbs of Simmering, Favoriten, Donaustadt and Floridsdorf remained below the 10% mark.
After the splits in two of the 23 Green district groups, the Vienna Greens were already on the defensive at the beginning of the state and local council elections in 2010 . At 12.6%, they only achieved 11 mandates, which meant a loss of around two percentage points for three mandates. While the Greens had seven direct mandates in 2005, they only achieved four direct mandates in 2010, with one mandate each in the constituencies of Zentrum, Innen-West, Leopoldstadt and Landstrasse. The Greens achieved their strongest result with 29.4% in the Neubau district, and only 6 to 7% in the Simmering, Favoriten, Donaustadt and Floridsdorf districts.
District council elections
When the district council was elected in 1983 , the alternative list had already succeeded in moving into district councils 1 to 10, each with one mandate. While the Green Alternative failed to make it into the state parliament and municipal council with 4.4% in the 1987 state and local council elections, the Greens succeeded in making it into all 23 district councils in the 1987 district council election with a 5.0% share of the votes. The Greens won 55 of 1,082 seats. The Greens achieved their best results in the districts of Josefstadt and Mariahilf (9.7%) and Neubau (9.1%). In Mariahilf and Neubau, the Greens were also able to overtake the FPÖ. In the 1991 district council election, the Greens were able to increase their Vienna-wide share of the vote to 8.8%, while the Greens even achieved 9.1% in the state and municipal council elections. The Greens were able to almost double their number of seats in the district council election to 102 from 1,082 seats. As in the previous election, the Greens achieved their best results in the western inner city districts. The Greens did the strongest with 20.1% in the Neubau district; they achieved their second-best result with 14.7% in Josefstadt. Due to the strong gains made by the FPÖ, the Greens were only able to take third place ahead of the FPÖ in new buildings.
By running the Liberal Forum in the 1996 district council elections , the Vienna Greens suffered a slight setback in district council elections for the first time. The Vienna-wide share of the vote fell from 8.8 to 8.6%, but the Greens were able to hold their 102 seats, even though the total number of seats had risen to 1112 seats. While the Greens lost votes in fourteen districts, they were able to gain votes in nine districts. They suffered losses, especially in the outskirts, whereas the party was able to achieve slight profits in the majority of the inner-city districts. The Greens did again the strongest in new buildings, with a share of the vote of 18.8% here also recording the greatest losses.
After the slight losses in 1996, the Greens were able to make profits again in the 2001 district council elections . After the result of the Greens in the district council elections in 1991 and 1996 was still below the state elections, the Greens were able to outperform the state elections (12.5%) in the 2001 district council elections with 13.3%. The Greens achieved 166 of the 1112 seats and, as the party with the strongest vote in the Neubau district, won a district chairman's post for the first time with 32.6%. In addition, the Greens took third place among the candidate parties in nine districts. In the district council elections in 2005 , the Viennese Greens again clearly exceeded their municipal council result of 14.6% with 15.7% and achieved the right to 204 out of 1112 seats. With a gain of 43.3%, the Greens were able to clearly defend their position as district chairman in Neubau, and with 32.3% they also took first place in Josefstadt for the first time. In addition to the district chairman positions in Neubau and Josefstadt, the Greens also achieved second place for the first time in the districts of Leopoldstadt , Margareten , Mariahilf , Alsergrund and Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus , where the Greens have had a deputy district chairman since 2005.
Thomas Blimlinger has been the district chairman of Neubau , Vienna's 7th district, since 2001 . Heribert Rahdjian was district chairman of Josefstadt , Vienna's 8th district, from 2005 to 2010 . He was no longer nominated for the 2010 election and then founded his own district list, which was able to achieve five mandates. Since then, the position of district head has been held by an ÖVP politician. Since 2015 Silvia Nossek has been the first green district head in Vienna-Währing .
In the repetition of the district council elections in 2015 in Leopoldstadt in September 2016 , the Viennese Greens surprisingly achieved a relative majority. In November 2016, Uschi Lichtenegger took over the position of district head in Leopoldstadt.
National Council elections
When the Greens won the parliamentary elections in 1986 with 4.8%, they achieved the second-best result after Vorarlberg in Vienna with 6.1%. In the following election to the National Council in 1990 , the Greens stagnated across Austria and again achieved 4.8%. In Vienna, on the other hand, the Greens were able to increase their results and achieved the best result in any federal state with 7.6%. In the National Council election in 1994 , too , the Greens in Vienna achieved their best result with 9.8% (7.3% throughout Austria). The heavy losses in the early parliamentary elections in 1995 , however, were again due to significant losses by the Greens in Vienna. While the Greens lost 2.5% and achieved 4.8% across Austria, the Greens in Vienna lost 3.8% and, with 6.0%, only achieved the third best result in the federal states behind Vorarlberg and Tyrol . When the Greens were able to increase to 7.3% again in the 1999 National Council election , there were particularly strong gains in Vienna. The Greens again achieved their best federal state result with 10.3%.
In the 2002 National Council elections , the Greens in Vienna were 15.1%, even more clearly above their nationwide result of 9.4%. The Greens again achieved their best federal state result in Vienna just before Vorarlberg and, with the 7th Viennese district of Neubau, were able to achieve the relative majority in an Austria-wide election in one district for the first time. In the subsequent National Council election in 2006, the Greens in Austria increased their share of the vote to 11.0%. Vienna remained the electoral district of the Greens with 17.4% of the votes. This time, in addition to new buildings, the Greens also achieved a relative majority in the Mariahilf and Josefstadt districts, which means that the Greens also achieved a relative majority in a regional constituency (Vienna Inner-West) for the first time.
In the National Council election in 2008 , the Greens lost 0.6% of their votes across Austria, but were able to achieve their second-best result in National Council elections with 10.4%. One of the reasons for the losses was the clear losses of the Greens in Vienna, where the Greens fell from 17.4% to 16.0%. For the first time since 1995, Vienna lost its status as the state with the best election result, as the Greens in Vorarlberg rose from 16.4% to 17.2%. Nevertheless, the Greens were able to provide a relative majority in five districts of Vienna for the first time and defend the relative majority in the Vienna Inner-West regional constituency. The Alsergrund and Wieden districts were added to the previous majorities in the Neubau, Mariahilf and Josefstadt districts.
The 2017 National Council election ended with a “disastrous” loss of votes and the party being voted out of parliament. In Vienna, the party received 5.9% of the vote after receiving 16.4% in the 2013 election . After the resignation of Ulrike Lunacek and Ingrid Felipe , Vassilakou concluded his own resignation, changing a phrase with "Old brooms sweep well."
people
| Country spokesman | Term of office |
|---|---|
| Thomas Prader | March 31, 1996 to October 4, 1998 |
| Eva Glawischnig | October 4, 1998 to March 5, 2000 |
| Monika Vana | March 5, 2000 to May 12, 2001 |
| Alessandra Kunz | May 12, 2001 to March 17, 2002 |
| Albert Steinhauser | March 17, 2002 to June 16, 2007 |
| Birgit Meinhard-Schiebel | June 16, 2007 to June 21, 2009 |
| Silvia Nossek | June 21, 2009 to June 17, 2012 |
| Georg Prack | June 17, 2012 to November 15, 2015 |
| Joachim Kovacs | from November 15, 2015 |
| Peter Kristofel | since December 1, 2018 |
| Club chairman | Term of office |
|---|---|
| Peter Pilz | 1991 to 1997 |
| Christoph Canon | 1997 to 2004 |
| Maria Vassilakou | 2004 to 2010 |
| David Ellensohn | since 2010 |
| Councilors | Term of office |
|---|---|
| Christoph Canon | 1991 to 1996 |
| Friedrun Huemer | 1996 to 2001 |
| Maria Vassilakou | 2001 to 2004 |
| David Ellensohn | 2004 to 2010 |
| Monika Vana | 2005 to 2010 |
| Maria Vassilakou | 2010 to 2019 |
| Birgit Hebein | since 2019 |
| Country Managing Director | Term of office |
|---|---|
| Michaela Sburny | 1994 to 1997 |
| Martin Margulies | 1997 to 2001 |
| Robert Korbei | from 2001 to 2010 |
| Angela Stoytchev | since 2010 |
literature
- Gerhard Jordan: Chronicle of the Vienna Greens. Political events and campaigns 1986–1999. In: the Political Yearbook of the Wiener Grünen 1999 pp. 91–96 (GA Wien current no. 19b / 99, special issue)
- Othmar Pruckner: A Brief History of the Greens. Überreuter, Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-8000-7124-X
- Franz Schandl: The Greens in Austria. Development and consolidation of a political force. Promedia, Vienna 1996, ISBN 3-85371-103-0
Web links
Footnotes
- ↑ a b Viennese Greens get into position . In: ORF . November 11, 2009
- ↑ wien ORF at / Agencies red: Politics: Hebein elected city councilor. June 26, 2019, accessed June 26, 2019 .
- ↑ wien ORF at / agencies red: Politics: Greens: Hebein now also party leader. June 22, 2019, accessed June 26, 2019 .
- ^ Kurier : Power struggle among the Greens: The return of the Fundis. February 13, 2003
- ↑ Die Presse : A real, worn down after many fights. April 14, 2004
- ^ Der Standard : Left shift at Wiener Grünen: “Fundis” on the advance. January 17, 2005
- ↑ News : The Greens want to create 20 percent for the first time. No. 37, September 15, 2005
- ↑ Der Standard : Green Fundis celebrate their first stage win. November 17, 2005
- ^ Kurier : After an internal dispute: Greens agree on new structures. December 20, 2005
- ↑ Josef Barth: The kiwi plot of the Vienna Greens: Party fears overthrow by the Internet. May 18, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2018 .
- ↑ Primaries are a headache for the Greens. June 12, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2018 .
- ↑ Wiener Grüne: Pre-selection still have a say. In: The Standard . June 22, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2018 .
- ^ National conference. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 22, 2012 ; Retrieved April 23, 2013 .
- ^ Der Standard (Vienna): Uschi Lichtenegger: Familienhelferin takes over the Leopoldstadt , September 18, 2016, accessed on November 28, 2016.
- ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior (PDF; 16.1 MB): The National Council election of October 7, 1990, processed by the Austrian Central Statistical Office. Vienna 1991
- ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior (PDF; 17.8 MB): National Council election of October 9, 1994, processed by the Austrian Central Statistical Office. Vienna 1995
- ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior (PDF; 17.2 MB): National Council election of December 17, 1995, published in cooperation with the Austrian Central Statistical Office. Vienna 1996
- ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior (PDF; 36.7 MB): National Council election of October 3, 1999. Vienna 2002
- ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior National Council election 2002
- ↑ Federal Ministry of the Interior ( Memento from August 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) National Council election 2006
- ^ Federal Ministry of the Interior ( Memento of March 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) National Council election 2008
- ↑ a b The Greens - Crash - Resignations - The End. (No longer available online.) ORF Round Table , October 17, 2017, archived from the original on October 18, 2017 ; Retrieved October 18, 2017 (quotations: 1:50, 3:15). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Vienna: National Council election 2017. Federal Ministry of the Interior , October 18, 2017, accessed on October 18, 2017 .
- ↑ "New brooms sweep well". Wiktionary , accessed October 18, 2017 .
- ^ Kurier: Wiener Grüne: Peter Kristöfel is the new state spokesman . Article dated December 1, 2018, accessed December 2, 2018.
