Digital camera system

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Some components of a digital camera system (from top left to bottom right): portrait lens, telephoto zoom lens, super zoom lens, wide angle lens, standard zoom lens, camera housing with swiveling electronic viewfinder, camera housing with fixed electronic viewfinder, system flash unit, clip-on flash, set of three intermediate rings, mechanical bayonet adapter for other camera systems, polarizing filters , Pinhole lens, macro power zoom lens

Digital camera systems are camera systems in which digital image sensors are used for imaging .

description

For many medium format cameras , SLR cameras and rangefinder cameras that are already widespread in analog photography , there are digital variants in which the lenses and the connection bayonet have remained unchanged or remain compatible with the reduced image circle . In some cases, the camera housings developed for analog photography, which were equipped with a digital camera back , were also retained .

In addition, new, mostly mirrorless digital system cameras have been developed in which the photographer is shown the subject in live view on a monitor or with the help of an electronic viewfinder . Aids for exposure, alignment or focusing of subjects can be displayed in these electronic images by means of augmented reality , such as a histogram with the exposure values, a software magnifying glass for magnifying details, focus peaking to identify sharp object edges, vertical , right-angled or parallel guide lines or automatically recognized faces .

The digital electronics of camera housings can automatically evaluate the measured values ​​from sensors, such as exposure values , camera movements, subject movements, lens focal lengths or object lengths , but also identified subjects and manual specifications from the photographer. This information can be used to control exposure parameters such as white balance , exposure time , f-number , exposure index or exposure correction in order to be able to take the best possible digital image and save it with the help of internal data processing.

In many camera systems, data corresponding to the recording situation can also be transmitted to the camera housing from the lenses for the automatic compensation of geometrical imaging errors such as distortion , edge light drop or lateral color errors .

The metadata belonging to the recordings can be saved together with the compressed image data , for example in EXIF data sets, or together with the uncompressed raw data, for example as a standardized digital negative .

Electrical Interfaces

Bayonet connection on the camera housing side for connecting lenses. The eleven gold-plated contacts are used to transfer energy to the lens and to exchange digital information between the camera body and lens. The rectangular image sensor can be seen in the middle. The red dot is used for orientation when inserting the lens in the correct position into the connection before it is locked in the mechanical bayonet by turning it clockwise.
Three sockets on a digital system camera for various electrical interfaces: for micro- HDMI (type D), for analog ("AV OUT" = composite video ) and digital image transmission ("DIGITAL" = USB with cable adapter) to screens, computers or printers as well a jack socket for cable remote control ("REMOTE") or for an external microphone ("MIC").

The system components usually communicate within the camera system via proprietary interfaces. These include bayonet connections for lenses or accessory shoes for flash units , microphones or video lights, but there are also infrared remote controls or adapters for geotagging , for example .

Many camera systems can also communicate with devices outside the camera system via standardized digital interfaces. For this purpose, especially memory cards , USB ( Universal Serial Bus ), HDMI connections ( High Definition Multimedia Interface ) as well as wireless networks such as wireless local area network (WLAN), Near Field Communication (NFC) and Bluetooth used.

Problems

Consumer advocates point out that the use of mobile apps for cameras with wireless data interfaces can even lead to thieves being able to track down cameras that have been switched off or that in some cases even sensitive data is transmitted to servers on the Internet, which are used for communication between mobile device and camera are not required at all.

System components

Typical system components of digital camera systems are:

Accumulators , bellows devices , battery grips , flash units , receiver for global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) , remote release , camera case , headphones , chargers , microphones , monitors , close-up lenses , tilt sensors , neutral density filters , lenses , polarizing filter , remote applications , memory cards , memory card readers , attachable viewfinder , teleconverter , tele-converter lenses , tethering hardware and software , tilt and shift lenses , reversing adapter for close-ups , underwater housing , Tele compressors , Wireless File transmitter , intermediate rings .

chronology

Extension of existing systems

SLR technology

The first digital camera systems were based on some bayonet connections that were already established in photography with film, so that the lenses that were already available could be used without mechanical adjustments due to the unchanged support dimensions and the requirements for the image circle diameter .

The first digital SLR camera Kodak DCS 100 based on the Nikon F3 35mm camera body

In 1991, Kodak offered the Kodak DCS 100 the first digital SLR camera, which consists of an adapted Nikon F3 with a digital camera back , it had an image resolution of 1.3 megapixels. 1995 led Nikon and Fujifilm with Nikon E2 and E2S and Fujix DS-505 and DS-515 digital cameras for the first time were not based on adaptation and conversion of miniature cameras, but a newly constructed housing with Nikon F mount used. Although the sensor was only 2/3 inch, there was no format factor to consider with these cameras due to a built-in optical system . In 1999, Minolta introduced the Dimage RD-3000 , the first camera with a sensor format that exactly matches the system's image circle. This camera uses a sensor the size of the APS film format (not to be confused with today's sensors, which are called "APS-C" by some manufacturers and are much smaller) and is part of the Minolta Vectis system . In 1999 Nikon demonstrated the basis of its current digital camera system with the Nikon D1 , and a year later Canon followed with its first digital SLR camera, the EOS D30 , to which lenses with the popular Canon EF bayonet could be connected.

Sigma presented its first digital SLR housing Sigma SD9 with the old Sigma-SA bayonet, which had a Foveon-X3 image sensor as a special feature and was also based on the 35mm camera housings that were already offered before. With the Konica Minolta Dynax 7D (2004), Konica Minolta developed the first camera housing with image stabilization , in which the movably mounted image sensor could compensate for camera shake to match the focal length of the lenses of the Minolta A bayonet connection. Minolta had previously offered the MS-C1100 (1992) and RD-175 (1995) with a more experimental focus. In 2006 Sony took over the Minolta-A bayonet, but discontinued the SLR cameras with this connection until 2012 in favor of the 2010 cameras of the SLT series with the same connection and electronic viewfinder.

The first Canon camera body with a full-format image sensor: the EOS-1Ds model with a 50-millimeter standard focal length lens

In 2002 Contax introduced the N digital model, based on an analog camera housing for 35mm film , with a full-format sensor , and in autumn 2002 Canon followed suit with its first single-lens reflex model, the EOS 1Ds, with a full-format sensor.

In 2003, Pentax followed the market development with a digital single lens reflex camera housing, the Pentax * ist D , which used the Pentax K bayonet connection with autofocus functionality (K AF ) known from 35mm photography , but was equipped with an image sensor with a format factor of 1.5, the is smaller than the 35mm film for which the KAF bayonet was developed. Some of these cameras, slightly modified, were offered by Samsung from 2008 onwards.

In 2005, Leica Camera offered a digital back for its analog SLR housings R8 and R9 , which had to be exchanged for the rear wall of the analog cameras in order to upgrade the cameras to digital cameras.

In November 2007, Nikon was the second supplier to offer a camera housing with a full-format sensor with the D3 reflex model .

In 2016 Ricoh finally launched the Pentax K-1, its first digital SLR housing with a full-format sensor, the K AF4 bayonet connector for the first time also allowing electronic aperture control. With the help of integrated position determination , inclination and direction sensors and the movably mounted image sensor, the camera housing can not only implement image stabilization, but also the astro-tracer function. With this function, with long exposure times, the stars that seem to be moving in relation to the horizon can be followed and recorded not as line traces, but as points.

In September 2018, Sigma announced that it would not build any further camera housings for its SA bayonet based on SLR technology.

Mirrorless technology

The first digital rangefinder camera Epson R-D1 with a 50 millimeter lens

In 2005, Epson launched the first digital rangefinder camera, the R-D1 . The camera housing had a Leica M bayonet connection , which Leica itself used with the digital Leica M8 the following year .

At the beginning of 2012, the Pentax K-01 model came onto the market as a mirrorless version of the SLR camera housing with Pentax KAF bayonet .

New developments

SLR technology

The first camera of the Four Thirds Olympus E-1 camera system with a standard zoom lens 14-54 mm f / 2.8-3.5

The first system designed entirely for digital use was the Contax-N system introduced in 2000 . The Contax N digital, which was announced at the beginning, did not come onto the market until 2002. In the Contax-N system, due to the design for full format , cameras for use with 35mm film could also be implemented.

In 2003, Kodak and Olympus presented the first Four Thirds camera system for SLR cameras with a significantly smaller image circle diameter and smaller flange focal length, which was fully developed to meet the requirements of digital image capture and which has half the image sensor diagonal of the full format . In 2004 Panasonic and Sigma also joined this standard. With this standard, lenses were able to transmit information for digital image correction to the camera body for the first time. Panasonic entered this market in 2006 with its first digital four-thirds system camera housing, the Lumix DMC-L1 . This model was similarly offered by Leica under the name Digilux 3 . In 2006, the Olympus E-330 was the first system camera with a foldable and swiveling monitor for taking pictures in live view and taking self-portraits .

Leica started in 2008 with its first digital SLR system S in medium format .

In 2017, the production of Four Thirds components was discontinued, as the mirrorless successor system Mirco Four Thirds had been established since its market launch.

Mirrorless technology

The first camera of the Micro-Four-Thirds Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1 camera system with a standard zoom lens 14-45 mm f / 3.5-5.6

In 2008, Panasonic presented the first Lumix DMC-G1 system camera housing with an electronic viewfinder in the upwardly compatible Micro-Four-Thirds system, which was further developed from the Four Thirds system .

In the following year, Olympus also offered a first mirrorless camera housing, the Pen E-P1, for this system. With the Micro Four Thirds system, individual properties of the lens, such as the characteristics of the chromatic aberration or the distortion , can be transferred to the camera housing, which enables these imaging errors to be automatically compensated for.

In 2010, Ricoh took a completely different approach and developed the GXR camera module system, in which the image sensors were not housed in the camera housing, but rather in the lens modules with different sensor sizes. Samsung announced the first products for its first mirrorless NX system with image sensors in APS-C format. Sony presented the mirrorless camera system Sony NEX with the E-bayonet, which was initially offered with APS-C sensors. With the Lumix DMC-G2 model, Panasonic introduced the first system camera housing with a touch-sensitive screen .

Nikon started in 2011 with image sensors in the one-inch sensor class with the first products of its first digital mirrorless camera system Nikon 1 . In 2017 the production and in 2018 the offer of the components of the Nikon 1 system was discontinued.

In 2012, Ricoh offered a digital mirrorless camera system Q under the Pentax brand , which has a very small screen size. Fujifilm started with the first products of its first digital mirrorless camera system Fujifilm X and Canon with the first viewfinderless products of its first digital mirrorless camera system Canon EOS M , both of which work with image sensors of the APS-C class. The first cameras appeared in which not only a software magnifying glass but also focus peaking can be used to support manual distance setting . Olympus launched the OM-D E-M5, its first system camera housing with an electronic viewfinder. With the NEX-5R model, Sony presented the first system camera that was able to set the distance particularly quickly using a phase comparison measurement on the image sensor during autofocus .

Sony's first mirrorless camera housing with full-format image sensor: alpha 7

Sony's E-System was expanded in 2013 to include the larger full-format FE system, the camera body of which belongs to the Sony alpha 7 series . With the Nikon 1 AW1 model, Nikon presented a waterproof system camera housing that can be combined with two corresponding, also waterproof Nikkor lenses.

In 2014, Leica Camera offered its first digital mirrorless camera system in APS-C format Leica T and in 2015 announced its first mirrorless camera system Leica SL in full format and with L-bayonet , which is compatible with the smaller Leica T system. With the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH4 camera housing , high-resolution video recording in 4K video mode with digital system cameras was introduced.

2015 brought Olympus with the model OM-D E-M5 Mark II a camera housing on the market, wherein the movably mounted actually for the image stabilization image sensor can be slightly shifted in a plurality of successive individual images of a stationary object (pixel shift) , a resulting compile a higher resolution overall recording. In the same year, the Sony A7 II and the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX8 were presented, the first camera housings in which image stabilization in the camera housing can be combined with image stabilization in lenses. At Sony, the various axes to be stabilized are automatically divided between the lens and camera body, whereas at Panasonic ("Dual-IS") and, since 2016, at Olympus ("Sync-IS"), all existing stabilizers are even synchronized.

Front view of the Inspire 1 Pro Zenmuse X5 quadrocopter from DJI Innovations with system camera

From DJI was with the models Zenmuse X5, X5R and Yuneec with the model CGO4 ( drones also introduced in 2015) with integrated mirrorless system camera bodies. At the end of 2015, Samsung announced that sales of the NX system introduced in 2010 would be discontinued in Germany.

In 2016, the Swedish company Hasselblad introduced the first mirrorless camera system with autofocus lenses that uses an image sensor that is larger than the 35mm format . The image sensor with an aspect ratio of 4 to 3 has an image diagonal of 54.78 millimeters, the normal focal length of the X system is accordingly around 64 millimeters. At the photokina trade fair , Fujifilm also presented its GFX system with the Fujifilm G bayonet, a new mirrorless camera system in medium format, in mid-September . With the sd Quattro model series, Sigma presented a mirrorless version of its system camera housing, which is compatible with the Sigma SA bayonet from the era of analog SLR photography and uses the same flange focal length . The Olympus OM-D E-M1 II model enables the recording of up to 18 raw data recordings per second with automatic focus tracking. This model, as well as the previous Olympus OM-D E-M1 model and the Lumix DMC-GX80 camera housing from Panasonic with updated firmware, support automatic focus stacking in the camera.

The Panasonic Lumix DC-GH5 camera housing can record ultra-high-resolution videos with up to 60 full frames per second

At the end of March 2017, Panasonic introduced the GH5, a weatherproof camera housing, which allows unlimited Ultra HD recordings with 60 full frames per second, video recordings with a data rate of up to 400 megabits per second and a color subsampling of 4: 2: 2 10 bit color depth and full HD recordings with up to 180 frames per second. It is also the first model with a 6k photo mode, with which up to 30 18- megapixel images can be recorded per second. In addition, camera housings came onto the market in which a continuous viewfinder image can be displayed even when taking series pictures . The frame rate with automatic focus tracking and electronic shutter meanwhile reached 20 frames per second.

At the beginning of 2018, the Panasonic Lumix DC-GH5S camera housing was launched , with its multi-aspect image sensor, including unlimited recordings in cinema 4K format (aspect ratio 17: 9) at frame rates of up to 60 frames per second and with a 4: 2: 2 color subsampling can be done. After production and supply for the Nikon 1 camera system with the 1-inch image sensor format had been discontinued, in August Nikon announced the Nikon Z mirrorless camera system with full-format image sensors and the Z-bayonet with a comparatively large diameter and a short focal length. Shortly thereafter, Canon announced the expansion of its EOS camera system to include a mirrorless version with full-format image sensors called the Canon EOS R and with the Canon RF bayonet .

The companies Leica Camera , Panasonic and Sigma announced the L-bayonet alliance in September 2018 , in which since 2019 all three manufacturers have offered compatible camera bodies and lenses in full format (Panasonic Lumix DC-S1, -S1R and -S1H, Sigma fp and Leica SL and SL2). The Panasonic models have stabilized image sensors and are the first systems with full-format image sensors to support image stabilization synchronized with the image stabilizers of the corresponding lenses and can record 4K videos with a frame rate of 60 frames per second. In autumn 2019, Nikon expanded its Z system with the Z 50 camera housing and two corresponding zoom lenses to include a variant with an identical Z bayonet and a smaller image sensor in DX format .

Distinguishing features

A basic distinction can be made as to whether it is a reflex system with an optical viewfinder, a system with a fixed, partially transparent mirror with an optional electronic viewfinder, or a mirrorless system with an optional optical or electronic viewfinder. Due to the mechanical design of these systems differ in the flange .

Image formats

Utilization of the image circle (blue) for different image aspect ratios (16: 9 (green), 3: 2 (orange), 4: 3 (blue)) with the same image diagonal. The pixels in the corners of the multi-aspect image sensor outside the image circle (the gray circle corresponds to the image sensor diagonal) are usually not used.

Further distinguishing features result from the size and the aspect ratio of the image sensor. The image diagonal must be at least as large as the image circle diameter of the associated lenses. Most digital camera systems work with image sensors with a rectangular aspect ratio of 3: 2 (as with the 35mm format ), but there are also some with an aspect ratio of 4: 3. In many systems, the firmware can also be used to set a different aspect ratio with a correspondingly reduced image diagonal by trimming the image edges . With the help of multi-aspect image sensors, which are slightly larger than the image circle specified for the camera system , various aspect ratios can be selected by reading out the image sensor areas in a variable manner, without changing the image diagonal. The normal focal length and the format factor of the system then result from the effective image diagonal .

Image sensor size class Normal focal length Format factor Aspect ratio
Nikon 1 18.5 mm 2.7 3: 2
Micro Four Thirds 25 mm 2.0 4: 3, multi-aspect
APS-C 31-33 mm 1.5-1.6 3: 2
Full format 50 mm 1.0 3: 2
Medium format ≈63 mm ≈0.8 4: 3 (Fujifilm GFX / Hasselblad X)
3: 2 (Leica S)

Lenses

The number, type, equipment and compatibility of lenses is different for the various commercially available camera systems. In addition to the image angles , which are determined by the focal length and the image size, a distinction can be made between fixed focal lengths and zoom lenses or between bright and faint lenses and between lenses with and without an autofocus function. There are also lenses for specific purposes that are weatherproof, equipped with an image stabilizer or a motorized zoom , or suitable for close-ups ( macro lens ) or for extremely large angles of view ( fisheye lens ).

If a certain camera system has a smaller flange focal length than another, lenses of the other camera system can be adjusted with the help of a lens adapter that compensates for the difference in flange focal length. With telecompressors , lenses with a large image circle can be adapted to smaller image circles while maintaining the angle of view.

Comparison of different image sizes

The relationship between image size and image width in a real image with a converging lens with constant opening width and constant image angle

In the camera systems to be compared, equivalent focal lengths generate images with the same angle of view , and they depend on the image circle diameter and thus on the image sensor diagonal . The normal focal length creates an image with an angle of view of around 47 °, and it is around 16 percent larger than the respective image circle diameter used. Shorter focal lengths produce wide-angle pictures with a larger field of view and longer focal lengths produce telescopic pictures with a smaller field of view.

With the same aperture width and the same angle of view , all camera systems have the same depth of field and the same relative diffraction blur . This means that the equivalent f-number is smaller or larger to the same extent as the equivalent focal length.

Under these conditions, the same luminous flux results in the lens and the smaller the image sensor area, the greater the equivalent illuminance in the image plane. At the same time , the equivalent photometric light intensity in the image plane is smaller because of the smaller image distance and the thus larger solid angle that is captured by the larger image-side opening angle of the objective . The image sensor therefore results in the same luminance and thus the same exposure value for all camera systems for the recordings .

With a smaller equivalent f-number, the photographic image must be recorded with the same exposure index (ISO light sensitivity) with a shorter equivalent exposure time or with the same exposure time with a smaller equivalent exposure index and vice versa. With an equivalent exposure index, the subject-related motion blur and the camera-related blurring of the images are therefore the same. Furthermore, there is also the same required guide number for flash exposures .

The following table shows an example of some equivalent image parameters for some common digital image sensor formats in which the photographic image composition is identical: It also specifies how long the image plane must be shifted out of the focal plane in order to focus on an object within one meter of object distance at normal focal length .

Image sensor
size class 		Focal length with
wide-angle recording
(diagonal
angle of view ≈ 75 °) 		Focal length with
normal angle recording
(diagonal image
angle ≈ 47 °) 		Focal length for
telephoto
(diagonal
angle of view ≈ 29 °) 		F-number with the
same depth of field
and the same relative
diffraction blur 		Exposure index
(ISO value) with the same
depth of field, diffraction
and motion blur 		Travel in the image space in mm
when focusing
from infinity to
one meter in the object space
Nikon 1 10 mm 18.5 mm 31 mm 1.7 100 0.33
Micro Four Thirds 14 mm 25 mm 42.5 mm 2.4 200 0.64
APS-C 18 mm 33 mm 57 mm 3.2 400 1.1
Full format 28 mm 50 mm 85 mm 4.8 800 2.6
Medium format 36 mm 63 mm 108 mm 5.6 1440 4.1

The greater the travel for focusing, the more energy and time is required for the mechanical displacement of the optical components in the image space. At the same time, however, the precision of focusing required for a maximum focusing error is lower with larger image sensors.

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