Double center
A dual center in spatial planning is the combination of two central locations due to their geographical proximity, whereby the administrative independence - in contrast to a city merger - was preserved. However, the term dual center is only used in the state and regional planning of a few states in Germany (predominantly Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate ). The state development program of Bavaria knows the umbrella term the multiple center , which can also consist of more than two locations.
Dual centers in Germany
In Germany there are a number of - partially transnational - dual centers.
- Böblingen - Sindelfingen (Baden-Wuerttemberg)
- Lörrach - Weil am Rhein (as suburbs of the Swiss city of Basel in Baden-Württemberg)
- Mannheim - Ludwigshafen am Rhein (Baden-Württemberg / Rhineland-Palatinate )
- Ravensburg - Weingarten (Baden-Wuerttemberg)
- Reutlingen - Tübingen (Baden-Wuerttemberg)
- Ulm - Neu-Ulm (Baden-Württemberg / Bavaria)
- Diez - Limburg an der Lahn (Rhineland-Palatinate / Hesse )
- Mainz - Wiesbaden (Rhineland-Palatinate / Hesse)
- Saalfeld / Saale - Rudolstadt ( Thuringia ; most recently together with Bad Blankenburg tripolar center)
- Suhl - Zella-Mehlis (Thuringia)
As part of regional reforms , closely neighboring cities were united into one city, which is therefore not referred to as dual centers, but has a strong "dual center character":
- Bietigheim-Bissingen (Baden-Wuerttemberg)
- Castrop-Rauxel ( North Rhine-Westphalia )
- Garmisch-Partenkirchen ( Bavaria )
- Rheda-Wiedenbrück (North Rhine-Westphalia)
- Villingen-Schwenningen (Baden-Wuerttemberg)
- Ribnitz-Damgarten (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania)
- Bitterfeld-Wolfen (Saxony-Anhalt)
- Dessau-Roßlau (Saxony-Anhalt)
- Zeulenroda-Triebes (Thuringia)
Real former dual centers can also be hidden behind some merged cities without hyphenated names (all in North Rhine-Westphalia ):
- Bergisch Gladbach ( Bergisch Gladbach - Bensberg )
- Duisburg ( Duisburg - Hamborn , 1929–35 Duisburg-Hamborn )
- Gelsenkirchen ( Gelsenkirchen - Buer , 1928–1930 Gelsenkirchen-Buer)
- Herne ( Herne - Wanne-Eickel )
- Mönchengladbach ( Mönchengladbach - Rheydt )
- Wuppertal ( Elberfeld - Barmen , 1929–1930 Barmen-Elberfeld)
Multiple centers in Bavaria
In Bavaria, double, triple and quadruple centers are referred to as multiple centers. According to the state development program 2018, there are multiple centers consisting of more than two locations:
- the district town of Altötting and the towns of Neuötting and Burghausen form a regional center,
- the large district town of Deggendorf and the town of Plattling form a regional center,
- the large district town of Dillingen on the Danube and the city of Lauingen (Danube) form a regional center,
- the large district town of Günzburg and the city of Leipheim form a regional center,
- the large district town of Marktredwitz and the district town of Wunsiedel form an upper center,
- the district town of Mühldorf am Inn and the town of Waldkraiburg form a regional center,
- the large district town of Selb and the town of Aš in the Czech Republic form a regional center,
- the cities of Waldsassen and Cheb in the Czech Republic form a regional center,
- the three independent cities of Nuremberg , Fürth and Erlangen and the independent city of Schwabach form a metropolis , the core of the planning region and the European metropolitan region of Nuremberg ,
- the four medium-sized centers Tegernsee (city), Rottach-Egern (municipality), Bad Wiessee (municipality) and Gmund am Tegernsee (municipality) in the Miesbach district , part of the Oberland planning region ,
- the three medium- sized centers and towns of Burglengenfeld , Maxhütte-Haidhof and Teublitz in the Schwandorf district , part of the Upper Palatinate North planning region ,
- the three medium- sized centers and district towns Eschenbach in the Upper Palatinate , Grafenwöhr and Pressath in the Neustadt an der Waldnaab district , also part of the Upper Palatinate North planning region ,
- the three medium- sized centers Obernburg am Main (city), Elsenfeld (market) and Erlenbach am Main (city) in the Miltenberg district , part of the Bavarian Lower Main planning region .
Metropolitan regions in Germany
In addition, there are regions in Germany with economic ties between more than two cities, some of which extend over several countries:
- Metropolitan Region Nuremberg ( Nuremberg - Fürth - Erlangen - Schwabach , Bavaria)
- Rhine-Neckar metropolitan region (Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse)
-
Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region (North Rhine-Westphalia)
- Ruhr area (part of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region)
- Rhine-Main area (Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate, Bavaria)
Norms and standards
- VwV Regional Plans - Administrative regulation on the preparation of regional plans and the use of plan symbols (Baden-Württemberg)