Doria

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Family coat of arms

The Doria are a patrician family of the Republic of Genoa , one of the most important families of the Italian nobility . Branches of the family still exist today.

From the beginning of the 12th century, the wealthy merchant family acquired property on the Gulf of Genoa, founded castles and towns in northern Sardinia and took over rulers in Piedmont in the 13th century. In Genoa itself they were the leading family in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Dorias often commanded the Genoese fleet in armed conflicts with the arch-rival Republic of Venice . In the battles between emperors and popes (party names: Guelphs against Ghibellines ) they sided with the imperial, Ghibelline side. They built and lived in numerous palaces in Genoa.

The admiral Andrea Doria , unofficial ruler in Genoa, was enfeoffed in 1531 by Emperor Charles V with the principality of Melfi in southern Italy, where he and his descendants bought other rulers; the princes of Melfi also inherited the property of the Pamphilij family in Rome and in the Papal States in 1760 . From 1613 to 1806, another line in the Kingdom of Naples ruled over the Principality of Angri . Branches of the family still exist today.

Origins

San Matteo , Genoa
Palazzo di Branca Doria in Piazza San Matteo

The Doria owned an insula in the old town of Genoa , a quarter they ruled near the Cathedral of Genoa , around the Piazza San Matteo . In the Middle Ages, the family's houses stood around this square and the Gothic Palazzo di Branca Doria from 1276 is still located there today, as well as the family's house church, San Matteo . It was donated in 1125 by Martin Doria, who became a Benedictine monk as a widower and entered the Abbey of San Fruttuoso . The current building dates from 1278.

According to a later document kept in this church, the Doria are documented to begin in 941. The first secured family member, however, is Ansaldo , born shortly after 1100 , son of a Zenoaldo (or Genoaldo) and a Sofia di Ugo Embriaco, who owned real estate in the aforementioned quarter. According to another source, an earlier Ansaldo , who lived in 1044, married an Auria , daughter of a Morino , and sealed it in 1085. Another frequently quoted but lost document from 1109 to 1110 mentions "Martin and Genoaldo, sons of Aurie" . In any case, the name is evidently derived from d'Auria or d'Oria , meaning children of Oria . Medieval chroniclers referred to the family members as illi de Auria .

It was probably a wealthy merchant family who invested in inner-city property. A much later legend, which should ascribe a more feudal origin to the family, had an Arduin of Narbonne of the Arduine family , Margraves of Turin, stop in Genoa on the way to the First Crusade in 1096 and visit the house of Corrado Della Volta (ancestor of the later Genoese princely house of Cattaneo) fall in love with his daughter Orietta (or Oria), they marry and father a son with her.

Castelsardo , Sardinia, with the Castello dei Doria

In any case, the descendants multiplied strongly and there should have been 40 branches of the family in the Middle Ages; in the 12th and 13th centuries they were the leading family of the Republic of Genoa . In 1284, 250 male Doria are said to have participated in the sea ​​battle at Meloria . The family belonged to the patriciate , traded, provided generals and politicians of the republic and played a prominent role in the Albergo dei Nobili , the association of leading families. In particular, the Doria were careful to invest their assets outside the city republic, especially in imperial fiefs on the Riviera di Ponente around the Gulf of Genoa, and later also in southern Piedmont and Sardinia . There they fought together with the Malaspina against the Pisans for supremacy. Already at the beginning of the 12th century they had Alghero under their control, which they surrounded with a city wall, in 1102 they founded Castelsardo (then Castel Genovese), followed by Giave , Monteleone Rocca Doria (ruins of the Doria castle) and the Castello di Casteldoria ( Ruin) in Santa Maria Coghinas . In 1259 they shared the Torres judiciary with the Malaspina and Spinola .

As supporters of the Ghibelline party, the Doria were allied with the Spinola , while the Guelfish -minded Grimaldi and Fieschi were among their opponents, which of course did not prevent these four most powerful families in the republic from marrying one another.

Doria's possessions

The Doria family owned manors in different parts of Italy:

Montaldeo , the castle from 1531 until today owned by the Doria, Marchesi di Montaldeo line

Known family members

Castello Doria via Portovenere
  • Oberto (1230–1295) made a successful campaign against Candia in 1266 and later two naval wars against Venice , destroyed the naval power of Pisa by the victory at Meloria on August 6, 1284 and raised the Genoese naval power at the first of its time. He ruled the state with the Spinola without restriction. In 1270 he acquired the margravate Dolceacqua .
  • Branca (c. 1233–1325), builder of the Palazzo Branca Doria in Piazza San Matteo , is mentioned in Dante's Divine Comedy (XXXIII. Song of the Circle of Hell).
  • Lamba (1245–1323), Oberto's brother, completely defeated thesuperior naval power of the Venetians under Andrea Dandolo on September 8, 1298 in the naval battle of Curzola , but with great losses of their own. One of his prisoners was Marco Polo , whodictatedhis travelogue “ Il Milione ” toa fellow inmate. Lamba's descendants, the Marchesi Doria Lamba and Doria Colonna still exist today.
  • Valentina , daughter of Bernabo, married Stefano Visconti in 1318 . Her four sons shared rule over Milan and its Lombard provinces.
  • Filippo , undertook a devastating campaign against the Venetian coast in 1350. Later sent out with 15 galleys to conquer the Aragonese places in Sardinia , he found them too strong, therefore sailed to Tripoli , conquered this city and sold it to a Muslim prince for 50,000 gold doubloons . He then won several victories against the Aragonese in Sardinia.
  • Luciano , received the supreme command of the Genoese fleet in the Chioggia war against the Venetians in 1379 , conquered the port of Zara (Croatian: Zadar ) and defeated the famous naval hero Vettor Pisani on May 7th. A second victory at the sea near Pola (Croatian Pula ) cost him his life.
  • Ceva , made a name for himself in the unrest that shook Genoa towards the end of the 14th century and helped Genoa to submit to the patronage of France . When the French were driven out in 1409 and the Milanese were recognized as overlords, the Doria and Fieschi rose to liberate their homeland, whereupon Ceva and other patricians came to head the government.
Andrea Doria , painting by Sebastiano del Piombo (ca.1526)
  • Andrea (1466–1560), Prince of Melfi. Andrea, who rosefrom condottiere to Genoese admiral, is considered the most important member of his family. He fought against the Ottomans and North African pirates and repeatedly switched sides in the quest for France and the Holy Roman Empire to dominate Genoa in order to secure the independence of his hometown. He restored the republic under imperial protection, reformed the constitution, overcame tensions between the Ghibellines and Guelphs and laid the foundations for an aristocratic form of government. Although never elected Doge, he was the de facto lord of the city. In 1530 he was enfeoffed by Emperor Charles V with large estates in southern Italy (Basilicata and Apulia).
  • Gianettino , nephew of Andrea, was appointed by him as deputy to the sea and as heir. But through arrogance and arrogance he embittered the citizens and the nobility of Genoa so much that Giovanni Luigi Fiesco, Count of Lavagna, instigated a conspiracy against the Doria, which broke out on January 2, 1547, and in which Gianettino was murdered.
  • Giovanni Andrea Doria , son of Gianettino and, after his death, the adopted son of Andrea, took over the supreme command of theGenoese fleetin Spanish service in1556and overcame the terrible pirate Dragut , commanded the Spanish siege army off Tripoli in 1560, won a naval battle near Corsica in 1564, fought in 1570 the command of the Spanish fleet, which was sent to the Venetians against the Turks for relief from Cyprus , but caused the island to be lost by deliberately delaying its arrival. He also took part in the naval battle of Lepanto not very gloriously. He died in 1606 . Numerous lines of Doria descend from his son Andrea, such as the Doria Pamphilj Landi , prince of Melfi , in Rome , the Doria Angri , prince of Angri , in Naples and the Doria Lamba in Genoa.

In 1576 the Doria received the Marquisate of Civiez and the County of Cavallamonte, 1594 the Duchy of Tursi, 1607 the Principality of Avella , 1613 the Duchy of Avigliano , and 1671 the Principality of Meldola . In 1760 they were given the title of Imperial Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, in connection with the Torriglia reign and the Marquisate of Borgo San Stefano. They also inherited the property of the Landi family .

The Genoese Giovanni Andrea III. Doria Landi married Anna Pamphilij von Gubbio in 1671 , the heiress of the famous Palazzo Doria-Pamphilj in Rome and large estates. The Roman branch of the Pamphilj family died out in 1760 with Girolamo Pamphilj. In 1763 Prince Andrea IV. Doria therefore adopted the name Doria – Pamphilj – Landi . This line also expired in 2000 with Donna Orietta, the only daughter of Prince Filippo Doria Pamphilj Landi; The Palazzo Doria-Pamphilj in Rome, together with its famous art collection, and the villa of Andrea Doria in Genoa were inherited by their adopted children Jonathan and Gesine, who they still own today.

The princes of Melfi

The Castello di Melfi in Basilicata (owned by the family until 1950)
  • Andrea I. Doria (1466-1560), Principe di Melfi (1531-1535), Marchese di Tursi, came from the line of Doria di Oneglia ; ⚭ Peretta Usodimare, daughter of Gherardo and Theodoina Cybo, daughter of Pope Innocent VIII.
  • Marcantonio del Carretto (1513–1578), son of Alfonso I del Carretto, Marchese di Noli, and Peretta Usodimare, adopted by Andrea Doria (his mother's second husband) in 1528, Principe di Melfi in 1535, Imperial Prince 1553
  • Zenobia del Carretto (1541–1590), her daughter, Principessa di Melfi; ⚭ 1558
  • Giovanni Andrea I. Doria (1539-1606), 1578 Principe di Melfi
  • Andrea II. Doria (1570-1612), her son, 3rd Principe di Melfi; ⚭ Giovanna Colonna († 1620), daughter of Fabrizio Colonna, Prince of Paliano
  • Giovanni Andrea Doria (1606–1618), their son, Principe di Melfi under the tutelage of his mother
  • Pagano Giovanni Andrea II. Doria (1608–1679), his brother, Principe di Melfi
  • Andrea III. Doria-Landi. (1628–1654), his son, Principe di Melfi
  • Giovanni Andrea III. Doria-Landi (1653–1737), his son, Principe di Melfi
  • Giovanni Andrea IV. Doria-Landi, from 1760 Doria-Pamphili-Landi (1705–1764), his son, 1760 Imperial Prince, Principe di Melfi
  • Giorgio Andrea IV. Doria-Pamphili-Landi (1744–1807), his son, Imperial Prince, Principe di Melfi
  • Luigi (Giovanni Andrea) Doria-Pamphili-Landi (1779–1829 / 38), his son, Imperial Prince, Principe di Melfi
  • Andrea Doria-Pamphili-Landi (1810–1836), his son, possibly Imperial Prince and Principe di Melfi, depending on the date of his father's death
  • Filippo Doria-Pamphili-Landi (1813–1876), his brother, Imperial Prince, Principe di Melfi
  • Giovanni Andrea VI. Doria-Pamphili-Landi (1843–1890), his son, Imperial Prince, Principe di Melfi
  • Alfonso Doria-Pamphili-Landi (1851–1914), his brother, Imperial Prince, Principe di Melfi
  • Filippo II. Andrea (1886–1958), his son, Imperial Prince, Principe di Melfi
  • Orietta Emilia Maria (1922–2000), his daughter, Imperial Duchess, Principessa di Melfi; ⚭ Frank George Pogson (1923–1998)

Other family members

Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria ( Peter Paul Rubens 1606)

Other bearers of the name Doria

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Doria Ansaldo , Dictionnaire Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 41 (1992)
  2. ↑ A note from the 18th century, which refers to (no longer existing) documents from the second half of the 13th century.

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