Pickling

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Falconer with golden eagle

Hawking or falconry is called the hunt with the help of a bird of prey or falcon on wild game in its natural habitat. In addition to the actual hunt, the art of falconry also includes training and caring for the respective birds. Feathered and haired game are targets of the hunt. Despite the name, are used in falconry and falconry birds of prey such as Bonelli's and Sperber used. Apart from hunting, techniques from falconry are also used for training birds of prey, owls and falcons for show presentations.

Falconry was 2010 by the UNESCO for several countries in the global Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in accordance with the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage opened, in the Mongolia , Korea , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , Syria , Morocco , Spain , France , Belgium and the Czech Republic , 2012 also for Austria and Hungary and since 2016 also for Germany , where it was already on the national list from 2014.

Buzzard approaching a falconer (2005)

history

Emergence

Falconry (from Middle High German  pickling , bite . Make ', let bite.'; S a Persian Baaz , Falcon ') was probably created about 3,500 years ago in Central Asia . It was a useful form of hunting for the uncovered steppe.

Central Asia

The hunt was intensively cultivated in an area that stretches from today's Turkey to China. Marco Polo , who is believed to have been at the court of Kublai Khan in the 13th century , reported that the latter set off with 10,000 falconers to hunt wolf, fox and hare in the plains of his empire. Even if this number is probably exaggerated, the court of the Mongol rulers actually included a very large number of falconers.

The stain with the golden eagle on horseback is a type of hunting of Central Asian peoples. Since the female eagles are larger and stronger than the males, they are preferred as birds of prey. Kyrgyz and Kazakh falconers prefer golden eagles from the Southern Urals, as they can also be used for wolf hunting because of their size .

The golden eagle grabs the wolf's spine with one foot. When the wolf turns its head to bite the bird, the eagle grabs its snout with the other foot and can thus immobilize the wolf. The eagle holds it down until the hunter comes and kills the animal. The eagle has to act very skillfully and quickly, because too slow or incorrect grasping can lead to the wolf catching the eagle's foot and winning the fight. Each claw foot of the eagle can grab with a considerable amount of force, which enables the bird to reach through the skull with its claws into the head.

Ancient space

It is unclear whether ancient Egyptians practiced the scavenger hunt. A burial site with embalmed falcons was discovered in Abydos . The falcon mummies are wrapped in linen and lay in large, oval clay sarcophagi, some of them with masks decorated with gold. Intact falcon eggs have also been found. The supreme deity in Egypt was Horus , the falcon. An Assyrian relief in the ruins of Khorsabad from the end of the 8th century BC. BC possibly shows falconry, i.e. a falconer with a falcon on his fist.

In the 4th century BC Then Aristotle mentioned falconry among the Thracians and Indians .

Pickling birds or their precursors were probably described in the Odyssey with the words:

"" Sharp-clawed vultures and hawks, which the farmer
their young stolen before they fledged ""

Around AD 79, Pliny describes in his Naturalis historia hunting among the Thracians, while the Romans apparently did not yet practice it. They still caught birds with throwing sticks , blow nets or liming rods .

Europe

Manessian song manuscript , fol. 7r, Konradin von Hohenstaufen on a falcon hunt, accompanied by hunting dogs

The Teutons became known for hunting during the period of the 2nd to 4th centuries AD through the mediation of the Sarmatians , in the course of the eastern expansion of the Goths . The Teutons conveyed their knowledge to the Celts . Only the son of the Roman emperor Avitus from the Celtic tribe of the Arverni is said to have introduced the falcon pickle in Rome. Avitus had brought the king of the Visigoths Theodoric I to ally against the Huns , against whom they fought in the battle of the Catalaunian fields in 451 . Avitus was Emperor of the West from 455 to 456. In 506 hunting was forbidden at the Synod of Agde in Gaul.

The Vandals brought them to Spain during the migration and introduced them to the peoples of the western Mediterranean coast of North Africa . A female, fully grown hawk was found in Quedlinburg as a grave goods for the 6th century . This is seen as a testimony to the practice of pickling among the Teutons. It soon enjoyed great popularity among the Germanic tribes and is due to Germanic tribal rights of the Franks in the Lex Salica (507-511) with penalties for the theft of birds of prey and the Lex Ribuaria (613-625), the Lombards in the Edictum Rothari (643 ), the Bavaria in the Lex Baiuvariorum and the Burgundians in the Lex Burgundionum attests.

High medieval bloom

Friedrich II. (1194–1250) with a hunting falcon ( Falkenbuch )
Falconry still plays an important role in the United Arab Emirates today: Arabs with falcons

The popularity of pickling seems to have declined sharply in Europe since Carolingian times, it was only in the context of new contacts to the East as a result of the Crusades that it experienced a new heyday in the High Middle Ages and developed into a privilege and status symbol of the nobility.

The techniques were considerably refined through the exchange of experiences with Arab falconers. Emperor Frederick II , who had easy access to Arabic expertise in this field in Sicily, introduced the falcon hood, for example, which was previously unknown in Europe. His falcon book De arte venandi cum avibus (literally 'On the art of hunting with birds', later also On the art of pickling ) was the first treatise of its kind in European literature. For Frederick II, falconry was an ideal preparatory exercise for leading people because of the combination of willpower and care required. For him, the ideal falconer was the ideal ruler. Frederick II was able to base his findings not only on Arabic sources, but also on years of personal observation of the animals dealt with in his book.

From the 13th to the 15th centuries, important German-language works on pickling were also created.

absolutism

In Europe, this prestigious form of hunting had a new high phase in absolutism . It was costly and required a large number of trained personnel. A large corps of falconers was a sign of wealth and power.

In the 16th century the art of hawking and training developed in Brabant as well . Valkenswaard was part of the peregrine falcon route and became the main center of falconry. The Valkenswaarder falconers offered their trained birds to all European royal houses.

In the 18th century, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Brandenburg-Ansbach ran one of the largest falconry centers in Europe with 51 employees on his country estate in Triesdorf near Ansbach. In 1756 he commissioned the dean and rector of the Gunzenhausen Latin School Johann Erhard Pacius to translate Frederick II's falcon book under the title Von der Kunst zu beizen ; the latter carried out the “order”, but had to exchange ideas with the Flemish falconers at the court for the technical terminology of the pickling hunt. After the DFO  revived falconry in Germany in 1923, Pacius' word lists were partially adopted. This is how Flemish expressions came into the technical language of modern German falconry.

Modern times

Falkenbeize in Xanten (October 1960)

Due to changes in the landscape and the spread of the gun , falconry became less and less practiced. In the 19th century it decreased considerably. Since then, it has mostly been carried out on a part-time basis.

21st century

Since the beginning of the 21st century, people in the Netherlands, France and Germany, among others, began to train large birds of prey such as golden eagles or bald eagles to fetch drones from hobby pilots if they appeared in forbidden airspaces and possibly as a threat from terrorism were perceived. However, it is still uncertain whether this project will actually be used successfully.

Pickling birds

Siberian eagle owl ( Bubo bubo sibiricus )

Even if other species are often used for falconry shows, the hunt is mostly carried out with the following species. In principle, the individual species can only be trained for prey similar to that which is also hunted in nature. So let peregrine not rabbit train or other bottom dwellers, but only on flying prey. However, the size of the animals hunted in falconry can far exceed the size of the natural prey. In the wild, golden eagles do not hunt wolves, but they are used to hunt them (as described above), whereby the eagle usually does not kill the wolf, only binds it. The different uses of the individual sexes with regard to the respective hunted prey is based on the size difference ( sex dimorphism ) between males and females (e.g. goshawks or peregrine falcons).

Falconers in Germany are only allowed to keep a maximum of two specimens of a native species.

The individual types:

  • Falconry :
    • Gyrfalcon ( Falco rusticolus ): Can also be used as a universal hunter for hunting rabbits, but mainly game such as pheasants, partridges and red grouse, which are their main prey in nature.
    • Lanner falcon ( Falco biarmicus ): Suitable for partridge and pheasant hunt.
    • Saker falcon ( Falco cherrug ): Used in Europe to hunt partridges, pheasants, crows and ducks. In Asia, this falcon is used to hunt collar busters .
    • Merlin (Falco columbarius), for example, is used in England to hunt larks , but this is prohibited in Germany. In addition, this falcon is very popular with the Central European nobility.
    • Peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus ): Used for hunting birds up to the size of ducks or crows.
    In addition to the falcon species mentioned, hybrids of two species can also be bred. Because of the risk of faunal falsification, the three large German falconry associations (DFO, ODF and VDF) advocated a ban on hybrid breeding in the 1990s, which has been in force in Germany since February 25, 2005.
  • Hawks
    • Goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ): Suitable for all types of birds, from pigeons to ducks, but also for hunting rabbits. Female hawks are also suitable for hunting brown hares, but can usually only hold them and not kill them. In the Middle Ages, the hawk was the preferred species when hunting in German-speaking countries.
    • Sparrowhawks ( Accipiter nisus ): Only the females, similar to a small hawk, are suitable for pickling, their prey includes: gulls, pigeons, magpies, partridges and young pheasants. The males (Sprinz) were also used to hunt sparrows in the past. In the German-speaking area of ​​the Middle Ages, the sparrowhawk was used as a replacement for the larger and more powerful hawk. In Germany, keeping the sparrow, not explicitly hunting with it, was forbidden from 1985 to 2018. Since June 2018, following a change in the law, keeping has been permitted again, which means that it is also possible to hunt (assuming suitable game).
    • Desert Buzzard ( Parabuteo unicinctus ): better known today under the English name Harris Hawk , can be used like the native goshawk.
    • Golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ): In Europe it is used for hunting brown hare , fox and deer , in the Middle East also for antelopes, gazelles and jackals and in Central Asia for hunting wolves (females only).
  • The North American species red-tailed buzzard ( Buteo jamaicensis ) and king-footed buzzard ( Buteo regalis ), referred to by ornithologists and scientists as king buzzard , are also used more frequently for hunting.
  • Actual owls :
    • Eagle owl ( Bubo bubo ): Allowed as a bird of prey in Austria and other countries, but prohibited in Germany.

Species protection

With the exception of the goshawk , which can still be taken from nature according to strict requirements, the hogging out of wild birds for the purpose of pickling is prohibited in Germany, as in most countries. The birds of prey required for the hunt have been bred in human hands regularly since the early 1970s, whereby the experience of falconers in handling the birds plays a central role.

Some falconers take part in reintroduction programs. B. for peregrine falcons with. In 2004, for example, the 1000th peregrine falcon was released into the wild by the German Falcon Order (DFO). Other species protection programs for various birds of prey are organized and supervised by falconers around the world.

Birds of prey shows

Some castles, amusement parks and falconries offer raptor shows where birds of prey fly in front of an audience. Mobile falconers also perform with their birds at fairs, nature conservation events, schools and many other occasions. Such a show is usually led by a falconer who is supported by a group of helpers.

Methodology of falconry

Hunting

Falconer with bird in Trafalgar Square , London, used to hunt pigeons (2009)

Falconry is sometimes of great importance at airports when it comes to driving away flocks of birds, as a collision of airplanes with birds can lead to engine failure. Chemical-technical systems are also endangered by birds nesting here. The best hunting method is applicable to Anwartefalknerei , (mainly peregrine) are used in gripping the high flight, as they chase out of the nosedive out. In the case of other falcon species, the training for waiting falconry takes longer and is more difficult because it is not based on the natural hunting behavior of these birds of prey. The waiting falconry can only be carried out on game birds and only on those birds that hide from enemies on the ground, in bushes or in the water, i.e. remain immobile at the sight of a falcon or dog. These wild species include, for example, partridge, pheasant, wild duck and magpie.

Falcons are also used in some places to hunt rabbits in parks and residential areas, where city ​​hunters usually do not use firearms for safety reasons . Rabbits are usually hunted with goshawks and desert bussards , rather rarely with hiero falcons .

When hunting for partridges and pheasants, a good pointing dog is indispensable, as it has to point out the game safely. So when the dog protrudes, the hawk's hood is removed and the hawk is thrown to climb. The falcon is trained to wait high in the air (the higher the better, usually 100 to 200 meters) exactly above the falconer. If it is now in a suitable position over the dog, it receives the order to jump in and thus to chase up the game. The falcon attacks immediately, falls into a 90 to 45 degree nosedive, accelerates (up to approx. 200 km / h) and puts the wings against the body until the falcon has almost reached the ground, then it opens half its wings, swings with undiminished speed into the trajectory of the pursued bird and hits it with its claws in the air. Such a shock has a very high momentum.

Spring game

A feather game is a dummy prey for training and for calling the bird. It is understood to be a fabric or leather cushion to which a piece of etching (lining) can be attached as a reward. This bait hangs on a 2 m long string and can be swung around in a circle, which is a clearly visible signal for the bird to come back even from a great distance.

bellows

Similar to the spring game, the bellows is used as a training device for hunting ground-dwelling game such as hares or rabbits . It is a filled pillow as a dummy prey, which is dragged.

National: Associations, legal situation, cultural property

Most of the major falconry associations are united in the International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey (IAF); 70 associations from 48 countries around the world with 28,500 members belong to it.

In November 2010, falconry was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the largest multinational submission to date (11 participating countries) under the leadership of Abu Dhabi, and has since been added to other countries. In some countries it is still on the respective national list.

Germany

The German Falcon Order (DFO) was founded in Leipzig in 1923 ; it was created on the initiative of the Düsseldorf animal painter Renz Waller and is considered to be the beginning of modern falconry in Germany. He is a member of the IAF.

In 1959, some falconers around Hans Reinecke and Friedrich-Wilhelm Ehlerding founded the Order of German Falconers (ODF) (under this name since 1961) as the second large German falconer association, which Renz Waller also joined in the following period - after increasing disagreements with the DFO - turned to. The ODF has also been a member of the IAF since 2009.

1990 was the third major German Falconers Association of the Association of German Falkner (VDF), of the falconers in the area of the former German Democratic Republic united and today in the federal states of Baden-Württemberg , Brandenburg , Rhineland-Palatinate , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia active is. He is a member of the IAF.

About 2000 falconers are currently active in Germany. DFO, ODF and VDF together represent 1,700 members, mostly active falconers. There are also several smaller, mostly regional, falconry clubs. These associations are partly united in the Commission for Birds of Prey and Falconry Germany. While the three large associations reject hybrid falconry and pickling with such hybrid species, the Commission for Birds of Prey and Falconry Germany is in favor of hybrid falconry . Large falconry farms are represented on the commission.

Falconry in Germany requires a limited hunting license (without handling of firearms ) and a special falconer exam . Since the hunt is subject to hunting law, a falconer's license is required.

Over 1000 peregrine falcons bred by DFO falconers have been released into the wild in Germany.

In 2014 falconry was included in the nationwide register of intangible cultural heritage . In its justification, the German UNESCO Commission emphasized that, through the central work with living animals, the imparting of knowledge and the tradition of falconry is based largely on the exchange between falconers. Despite media support, the development of knowledge of falconry practice and knowledge of ornithology and history in the oral tradition lies in the strongly organized practice.

Austria

The Austrian Falconry Association  (ÖFB), founded in 1950, is the largest association in Austria. He represents all Austrian falconers internationally at the IAF.

In March 2010 the ÖFB succeeded in including Austrian falconry in the national UNESCO inventory list for the intangible cultural heritage of Austria . The original demand for recognition of this more than 4,000-year-old hunting art as a UNESCO World Heritage Site also comes from Austria and was first raised and published by the hunting historian Monika Reiterer from Graz in the late 1990s. Finally, Austria was also included in the representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of mankind (intangible world cultural heritage) by the international community in December 2012.

Switzerland

In Switzerland, falconers have joined forces to form the Swiss Falconers Association (SFV), which is also a member of the IAF. Among other things, it offers specialist training and, in cooperation with the cantons, the Swiss falconer examination . The SVF itself does not conduct any bird of prey shows and emphasizes the aim of maintaining and practicing the scavenger hunt as well as imparting the relevant specialist knowledge.

North America

In the United States, a Federal and State falconry license for pickling is required for all US states . The exception is Hawaii, where pickling is generally prohibited. In Canada, hunting is regulated by law in the Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec regions.

United Kingdom

Legally, falconry is subject to the Countryside and Wildlife Act, 1981 . The issuing of new licenses for falconry is handled restrictively.

criticism

Since the 1960s, there has been criticism from nature conservationists and animal rights activists, including PETA, against the hunt . The birds usually live with tethered ankle cuffs. When attempting a flight, they are pulled back by the one to two meter long leather cord. In a flywire system, the birds can only fly a few meters in one direction. Aviaries are often so small that the birds of prey can only fly a few meters. In large aviaries the birds can fly freely, but panic reactions can lead to injuries or even deaths because of the high speeds that the griffins reach. In order to calm the birds of prey, the falconers often temporarily remove all visual stimuli and cover their eyes with a falcon hood. According to the currently applicable guidelines for keeping birds of prey of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture , it is permissible to allow them free flight only every other day. In order to get the griffins in hunting condition or to keep them ready to catch prey, starving them is part of the normal procedure. According to the Animal Welfare Act ( Section 8, Clause 1 ), it is forbidden to set one animal on another, unless the principles of proper hunting require this. The woe righteousness is partly disputed. The birds of prey used for falconry were taken from the wild until the 1980s. The removal of birds of prey from eyries for falconry was legal in many countries until the 1960s. After that, only hawks were legally allowed to be listened to in Germany. Since the 1960s, peregrine falcon nests have been guarded by nature conservationists in Germany in order to prevent them from escaping. The importation of birds of prey from abroad was hardly monitored. It is only since the 1980s that it has been possible to breed large numbers of falcons and some other species of birds of prey. Artificial insemination has been used to cross different species since the 1980s. This happened especially with falcon species. Hybrid falcons that have escaped flown repeatedly disrupted broods in Europe or brooded with wild peregrine falcons and saker falcons.

literature

  • Beatriz E. Candil García, Arjen E. Hartman: Ars Accipitraria: An Essential Dictionary for the Practice of Falconry and Hawking. Yarak Publishing, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-9555607-0-5 .
  • Simone Behnke : Federspiel. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 2006, ISBN 3-404-15261-1 .
  • Heinz Brüll, Günther Trommer (Hrsg.): The Beizjagd - A guide for the falconer examination and for practice. 4th edition. Parey, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-8263-8428-8 .
  • German Order of Falcons : Birds of prey and falconry 2004.
  • Kurt Lindner : Contributions to bird trapping and falconry in antiquity. Sources and studies on the history of hunting, Volume 12. de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 1973, ISBN 3-11-004560-5 .
  • Kurt Lindner (Ed.): The German Habichtlehre. The pickling book and its sources. (= Sources and studies on the history of hunting. Volume 2). De Gruyter, Berlin 1955; Reprint there in 1964.
  • Helen MacDonald : H is for Hawk , 2014 ISBN 978-0-8021-2341-1 (German: H wie Habicht , 2015, translated by Ulrike Kretschmer)
  • Jack Mavrogordato : A Hawk for the Bush , 1960 (German: A Beizvogel fürs Gebüsch: A treatise on the removal of the sparrow and other short-winged birds of prey , 1968, translated by Klaus Müller)
  • Jack Mavrogordato: A Falcon in the Field , 1966.
  • Heinz Peters: Falke, Falkenjagd, Falkner und Falkenbuch , in: Reallexikon zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte , Vol. 6, 1973, Sp. 1266-1324 ( online ).
  • Sigrid Schwenk, Athanasios A. Fourlas, François Viré: Beizjagd . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 1, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1980, ISBN 3-7608-8901-8 , Sp. 1825-1827.
  • Horst Schöneberg: Falconry - The guide for testing and practice. 2nd Edition. Klüh, Darmstadt 2004, ISBN 3-933459-14-1 .
  • Arnold Freiherr von Vietinghoff-Riesch , Max Pfeiffer: Falcons over us. Reimer, Berlin 1937 (Reprint: Klüh, Darmstadt 1998, ISBN 3-933459-00-1 ).
  • Hans-Heinrich Vögele:: The falconry - an ethnographic representation. Publ. Geographer. Inst. Univ. Koenigsberg; Series ethnography. Neumann-Neudamm, Königsberg 1931.
  • Renz Waller : The wild falcon is my companion: hunting experiences and practical falconry for German conditions around the year 1937. 9th edition. Neumann-Neudamm, 2010, ISBN 978-3-7888-0648-4 .

Fiction:

media

  • Universe Documentation: Hunters, Gatherers, Trackers , by Gerardo Olivares
  • Geo-report: The lords of the eagles

Web links

Commons : Falconry  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. Karl Otto Sauerbeck: 'Herr Heinrich sat at the Vogelherd'. Observations on medieval bird hunting and its symbolism. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 10, 2014, pp. 57–79, here: pp. 74 f.
  2. a b Falconry, a living human heritage , UNESCO → Culture → Intangible Heritage → Intangible Heritage Lists
  3. Falconry in Germany is an intangible cultural heritage of UNESCO. In: Unesco.de. Retrieved December 1, 2016 .
  4. Dr. Johann Ernst Rudolph Kaeuffer: History of East Asia. Leipzig 1860 ( books.google.de ).
  5. ^ Austen Henry Layard : Nineveh and Babylon. P. 483 in the Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Araologie. Volume 3 ( books.google.de ) p. 5, Berlin 1971 or Niniveh and its remains. Leipzig 1850 ( karl-may-gesellschaft.de ).
  6. Eduard Sacken: The Kk Ambraser Collection. Vienna 1855 ( books.google.de ).
  7. ^ Johann Heinrich Voss : Odyssey XVI. Gesang, pp. 217-218, 1781.
  8. Gaius Plinius Secundus : Naturalis historia , Liber X, Chapter 8 , 79.
  9. Jakob Grimm: History of the German language. Leipzig 1848 ( books.google.de ).
  10. Mythological. Falcon hunting. . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 6, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 10.
  11. ^ Hanns Hermann Müller and Ralf-Jürgen Prilloff: On the history of the avifauna in Saxony-Anhalt on the basis of subfossil evidence. In: Archaeozoological studies in honor of Alfredo Riedel. P. 105, Bozen 2006 ( archaeozoologie-prilloff.de ( Memento from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) PDF; 157 kB).
  12. Friedrich II: From the art to pickling. Afterword, Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen 1994, ISBN 3-7888-0672-9 .
  13. Kurt Lindner (1964), pp. 97-135 ( Older German Habichtlehre )
  14. Kurt Lindner (1964), pp. 137–229 ( Beizbüchlein , created around 1480)
  15. Afterword from: Friedrich II., Von der Kunst zu Beizen , Neumann-Neudamm, ISBN 978-3-7888-0672-9
  16. ^ Agence France-Presse: Eagles v drones: Dutch police to take on rogue aircraft with flying squad . In: The Guardian . September 12, 2016, ISSN  0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed June 16, 2017]).
  17. Jeff John Roberts: France Is Training Eagles to Kill Drones. Retrieved June 16, 2017 .
  18. 'Older German Habichtslehre' and 'Younger German Habichtslehre' in: author lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 1 (1978), Col. 285 f., Volume 4 (1984), Col. 916-918, and Volume 10 (1999), Col. 1015 f.
  19. Christopher Perrins: Birds: Biology - Determine - Ecology. ( Collins New Generation Guide to the birds of Britain and Europe. Ed. By David Attenborough, London 1987) Translated from English and edited by Heinrich Hoerschelmann. Hamburg / Berlin 1987 (= Pareys Naturführer plus. Without volume), p. 96 f.
  20. ^ Christian Hünemörder: Birds of Prey. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages . Vol. 4 (1989), Col. 1696-1698.
  21. Elisabeth Leix: Jagd in Bayern 09 2019. (PDF) Jagd in Bayern, accessed on August 7, 2019 .
  22. OFBFolder ( Memento of November 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.1 MB) p. 10 (odf).
  23. iaf.org
  24. iaf.org ( Memento from August 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  25. ^ A Falconer with His Falcon near Al-Ain . 1965. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
  26. dfo.de
  27. falknerverband.de
  28. Wolfram Martin : Fascination Beizjagd . Stocker-Verlag, 1998, ISBN 978-3-7020-0802-4 .
  29. E-mail answer on request to the secretariat of the ODF.
  30. a b Olaf Ehrich: Falconry - a modern type of hunting from a bygone era . In: moment. The event magazine from the center of Germany. Bad Langensalza, February 2010. pp. 32–33.
  31. ^ Joint declaration by DFO, ODF and VDF (March 18, 2007).
  32. vpnk.de .
  33. 27 forms of culture included in the German directory of intangible cultural heritage .
  34. "Dt. UNESCO Commission - Falconry ” , accessed January 16, 2015.
  35. SFV website: Imprint , accessed on August 21, 2010.
  36. North American legal norms on falconry at nafa.com ( Memento from May 31, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  37. United Kingdom information at britishfalconersclub.co.uk ( Memento from June 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ^ Dieter Rockenbauch: The peregrine falcon in Germany and surrounding areas - distribution, existence, endangerment and protection Volume 1 Ludwigsburg, Verlag C. Hölzinger 1998. ISBN 3-00-003494-3 . Pp. 339-362.
  39. Birds of prey in falconry - tied up, locked up and used as a weapon Page on Peta's homepage.