Rhenish Regiolekt

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As rhinelandic regiolect is Regiolekt of central and northern Rhineland referred. The area essentially coincides with the western part of North Rhine-Westphalia . In addition, there are northern parts of Rhineland-Palatinate and various border areas in neighboring states .

As the only one of the so-called Rhenish languages , it is not “genuine”, as it is not a local language in the true sense of the word - usually also called “dialect” . Despite clear references to the native languages, it is a dialect of Standard German derived from Standard German . In other words, the standard German imported into the Rhineland was transformed into its own regiolect under the influence of the dialects prevailing there in the West Central German and Lower Franconian groups. Although it essentially follows the style of the standard language , it takes on numerous local influences, mostly in a considerably weakened and noticeably standardized form compared to the original dialects. However, it is comprehensible over a wide area, and at the same time the choice of words, styles and forms by its speakers is a reflection of regional language differentiation within the Rhineland.

Everyday meaning

Almost everywhere in the Rhineland, where the original local dialects were supplanted by the standard language in the period since the First and increasingly the Second World War , Regiolect has become the normal colloquial language to varying degrees in everyday life . It is typical for broad sections of the population that they believe that they speak pure standard German. At most, if they encounter a lack of understanding when traveling outside the region or with visitors from other language areas with vocabulary such as “titschen” or “schlunzich”, they - perhaps - notice that this could not quite be the case.

It can also be observed in quite a few language communities that at the beginning of communication and getting to know each other, High German is always more likely, mixed with Regiolekt, while gradually, with more intensive contact and greater familiarity, more and more typically high-level German parts of the respective local language are used more and more widely Elements is passed over.

Emergence

The historical background for the development of the Rhenish Regiolect is very different in the Rhenish areas. On the Lower Rhine between Emmerich , a large area north and east of Wesel , the cities of Ruhrort , Duisburg , Krefeld , Viersen , Kessel , Venlo and Cuijk , Dutch and German , or Lower Franconian dialects, were spoken equally side by side even immediately before the Napoleonic occupation . The predominantly rural rural population wrote almost exclusively in Dutch, while townspeople and some educated people could also write in German. In the county of Moers and in the western Niederbergischen , however, only Lower Franconian dialects were predominant , between the Ruhr , Lippe , Emscher and on the upper reaches of the Wupper , Westphalian dialects dominated by Lower Saxony . A little further south, in the Oberbergischen to Sieg , from Neuss and south of Düsseldorf to Remagen , in the northern Eifel and to the west of Aachen and Kerkrade, however, Ripuarian dialects ; further south, from Luxembourg via Trier , the South Eifel and the Westerwald up to Siegen , the dialects were Moselle Franconian ; then south of it Rhine Franconian . Languages ​​of distant places were mostly mutually incomprehensible. Standard German was only just beginning to establish itself as a written language; it was hardly widespread outside the educated classes. The colloquial language of the nobility was often French . Politically, the Rhineland was split up into a large number of principalities with numerous enclaves , exclaves and different administrations.

The following annexation to France brought with it a few large, relatively uniform administrative districts and somewhat pushed back the use of Dutch on the Lower Rhine. After the Congress of Vienna , a large part of the previously French departments on the Rhine became part of Prussia , which then formed the Rhine Province . In 1815, the king in Berlin fundamentally changed his language policy, which until then had relied on a linguistically relaxed administration and school that promoted multilingualism. Now all languages, customs and traditions except German were classified as foreign and unsuitable for the people and the state, whose freedom, culture and language were threatened from outside. The Prussian cultural policy thus laid the foundation for a development that in the long term led to a decline in the diverse local dialects and the development of a regional variant of German.

On the Lower Rhine, a relatively sharp boundary between the high-level languages ​​developed along the new state border with the Netherlands in the following hundred years. The dialects remained almost unaffected. The exact opposite happened along the Belgian border, which was redefined after every war until today, with Moresnet and the Eupen-Malmedy region changing status and nationality several times. They are multilingual and mixed to this day. Standard German was introduced as the official language, the written language and the language of school instruction throughout the Rhine Province. The population initially continued to speak their local dialects, but only learned to write German. These diglossia lasted for different lengths of time.

One can roughly speak of a gradient from north to south and east to west, with which the gradual loss of dialect spread, which also progressed faster in large cities and metropolitan areas than in rural and rural areas. In the largely rural Lower Rhine region, this can be traced well in some cases using serial sources, which on average show an increase in invoices, receipts, etc. written in German by almost two percent per year up to around 1855.

In the Ruhr area , where Lower Franconian influences met in the west, Westphalian in the east with strong immigration from all parts of the empire, also from the surrounding area and from Poland , the need for a more extensive understanding arose early on than with the old dialects that were limited to one village would have been possible. The increasing industrialization, the associated division of labor and the growing trade set similar changes in the language situation in motion.

After the First World War, many parents, who had bad experiences with the local dialect in school during their school days, began to teach their children more Standard German with the intention that they should have a better schooling than themselves. At the same time, many came Areas resettled from other parts of the empire who did not speak the local dialect and who were dependent on high German communication. The original dialect speakers wove more and more High German elements into their everyday language without deviating from the dialect-based pronunciation. This forms in childhood and remains for a lifetime if you do not actively relearn with conscious language training and extensive, usually years-long training. At the same time, many dialect words were still used that had no perceived standard German equivalents. Even in official speeches or publications close to home, such usus remained, framed with empty phrases like “as the vernacular says”, as well as dialect poems, which were of course given the same status as high-language poems.

As a result of the Second World War, the problem of immigration reappeared to a much greater extent. In some cases, up to half of the population were immigrants, such as those who were displaced from their homes, and had no knowledge of dialect. In many places, the new beginning after the war took place solely in Standard German. The spreading standard German-speaking media did the rest, above all German television. Children still learned the dialect in the post-war period, but often as a second language on the street or from their grandparents. That has decreased significantly since then. In the meantime, the simplified German of the Turkish immigrants has established itself as the street language and the former dialect words that have survived in the Regiolect are predominantly on the decline if the age of the speakers is related to their respective vocabulary. For example, Düsseldorf Rheinisch ( Düsseldorferisch ) still shows a few Low German phonetic features (“make”, not “maache”, “Driet”, not “Drissß” etc.), but the language has had in the last 100 to 150 years 80% of Kölsch accepted, which means that the language is now a Ripuarian variant. To distinguish between the old and the new dialect, a distinction is sometimes made between the dialect spoken today, Düsseldorfer Rheinisch, and with Düsseldorfer Platt the old variety similar to Bergisch is called .

Recent studies and representations of the Rhenish suggest speaking of two regional Rhenish variants, a northern and a southern, which merge roughly along the Uerdinger line in the area between Venlo, Krefeld and Oberhausen. In the south of the Rhineland there are transitions to New Hesse and Palatinate .

Literary and artistic manifestations

Authors from the Rhineland, as well as some others, occasionally like to use borrowings from the Regiolekt as a stylistic device. They often characterize situations or people as belonging to a certain area of ​​life or milieu, create a closeness or distance to the experience of a literary figure. This can be a mere accessory, but it can also determine the work. For example, Heinrich Böll's “ End of a Business Trip ” might not have been written at all without his constant references to the regional and local language.

Since the mid- 1990s at the latest , a disproportionately high number of Rhenish comedians have been romping around in the "fun programs" of German private television stations in particular and naturally bring their colloquial language with them. Since then, this has led to an astonishingly high degree of widespread use of certain ways of speaking and some “Rhenish” vocabulary throughout the German-speaking area. The actual dialects can hardly be heard even in the regional programs produced for the Rhineland ( WDR , SWR , CenterTV , local radio), as these are largely incomprehensible to outsiders even within the region.

In the Rhineland, too, the Regiolekt is used increasingly artistically. In addition to carnival songs in dialect or standard German, there are also those in regiolect. An example is the song “Sansibar” by the Höhner with the refrain line “Hömma Mama, samma somma ma na Afrika?” In standard German this would mean: Listen, Mama, tell me, should we go to Africa? , for example in Kölsch on the other hand: Hür ens, Mam, saach ens, sulle mer ens noh Affricka?

Advertising in various media is increasingly making targeted use of regional Rhenish language elements. For example, in several TV spots for the southern German Müllermilch , well-known regional speakers such as Jean Pütz for milk rice ( "... dröbber? Fächisch!" With oh-ch) or an unknown lifeguard ("... all want to be in. Un_isch !? Isch may_se wide_raushoolen!" ) with particularly clear Rhenish language. There are also examples in printed advertising ("Better than how you think!")

The lecture artist Konrad Beikircher , who grew up in South Tyrol , came to the Rhineland as a student and made his home there. He illuminates the properties of the Regiolect in both cabaret and simple popular science lectures and books.

The linguist Georg Cornelissen from the Rhineland Regional Association brought a little quiz How does the Lower Rhine speak? on the northern variety of Regiolekt, which turned out to be a popular take-away item in bookshops and has already been expanded.

documentation

Because the Regiolect of the Rhineland has a lot of local and regional differences and inconsistencies, is subject to strong, often rapid changes and is so difficult to define, it was and is in some cases often dismissed as mere colloquial language and treated rather disparagingly ( linguisticism ); more recently he's in the area empirically - linguistic moved research and documentation. In particular, the Department of Linguistics of the Institute for Regional Studies and Regional History (formerly: Office for Rhenish Regional Studies - ARL) in the Rhineland Regional Council (LVR) has contributed valuable work to this.

The scientists of today's regional association have been accompanying, documenting and researching language development in the Rhineland for around two hundred years. In recent times, extensive individual analyzes and some publications are to be owed to them, in which the current region of the Rhineland is described. Part of the work is published on the web. The examinations based on regular questionnaires are now being permanently supplemented, expanded and updated using the web-based interactive dictionary of the Rhenish colloquial language .

Literature on German colloquial language in general also lists words and phrases from the Rhineland and marks them accordingly.

Even if it is not intended for this and does not take it into account, the Rhenish dictionary is still relatively suitable for finding meanings of words of the Regiolect, as many come from the dialects documented in it.

Examples

Words

Billboard of a beverage market
  • Pittermännchen - for: 10 liter beer barrel
  • nasty Möpp - for: unpleasant, unfriendly or nasty people
  • Piesepampel - for: stupid and ill-tempered contemporaries, bad-tempered people (also in West and East Franconia )
  • the to drink , the Food - for: the drink , the foods , food or meal - Example: "has aufgefreßn our to Eat (s) stole un auv-em floor Dä Dog / ufjefreße."
  • ald (in the Eifel also att ) - for: already - example: "Häste ald jespendt?" "I han sujar ald jebicht!" (Have you already donated? I have even confessed!)
  • at - for: after, to 
    • bury - for: to sit next to, to put next to
    • to contribute - for: to add, to contribute
    • get at , dabeikumme - for: added
      , etc.
  • krosen , rumkrose (n) , verkrost , krosig , Kros , Kroser , Kroserin - for: rummaging, rummaging around, misplaced, messy (being), disorder etc.
    (These words are pronounced in most parts of the country with a long open " o ", what does not occur in standard German, in others with normal "o" as in "Ofen" or "Moos")
  • jejange - for: gone
  • buried (jejange) - for: lost (come), vanished, lost, no longer to be found
  • zoppe (n) , tunke (n) - for: dip briefly
  • Otzen , Ötzkes - for: Leftovers on the plate
  • ditsche (n) , titschen - for: bounce off
    • in the triangle ditsche / titschen - for: getting very upset, angry
  • frog , frug - for: asked - the vowel is spoken long
  • he buys - for: he buys
  • net , nich - for: not
  • nothing - for: nothing
  • mengeweasch , meinetsweejen - for: because of me
  • öveschnije - for: to cut through
  • Promm , Prumm - for: plum
  • Plüschpromm , Pieschel , Pärsching - for: peach
  • Orange , Appelsiin - for quite uncommon Orange (as in the Netherlands )
  • Üüm , Ühm , Üem - for: uncle, strange fellow
  • Moleste , Molester , Molesten - for: anger, problems, pain (a loan word from the French : molester = to annoy , abuse)
  • prollen - only in youth language for: indicate, cut open
…, Is not it?

There are many variants in the Rhineland for this frequently used, reinsuring sentence end:

Idioms

  • to make the Molli - for: wrapping around the finger or fooling around; also for: getting excited, making yourself important
  • to make a monkey - for: make a monkey, be made a monkey
  • for lukewarm (middle and north) for umme (south) - for: free
  • from d'r Lameng - for: roughly, quickly from the hand (after the French de la main = from the hand, by hand)
    • Dat machemer from d'r Lameng. - for: We'll do that with a thumbs-up , from the wrist, without a ruler or folding rule.

Modes of expression

  • I am mean for / for. - for: This is (physically) uncomfortable for me, I am disgusted with it.
  • You are a lovely guy. - for: You are a nice guy.
  • I'm cold - for: I'm cold. (mainly in the Aachen language area)
  • I have to mix brews. - for: I have to break. I have to throw up. (literally reflexively "I have to break myself")
  • I have dat / that too much. - for: that's left, because I don't need this. (in the northern Eifel and its foreland)
  • Dat can kill you again - for: Don't imagine that you can keep it - bring it back immediately.
  • The children have been fooling around for half an hour. - for: The children have been walking through the apartment for half an hour and are constantly opening and closing the doors (= Porze).

grammar

Various grammatical deviations from High German originate from the dialects and correspond to the Central , Low German and / or Lower Franconian varieties outside the Rhineland.

  • come to me - for: Please come to me once. 
  • I have completely forgotten that. - for: I have / had completely forgotten about it.
    ( Dutch : Ik ben dat geheel / gans vergeten. )

Person names and role identifiers usually have articles , women and especially girls often neuter .

  • Es / et / dat / de Lisa is getting married and ... is getting married. - for: (The) Lisa is getting married.
  • Et kütt: Dä Schmitz, die Schmitz, un et Schmitz. - for: There come: the Schmitz couple with their daughter.
  • I hate cleaning up, de Mamma doesn't have to go there anymore. - for: You cleaned it (so) well, I (the mother) don't have to rework. 

Rhenish knows two variants of the genitive , which can also be seen as paraphrases with dative and a possessive pronoun or a preposition . One stands in front of it, the other behind its reference word:

  • der Mutter ier Fahratt or: das / es Fahratt from the mother - for: the mother's bike.
  • mingem Broder si Huus or: dat / et / es Huus from mingem Broder - for: my brother's house.
  • the Lena his guy or: the guy from Lena - for: Lena's fiancé.

The so-called Rhenish form , the "am-progressive", is also present in other language areas, for example in the Ruhr area , in Westphalia and Switzerland :

  • I am working. - for: I am currently working (with heavy physical work)
  • I was totally on the advice. - for: I was just sleeping soundly.
  • I am / was just getting off ... , also: ... getting off ... - for: while I was getting off ...

The so-called passive recipient with the auxiliary verb kriegen is also increasingly used :

  • Do you get baked? - for: Can you do it? Can you do it?
  • I can't read that. I think I need reading glasses. - for: I cannot read this because it is printed too small and my eyes have deteriorated.

sentence position

  • I ask you / you dat, because it concerns you. - for: I'm telling you because it concerns you.
    (To compare with the standard language: "Ich sach et dir ..." is a reinforcement that says something completely different and would be meaningless here, while the High German sentence position "... because it concerns     you" is not used in some areas and seems strange)

pronunciation

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The pronunciation of Rhenish also often differs significantly from standard German:

  • In some regions, the “n” at the end of a verb is not only spoken in dialect, but also in regiolect. So it is not called zopfen but zoppe for a short dip .
  • In parts of the Rhineland, such as in the Bonn area, the dialect “j” is preferred over the High German “g” (“softened”) for some words, then it says jejange instead of gone .
  • Word endings, especially “-en”, are often shortened, so it is said of the others instead of the others .
  • In large parts of the Rhineland, as in Kölschen, the High German “ich-ch” and “sch” are pronounced practically identically sounding, then it is (roughly) schpräschn instead of speaking . 
  • In large parts of the Rhineland, German vowel sounds and lengths in regional pronunciation are somewhat closer to the respective dialect, but mostly without reaching it. Then it is rather scoop or Schöppe as a shovel ; fuff instead of fifty ; rather twelve than twelve ; over instead of over ; Aafe instead of monkey , and so on.
  • With some sound combinations, in particular “nf”, “lf”, “lp”, “rm”, and “rch” in the final syllable, the epenthesis e is often inserted regionally as a so-called sprout vowel , then it is five , halleb and cherry instead of five , half and church or cherry .
  • In contrast to Standard German, in most of the Rhenish dialects the individual word and sentence elements are not clearly separated, but are bound up in a similar way to French, which makes it difficult for outsiders to understand. This is also included in the Regiolekt. Often there are Sandhi phenomena, like in the idiom “Dad_ess_ävver och / wat.” (“But that's also a thing.”) Or when the personal pronoun isch (I) is pronounced very differently depending on the following connection. Since the initial vowel is often swallowed, a Central Rhineland native can greet a crowd of guests with the words "'shit you meanly welcome." Or even introduce themselves similarly: "' shit Hermann." . On the other hand, to the question “Isch hann_en Froch…” (“I have a question…”), he could return moodily “Ijj_ävver nit.” (“But not me.”), With “jj” either like “j” or like a voiced "sh" is spoken.
  • Linked to the binding across the word boundaries is the voicing of consonants in the final before vowel-like words. In the Rhenish plateau, voiceless consonants in a word usually remain voiceless, for example “I would have, I would have” (I would have, we would have) . However, they become voiced if they are followed by an unstressed, bound word that begins with a vowel, such as "hädd-ich, hädd-er" (if I had, had he) . This can also be observed in the Regiolekt. Voiceless consonants in German are usually retained in their internal voice , but voiceless consonants in their final form usually experience the described softening before vowels: “Dat hädd-er mer should have ma saren beforehand” (he should have told me that before) .
  • Looping , contractions and assimilations are very common in the Rheinschen for the reasons mentioned above, for example "sommer" from "should we", "jommer" from "shall we go", "Haßemaanemaak?" From "do you have a mark?", " kreßenit! ” from “ Dat krichs de nit! ” -“ You won't get that ”, “ hömma ” from“ listen ”, “ Dassabe aaschkalt ” from“ It's really cold ”.
  • The standard German "pf" is almost not found in Rhenish. Either the “p” is erased , then it says Feerde instead of horses or fighting instead of fighting , or it stayed with the historically older “p”, then it says Kopp instead of Kopf and Äppelchen instead of apples . In individual cases, standard German words with “pf” are completely replaced by others, so it is called Pott or Kessel instead of Topf . In this point, the Rhenish language differs significantly from the Berlin language , which also avoids the "pf" in favor of "f" or "p", but has a "Topp" .
  • In some words, the Rhenish [v] is preserved, especially where it corresponds to [f] in High German , e.g. As often dürven instead of "may" Oven instead of "oven" schiev instead of "wrong" (where misalignment is used in Mönchengladbach room for "slice"). Rarely instead of High German [b] as in Grievenschmalz instead of “Griebenschmalz”. (The corresponding dialect words are dürve, Ovve, Scheev and Jreeveschmalz , etc.)
  • Rhenish has different phonotactic rules than standard German, which forbids some formations that are common in the Rhenish Regiolect. For example, long vowels before “ng” or clusters of consonants are possible, as in [aːmps] ( office in parts of the Aachen region ) or an elongated Schwa as in [ˈbʁeləː] ( glasses also in parts of the Aachen region), as well as an accented Schwa in [amˈləvə] ( living in large parts of the central Rhineland) or [ˈbətʃə̯] ( little, little in the area from Krefeld to Venlo)
  • The regiolectal "r" is realized very differently, depending on its position in the syllable or in the word and the linguistic geographical region are [ɕ, x, χ, ɣ, ʁ, r, ʀ, ɹ, a, ɐ, ɐ] and [ ə] , lengthening of a preceding vowel or no sound at all possible, and the occasional matches with standard German seem almost random.
  • In most areas, the "l" is always or predominantly uvularized or velarized , i.e. pronounced "dark".
  • Final “-g” and “-ch” and “-sch” after light vowels and liquids in words such as bellows , castle , honey , elch , terrible , Rhenish are generally spoken roughly the same in the dialects as in the regional colloquial language. However, if a Regiolekt spokesman would like to speak close to High German, one usually observes a hypercorrection widespread in the Rhineland , which implements -ig consistently as -ik , even if it does not meet the standard. Then you hear, for example, Köönik , Hoonik and färtik instead of the standard German pronunciation Könich , Honich , fertich for words such as king , honey , ready and many more. In the southern German-speaking area with Austria, Liechtenstein and parts of Switzerland, the pronunciation -ik is also common and available in the basic dialects .

variants

Some words are predominantly used in certain regions of the Rhineland, and the pronunciation of common words can differ considerably from one region to another, for example:

  • Gachten , yachts , Jaaden for German : "Garden" ( Vürjeberschßplatt : Jahd ; Eischwiele Platt , Bönnsch and Kölsch : Jaade ; Krieewelsch : Jaard ; Mölmsch : Chaade ; Niederrheinisch and Südbergisch : Chachten )
  • Schirrem , Schürm , Schiiam for German: "Schirm" (Koblenzer Platt: Baraplü ; Bönnsch: Schäm ; Kölsch: Parraplüh , Schör [e] m ; Ruhr German : Schiam )
  • piddling , nibbling , prokeln , popeln - all not exactly identical and without any actual equivalent in German; scratching and fiddling have a certain similarity. The Low German pulen or puhlen is also used , but with a slightly different and restricted meaning.
  • In some areas on the Lower Rhine and near the mouth of the Ruhr, male gender words are appended with an “m” or “n” under certain conditions; then it says däm Buur instead of "the farmer", däm Brell instead of "the glasses" - which is male in most dialects of the Rhineland -, the Hengelmann instead of "the Henkelmann ". The same applies to pronouns or epithets, for example: "Minnen Dockter es enen Leeven" means "My doctor / doctor is a dear one".

Dialect sprinkles

If the residents of a place talk to each other, one sometimes hears a dialect-related regiolect in which particularly common words or phrases of the dialect are embedded in the regiolect - for example beddche (bit), vandag (today) or later (later) in Krefeld   - or more precise , more apt or quick-witted expressions of the dialect are used that German does not know. The grammar of the respective dialect is also taken into account more often.

Adoptions from Rhenish into High German

Like other jargons or regional languages, the Rhenish Regiolekt also influences the word inventory of High German. Examples of recent acquisitions include:

A grammatical variant, the so-called Rhenish progressive form or "am-progressive", has spread so far into the colloquial language of other parts of the German-speaking area that, according to Duden, it is now "partially regarded as standard language".

Disadvantage

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The very negative, partly destructive attitude of the German authorities and partly of the upper and middle class towards the regional languages ​​(→ linguisticism ) is also weakened towards the Regiolect. This happens both where it is understood and where it is not understood.

The use of the Regiolect in written language is largely frowned upon and is seen as a mistake in schools.

literature

  • Georg Cornelissen : Rhenish German. Who speaks how to whom and why. Greven Verlag, Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-7743-0367-3 .
  • Peter Honnen : Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland. Greven, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 .
  • Georg Cornelissen: My grandma still speaks Platt. Where is the dialect in the Rhineland? Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 3-7743-0417-3 .
  • Peter Honnen: All chocolates? Words and word stories from the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0418-5 .
  • Georg Cornelissen: The Lower Rhine and its German - almost everyone speaks it . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-7743-0394-2 .
  • Klaus J. Zöller: Rhenish in German. Origin and meaning of Rhenish words. Bruckmann, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-7654-1611-8 .
  • Heinrich Spohr: The Düsseldorf Rheinisch . Grupello Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2006, ISBN 3-89978-058-2 .
  • Georg Cornelissen: Small history of the Lower Rhine language (1300-1900). A regional linguistic history for the German-Dutch border area between Arnhem and Krefeld. With a Nederlandsaalige inleiding. . Stichting Historie Peel-Maas-Niersgebied - Foundation history of the area Peel-Maas-Niers, Geldern, Venray 2003, ISBN 90-807292-2-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ For the relationship between “dialect” - “regiolect” and “standard language” see also Georg Cornelissen : My grandma still speaks Platt. Where is the "dialect" in the Rhineland? Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 3-7743-0417-3 , p. 9 below, f .
  2. ↑ Peter Honnen : Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p.  13 below .
  3. ^ A b c Michael Elmenthaler: Language borders and language stratifications in the Rhineland. On the linguistic genesis of the "Rhenish" . In: Bernd Kortländer (Ed.): "Rheinisch". A region's self-image (=  archive, library, museum / Heinrich Heine Institute Düsseldorf ). tape 9 . Metzler, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-476-01843-1 .
  4. ↑ See also chapter 2.2 in Jürgen Erich Schmidt, Joachim Herrgen: Sprachdynamik. An introduction to modern regional language research (=  Basics of German Studies . Volume 49 ). Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co KG, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-503-12268-4 , p. 38-48 .
  5. ↑ " We can assume that until 1900 the dialect, the" Platt ", was the first language for most people between Arnhem and Duisburg. “ Georg Cornelissen : A Brief History of the Lower Rhine Language (1300-1900). A regional linguistic history for the German-Dutch border area between Arnhem and Krefeld. With a Nederlandsaalige inleiding. . Stichting Historie Peel-Maas-Niersgebied - Foundation history of the area Peel-Maas-Niers, Geldern, Venray 2003, ISBN 90-807292-2-1 , p. 13 .
  6. ^ Georg Cornelissen: Rheinisches Deutsch. Who speaks how to whom and why . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-7743-0367-3 , p. 7 .
  7. ↑ Peter Honnen : Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 11 middle, ff .
  8. ↑ Georg Cornelissen: Small Lower Rhine Language History (1300-1900). A regional linguistic history for the German-Dutch border area between Arnhem and Krefeld. With a Nederlandsaalige inleiding. . Stichting Historie Peel-Maas-Niersgebied - Foundation history of the area Peel-Maas-Niers, Geldern, Venray 2003, ISBN 90-807292-2-1 , p. 68 ff .
  9. ↑ Georg Cornelissen: Small Lower Rhine Language History (1300-1900). A regional linguistic history for the German-Dutch border area between Arnhem and Krefeld. With a Nederlandstaalige inleiding. . Stichting Historie Peel-Maas-Niersgebied - Foundation history of the area Peel-Maas-Niers, Geldern, Venray 2003, ISBN 90-807292-2-1 , p. 96 ff .
  10. ↑ Georg Cornelissen: Small Lower Rhine Language History (1300-1900). A regional linguistic history for the German-Dutch border area between Arnhem and Krefeld. With a Nederlandsaalige inleiding. . Stichting Historie Peel-Maas-Niersgebied - Foundation history of the area Peel-Maas-Niers, Geldern, Venray 2003, ISBN 90-807292-2-1 , p. 104 ff .
  11. ↑ a b c d rheinische-landeskunde.lvr.de ( Memento of the original dated August 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (last accessed on June 2, 2011) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rheinische-landeskunde.lvr.de
  12. ↑ Georg Cornelissen: Small Lower Rhine Language History (1300-1900). A regional linguistic history for the German-Dutch border area between Arnhem and Krefeld. With a Nederlandsaalige inleiding. . Stichting Historie Peel-Maas-Niersgebied - Foundation history of the area Peel-Maas-Niers, Geldern, Venray 2003, ISBN 90-807292-2-1 , p. 115 f .
  13. ↑ Georg Cornelissen: My grandma still speaks Platt. Where is the dialect in the Rhineland? Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 3-7743-0417-3 .
  14. ↑ See as an example, p. 142: various authors: Heimatbuch der Gemeinde Hürth , probably published by the municipality Hürth, 1934.
  15. ↑ An example can be found in: Ottmar Prothmann: Die Mundart in Birresdorf, Leimersdorf, Niederich and Oeverich. Language change and loss of language in the north of Rhineland-Palatinate . In: Everyday life in the Rhineland. Communications from the Language and Folklore Department of the LVR Institute for Cultural Studies and Regional History . Born 2010. LVR Institute for Regional Studies and Regional History, Bonn 2010, p. 20 to 24 .
  16. ↑ Peter Honnen , researcher in the language department at the Institute for Regional Studies and Regional History at the Landschaftsverband Rheinland , in a telephone interview in 2011.
  17. ↑ Peter Honnen: Klüngeln unknown. How Rhenish do Bonn schoolchildren speak? In: Everyday life in the Rhineland. Communications from the Language and Folklore Department of the LVR Institute for Cultural Studies and Regional History . Born 2010. LVR Institute for Geography and Regional History, Bonn 2010, p. 60 to 63 .
  18. ↑ See also an interview of the linguist Georg Cornelissen with the Rheinische Post
  19. ^ Heinrich Böll : End of a business trip . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne / Berlin 1966.
  20. ↑ headline on a multi-page, colorful brochure from kik Textile Discont , the beginning in 2011 Krefeld was distributed.
  21. ^ According to our own account, first to Bonn- Bad Godesberg
  22. ↑ See Konrad Beikircher # Discography and literature by and about Konrad Beikircher in the catalog of the German National Library
  23. ↑ Georg Cornelissen: How does the Lower Rhine speak? A quiz by Georg Cornelissen (=  A publication by the Rhineland Regional Association, Office for Rhenish Regional Studies, Bonn ). Greven Verlag, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-7743-0401-7 .
  24. ↑ Georg Cornelissen: How does the Lower Rhine speak? Dat quiz with even more questions (=  A publication by the Rhineland Regional Association, Office for Rhenish Regional Studies, Bonn ). Greven Verlag, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-7743-0619-6 .
  25. ↑ A small introduction is provided by rheinische-landeskunde.lvr.de ( Memento of the original from June 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (last accessed on June 1, 2011) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rheinische-landeskunde.lvr.de
  26. ↑ mitmachwoerterbuch.lvr.de
  27. ↑ See for example Heinz Küpper : Dictionary of German colloquial language. Klett Verlag, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-12-570600-9 .
  28. ^ Rhenish dictionary . On behalf of the Prussian Academy of Sciences , the Society for Rhenish History and the Provincial Association of the Rhine Province on the basis of the collection started by Johannes Franck and supported by all circles of the Rhenish people, edited and edited by Josef Müller, Heinrich Dittmaier, Rudolf Schützeichel and Mattias Zender. 9 volumes. Bonn / Berlin 1928–1971. ( woerterbuchnetz.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.woerterbuchnetz.de  
  29. ↑ According to the assessment of the language research department at the Rhineland Regional Association , around 3000 to 6000 such words are known there.
  30. ↑ See also: Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 15-16 .
  31. ↑ Rhenish interactive dictionary: Pittermännchen , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  32. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 151 .
  33. ↑ See also: Peter Honnen: Alles Kokolores? - Words and word stories from the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0418-5 , pp. 174 .
  34. ^ Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch (last accessed on June 1, 2011)
  35. ↑ Rhine interactive dictionary: Möpp , accessed on 12 January 2011th
  36. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 132 and 68 .
  37. ↑ Rhenish hands- on dictionary: Piesepampel , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  38. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 146 .
  39. ↑ a b c Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: at , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  40. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 44 .
  41. ↑ krosen. In: Rhenish interactive dictionary. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  42. ↑ Kroos. In: Rhenish interactive dictionary. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  43. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 117, 118 .
  44. ^ Heinrich Böll : End of a business trip . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne, Berlin 1966, p. 119 and 120 .
  45. ↑ See also: Peter Honnen: Alles Kokolores? - Words and word stories from the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0418-5 , pp. 226 .
  46. ↑ zoppen. In: Rhenish interactive dictionary. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  47. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 212 .
  48. ↑ Utzen, Otzen. In: Rhenish interactive dictionary. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  49. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 205 .
  50. ↑ titschen. In: Rhenish interactive dictionary. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  51. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . 7th expanded edition. Greven Verlag, Cologne 2012, ISBN 978-3-7743-0601-1 , p. 199 (first edition: 2003).
  52. ↑ Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: Dreieck , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  53. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 119 .
  54. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 137, 138 .
  55. ↑ See also Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: nothing accessed on January 12, 2011.
  56. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 138 .
  57. ↑ Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: Prumm , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  58. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 154 .
  59. ↑ Rhenish interactive dictionary: Maleste, Moleste accessed on January 12, 2011.
  60. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 127 .
  61. ^ Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: Wort de MONTE: prollen , accessed on December 2, 2011.
  62. ↑ Rhenish hands- on dictionary: ömme , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  63. ↑ Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: woll , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  64. ↑ See also: Peter Honnen: Alles Kokolores? - Words and word stories from the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0418-5 , pp. 143 f .
  65. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 132 .
  66. ^ Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: lau , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  67. ↑ Rhenish hands-on dictionary: umme , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  68. ↑ See also: Peter Honnen: Alles Kokolores? - Words and word stories from the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0418-5 , pp. 137 .
  69. ↑ Rhenish hands- on dictionary: Lamäng , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  70. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 122 .
  71. ↑ Rhenish hands-on dictionary: fies , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  72. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 68 .
  73. ↑ Rhenish hands-on dictionary: cold , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  74. ^ Dictionary of the Eschweiler dialect: bräasche , accessed on October 10, 2011.
  75. ↑ Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: pözen , accessed on January 12, 2011.
  76. ↑ Rhenish hands- on dictionary: malochen , accessed on January 17, 2011.
  77. ↑ See also: Peter Honnen: Alles Kokolores? - Words and word stories from the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0418-5 , pp. 186 f .
  78. ↑ See also Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: say, accessed on January 17, 2011.
  79. ↑ a b Compare also the language game, which runs as a running gag through the episodes of the show NightWash on WDR television and at Eins Festival , in which the "wipe table" (from "wipe" and "table" ) with ostensibly "important" People, such as pregnant women or birthday children.
  80. ↑ See example (3-8) (b) on page 66 in Harl-Heinz Ramers: Introduction to Phonology . Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-8252-2008-7 .
  81. ↑ Compare also the paragraph before text 1a in staff-www.uni-marburg.de, accessed on January 29, 2011.
  82. ↑ See also Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 13 .
  83. ↑ For the latter see also page 33, penultimate line in Harl-Heinz Ramers: Introduction to Phonology . Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-8252-2008-7 .
  84. ↑ a b Willy Hermes: Kieewelsch van A bes Z - A dictionary - How me speak at os . Joh. Van Acken Verlag, Krefeld 1973, ISBN 3-923140-03-7 , p. 25 .
  85. ↑ One part is named as an example under (b) on page 50 in Harl-Heinz Ramers: Introduction to Phonology . Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-8252-2008-7 .
  86. ↑ See also ibid., Pp. 34, 35.
  87. ↑ See also Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 19 above .
  88. ↑ Also cited as a so-called scenic, regional or moderate high accent in: Theodor Siebs: German pronunciation. Pure and moderate high accents with pronunciation dictionary . Ed .: Helmut de Boor et al. 19., umgearb. Edition. De Gruyter, Berlin 1969 (reprint: VMA-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-928127-66-7 .).
  89. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 25 below to 28 and 31 .
  90. ↑ Leo Braun: Eschweiler dialect dictionary - how me speak at os . Eschweiler History Association, Eschweiler 2003, ISBN 3-9803354-5-3 , p. 104 .
  91. ^ Adam Wrede : New Cologne vocabulary . 12th edition. Greven Verlag, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-7743-0243-X . Volume 1, p. 266.
  92. ↑ Willy Hermes: Kieewelsch van A bes Z - A dictionary - How me speak at os . Joh. Van Acken Verlag, Krefeld 1973, ISBN 3-923140-03-7 , p. 61 .
  93. ↑ Hannelore Kraeber: New dictionary of the Koblenz dialect . Ed .: City of Koblenz. 1st edition. Görres, Koblenz 1991, ISBN 3-920388-17-8 , pp. 250 .
  94. ^ Adam Wrede : New Cologne vocabulary . 12th edition. Greven Verlag, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-7743-0243-X . Volume 2, p. 283.
  95. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 144 and 145 .
  96. ↑ Compare also Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: piddeln accessed on January 17, 2011.
  97. ↑ Compare also Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: knibbeln accessed on January 17, 2011.
  98. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 104 .
  99. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 156, 157 .
  100. ↑ Compare also Rheinisches Mitmachrechnerbuch: porkeln accessed on January 17, 2011.
  101. ↑ Compare also Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: fummeln retrieved on January 17, 2011.
  102. ↑ Compare for example: Kurt Hausmann, Ursula Versteegen, Theo Versteegen: Krieewelsch op de Reeh jebreit - short grammar of the Krefeld dialect . Krefeld 2005, p. 11, 30, 36 .
  103. ↑ Compare for example: Kurt-Wilhelm Graf Laufs: Niederfränkisch-Niederrheinische Grammatik - for the country on the Rhine and Maas . Niederrheinisches Institut, Mönchengladbach 1995, ISBN 3-9804360-1-2 .
  104. ^ Adam Wrede : New Cologne vocabulary . 12th edition. Greven Verlag, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-7743-0243-X . Volume 1, p. 102 bottom right
  105. ↑ Ludwig Hügen: Dreedusend Wöörd platt jekallt - Lower Rhine dialect dictionary . Willich 1991, p. 44 .
  106. ↑ Willy Hermes: Kieewelsch van A bes Z - A dictionary - How me speak at os . Joh. Van Acken Verlag, Krefeld 1973, ISBN 3-923140-03-7 .
  107. ↑ Leo Gillessen: Dialect in Heinsberger Land. Dremmen dictionary . In: Rhenish dialects . tape 11 . Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-7927-1739-5 , p. 50, right column at the bottom .
  108. ^ Rhenish dictionary . On behalf of the Prussian Academy of Sciences , the Society for Rhenish History and the Provincial Association of the Rhine Province on the basis of the collection started by Johannes Franck and supported by all circles of the Rhenish people, edited and edited by Josef Müller, Heinrich Dittmaier, Rudolf Schützeichel and Mattias Zender. 9 volumes. Bonn / Berlin 1928–1971. Volume 1, p. 978 ff. ( Woerterbuchnetz.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.woerterbuchnetz.de  
  109. ↑ More details on this in the article on euphonic sounds .
  110. ↑ Willy Hermes: Kieewelsch van A bes Z - A dictionary - How me speak at os . Joh. Van Acken Verlag, Krefeld 1973, ISBN 3-923140-03-7 , p. 175, 91 .
  111. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 21st ff .
  112. ↑ Compare the examples under the heading " Familienkölsch "
  113. ↑ See also: Peter Honnen: Alles Kokolores? - Words and word stories from the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0418-5 , pp. 125 f .
  114. ↑ Compare also Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: Knöllchen accessed on January 17, 2011.
  115. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 156 .
  116. ↑ Compare also Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: poppen accessed on January 17, 2011.
  117. ↑ See also: Peter Honnen: Alles Kokolores? - Words and word stories from the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-7743-0418-5 , pp. 120 .
  118. ↑ Compare also Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch: Klüngel accessed on January 17, 2011.
  119. ↑ Peter Honnen: Kappes, Knies and Klüngel. Regional dictionary of the Rhineland . Greven Verlag, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0337-1 , p. 173 f .
  120. ↑ Compare also Rheinisches Mitmachrechnerbuch: Schiss accessed on January 17, 2011.
  121. ↑ Duden Volume 9, 6th edition. 2007, p. 62.
  122. ↑ Cf. Georg Cornelissen: My grandma still speaks Platt. Where is the dialect in the Rhineland? Greven Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 3-7743-0417-3 .

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