History of agriculture in Switzerland

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In the course of the 20th century, Switzerland developed from an agricultural state to an industrial state. 4071 km² or 27.5% of the agricultural area is used as arable land today (as of 2018) . Between 1979/85 and 2004/09 295 km² (6.8%) of these intensively used areas were lost, of which 43.9% were used for new settlements. The conversion of fields into home pastures also plays an important role. Four times as many fields were converted into home pastures than the other way around. 32.8% of the area of ​​Switzerland is unproductive for agriculture . Including alpine farming, 35.8% of the area is agriculturally usable, 31.3% is forest and wood.

The degree of self-sufficiency (ratio of domestic production to consumption) has been around 60 percent in recent years, around 40 percent of food is imported . Due to the good production conditions in Switzerland (high-quality soils, sufficient rainfall, availability of means of production), the yield level and production intensity are high in international comparison. A high population density (the arable area in Switzerland is 500 square meters per inhabitant, which is a quarter of the international average). Around two thirds of the agricultural area can only be used as grassland for topographical or climatic reasons. In an international comparison, Switzerland ranks sixth in the global food security index. Agroscope is Switzerland's competence center for agricultural research, which was founded in 2014 and aims to make a contribution to sustainable agriculture and food as well as an intact environment and to improve the quality of life in Switzerland. At the end of the 20th century, farmyard sales became more important again.

Prehistory (until 1850)

The importance in many regions of the Swiss Central Plateau was shaped for centuries by the three-part economy . This three-field crop rotation was structured as follows:

  1. Year: wintering; Winter cereals
  2. Year: summer; Summer cereals (mostly oats or barley)
  3. Year: fallow

The individual farmer owned his field in each tent . It was not a working association of farmers, but a village community. The Dreizelgenwirtschaft did not allow intensive livestock farming. The common pasture on the fallow land, the unfertilized common land and the stubble fields as well as the inadequate winter feeding offered only sparse forage. For centuries forest trees were delimbed, Lebhäge "put on the stick" and the leafy branches hung up on the arbors as winter fodder and dried. It was not without good reason that people later spoke of forest destruction, forest abuse or forest dragging. Hochwald as we know it today was seldom present; bush-shaped vegetation prevailed. Agriculture froze in the three-part economy.

For agriculture, the 18th century marks the dawn of a new, better time. Young country gentlemen took the management of their estates into their own hands and sought to raise and promote agriculture, especially livestock keeping. The fetters of the Dreizelgenwirtschaft were broken. They began with stable feeding, careful storage of manure and liquid manure, and potatoes and clover were grown on the former Brachzelg. The common land was parceled out and divided among the farmers. A new goal came to the fore, namely to keep enough cattle to provide one's own land with sufficient manure . In the midst of this development, the French Revolution broke out (1789). People were open to innovations.

Establishment of the first training and control stations (between 1850 and 1880)

In the second half of the 19th century, people had to learn to adapt to the requirements of an industrial society. Completely new technologies changed their everyday lives and the natural sciences offered completely different explanations for life processes and agricultural production than the previously applicable ones.

In the 19th century, attempts to set up cantonal agricultural schools in Switzerland began. With the new federal constitution of 1848, the modern welfare state began to develop in Switzerland too. The state accounts of the 1950s show the first, albeit still very modest, agricultural subsidies .

Until the middle of the 19th century, Switzerland had to grow its own bread grain. The authorities saw the main task of agriculture in the self-sufficiency of the feudal and city-states with grain. It was not until 1860 that they began to import larger quantities of grain from the Danube countries and from overseas.

The Zurich consumer association was founded in 1851, the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company and Nestlé in 1866 .

The birth of the research institutes (1874–1914)

The first step taken by the Swiss Confederation towards agricultural research institutes was the expansion of the ETH Zurich, where the first two federal agricultural research institutes were established in 1878: Switzerland. Semen control station and Switzerland. Agricultural chemical research station. Both stations grew very quickly. The semen control station in particular developed into an institute with a worldwide reputation. Its founder, Friedrich Gottlieb Stebler, managed it skilfully and successfully for 42 years. Were investigated fertilizers and animal feed , soil, milk, wine, manure etc. One focus was the development of analytical methods. This was the starting point for the later establishment of the Reckenholz site of today's Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART research institute. However, the second location, Tänikon TG, was not opened until 1969, at that time as a research institute for agriculture and agricultural engineering.

At the end of the 19th century, the vines in western Switzerland were ravaged by diseases. This was the hour of birth of the Vaudois vine research station in 1886 and finally the Federal Research Institute in Changins, which was created through the merger of the Federal Research Station for Agricultural Chemistry (founded in 1886), the Federal Seed Control Laboratory (founded in 1898) and the Federal Vine Research Station (1915 founded). The research institute for fruit growing, viticulture and horticulture in Wädenswil had existed since 1890. In 1902 the federal government took over this institute. These two locations, Changins and Wädenswil, merged a little more than a hundred years later to form the Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW research station.

In Liebefeld, Bern, at the end of the 19th century, the federal government had a new research institute built with a vegetation hall and an experimental cheese dairy. The building was occupied in 1901. Liebefeld thus became the location for the following three institutes: the research institute for agricultural chemistry , the Swiss dairy research institute and the farm for permits for the sale of agricultural auxiliaries with central administration. The research institute for farm animals emerged from this central administration of the Swiss agricultural experimental and research institutes. In 1974 it moved to Posieux . The Liebefeld and Posieux locations merged exactly one hundred years after the establishment of the Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux ALP research institute .

In 1874 the federal decree was passed to establish the federal foal farm in Thun for the rearing of stallions of the Freiberg breed. In 1927 ten mares were added and the Fohlenhof became a federal stud. From 1998 it was called the Swiss National Stud . He and Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux ALP have been part of the ALP-Haras unit since 2009.

This laid the foundation for today's three Agroscope agricultural research institutes.

In 1886 the Association of Eastern Switzerland Agricultural Cooperatives (Volg) was founded. In 1895 the 1st Central Swiss Natural Milk Export Company was founded by 21 members of the Hochdorf cheese dairy cooperative and renamed the Swiss Milk Company (today Hochdorf Holding ) in 1899 . The Swiss Farmers 'Association was founded in 1897, the Association of Agricultural Cooperatives of Bern and neighboring areas (VLG Bern) in 1889, the Association of Swiss Consumers' Associations in 1890, the Aarberg Sugar Factory in 1898, the LV-St.Gallen in 1899 and the MIBA Cooperative in 1905 .

The Central Association of Swiss Milk Producers (ZVSM), founded in 1907, represents the interests of Swiss milk producers as a national umbrella organization in Switzerland together with its regional member organizations. In the same year, 62 cooperatives founded the Central Switzerland Milk Association Lucerne (MVL) (now Emmi AG ). In 1911 the Laiteries Genevoises Réunies (today's LRG Groupe ) was founded.

The cow business was still practiced until about 1900.

First World War (1914-1918)

When the First World War broke out on August 1, 1914 , Switzerland was completely unprepared: insufficient food production in its own country, supplies from the country interrupted, the local harvest probably on the doorstep, but man and horse mobilized for the border guard. At this point in time, Switzerland imported around 85% of its grain requirements.

These bottlenecks, especially in the food supply during the First World War, also triggered major changes in agricultural research. The priorities of research were placed more and more on agriculture and questions of forage production and animal husbandry faded into the background.

The Swiss Cheese Union was founded in 1914 . From 1917, basic foodstuffs were gradually rationed through food stamps until, in the final year of the war, practically all food was rationed. In 1918, the federal government organized the collection and recycling of cockchafer to obtain animal feed.

Between the world wars (1919–1938)

After the end of the First World War, they wanted to say goodbye to the wartime economic measures as quickly as possible and return to the free market economy. This had fatal consequences for agriculture. During the First World War the prices for agricultural goods rose sharply, only to collapse afterwards all the more brutally.

The importance of grain cultivation for food security had been recognized and the bad experiences at the beginning of the First World War had not been forgotten. Shortly after the end of the war, the Federal Council tried to support domestic grain cultivation through an import monopoly, combined with the takeover of domestic grain at a guaranteed price, and to protect it from fluctuations in the world market.

On January 1, 1920, the two institutions "Swiss Seed Investigation and Experimental Institute" and "Swiss Agricultural Chemical Research Institute" were merged. From this date the new name also applied: Swiss Federal Agricultural Research Institute Zurich - Oerlikon (ELVA).

The milk processing company Cremo was founded in 1927, Provins in 1930 and the Association of Swiss Vegetable Producers (VSGP) in 1932. The Colorado beetle was first detected in Switzerland in 1937 . Two years later, Switzerland became. Potato Commission founded (renamed Swisspatat in 1999).

Second World War (1939–1945)

In an effort to learn from previous mistakes and if possible not to repeat them, the reaction was rather quick as political events worsened the situation in Europe. The correct precautionary war measures were initiated in good time. While at the beginning of the First World War all economic measures were taken on a case-by-case basis and had to be implemented practically out of nowhere, when the war began in 1939 people were significantly better prepared in various respects.

With the outbreak of war, the focus was on adapting and increasing agricultural production (→ Plan Wahlen ).

At the end of September 1943, the federal government acquired the Reckenholz estate on the northern border of Zurich-Affoltern.

In poking through the natural farming of the Reform Movement as well as the concept of biodynamic economy developed farmers of Swiss farmhouse home movement in the 1940s and 1950s, the bio-organic farming as an independent ecological farming system. Building on their experience and under the direction of Hans Müller (1891–1988) and his wife Maria (1894–1969), the aim of the Heimat movement was to save the rural way of life in the industrialized world from ruin.

Post-war years and the effects of the cultivation battle (1946–1960)

Thanks to the American Marshall Plan, enormous sums of money flowed into war-torn Western Europe. This made the so-called "post-war economic miracle" possible. The two to three decades after the war are seen as a time of increasing euphoria for modernization and an intensified tendency towards technocratization. Hardly any decision-maker thought of questioning the perfection and efficiency of technical achievements. Agriculture was also affected by an unparalleled structural change, its face changed fundamentally, the Green Revolution had begun.

In 1947, the price controls that were in force during the war were lifted again and free competition replaced official price controls. In 1949 the Swiss Cooperative for Slaughter Cattle and Meat Supply (today's Proviande) was founded. From the 1950s onwards, draft horses were displaced by tractors . In 1951, the Union des producteurs suisses was founded in western Switzerland . In 1955 the Federation of Migros Cooperatives founded Conserves Estavayer SA (CESA). In 1958 the meat processor Micarna was founded and in 1959 Migros was allowed to start a limited trial phase of milk sales. In the same year the Somalon company launched the first organic Bircher muesli on the market.

Time from 1960

The idea underlying the Agriculture Act of 1951 that generous support for arable farming could prevent overproduction of meat and milk proved to be deceptive. The situation, especially in the dairy industry , shaped the debates and actions of agricultural policy in these years. Overproduction was also a major problem in the European Community (EC).

During this period, research was particularly focused on developing gentle production methods and improving the quality of the crop.

The Swiss Association for Artificial Insemination (SVKB) was founded in 1960, and the Frauenfeld sugar factory in 1963 . Mifroma was founded in 1964 and Anicom was founded in 1966 to market livestock . In 1969 the research institute for agriculture and agricultural technology was opened in Tänikon TG.

The European Year of Conservation of 1970 and the report The Limits to Growth of 1972 led to a heightened public awareness of the environment .

In 1973 the Research Institute for Organic Agriculture (FiBL) was founded as a private foundation by organic farmers together with scientists. It set itself the goal of supporting organic farmers through research projects and advice. The institute organized the 1st  IFOAM conference in Sissach in 1977. In 1974 there was an artificial fungus growth of the cockchafer in France and then in Switzerland .

In 1978 the cooperative Les jardins de Cocagne ("Schlaraffengärten") was founded near Geneva as a solidarity-based agriculture .

The Association of Small Farmers was founded in 1980, the Association of Swiss Organic Farming Organizations (VSBLO) in 1981 and ProSpecieRara in 1982 .

Between 1911 and 1983 the pig population quadrupled and in 1983 the highest number was reached with around 2.2 million animals. In order to counteract the eutrophication , artificial ventilation of the Baldeggersee began in 1982 . Biotechnical methods have been used to combat the bark beetle since 1984 .

In 1986, tomatoes and cucumbers were grown for the first time hors-sol . In the same year, because of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster , the Federal Office of Public Health recommended washing outdoor products and children should refrain from consuming them for two years. The damage to vegetable production was estimated at 9.7 million Swiss francs.

In 1989 IP-Suisse was founded.

New concepts in agricultural policy (from 1990)

Centravo was founded in 1990 for the recovery and processing of slaughter by- products . In 1991, the Waters Protection Act obliged agricultural operations to maintain a balanced fertilizer balance. Organic farming was officially recognized in 1992 and the first Bio Suisse processing guidelines were published. The soilless production in 1992 was recognized as the type of production and vegetables and berries declared accordingly from 1996 to 2016 after a private law agreement. In addition, in 1992, with the introduction of product-independent direct payments, price policy was decoupled from income policy. In 1993 the agricultural cooperative Fenaco was founded. In the same year, Coop launched the Naturaplan brand in collaboration with Bio Suisse . Migros has also had its own organic label since 1995 . In 1996 a new constitutional basis ( Art. 104 Federal Constitution) was introduced. According to this, the federal government ensures that agriculture makes a significant contribution to the secure supply of the population, to the maintenance of the natural basis of life, to the maintenance of the cultural landscape and to the decentralized settlement of the country through sustainable and market-oriented production. In the same year the UrDinkel brand was launched.

In 1998 UFA AG and Swiss Dairy Food were founded. At the turn of the millennium, Denner was the first in Switzerland to use ESL milk . The big problems with the previous agricultural policy and the changed values ​​of society with regard to environmental awareness and quality of life urgently called for new concepts in agricultural policy. On January 1, 1999, the new Agriculture Act came into force with the main objectives of "more market, more ecology". It had become clear that in the long term society would only tolerate environmentally friendly, animal-friendly and sustainable production methods. The target was clear: comprehensive, environmentally friendly and resource-saving land management that also takes care of the maintenance and preservation of our cultural landscape. The state price and purchase guarantees have been lifted and the ecological performance certificate (ÖLN) introduced as a prerequisite for direct payments.

The first Bio Marché took place in Zofingen at the end of August 2000 . Syngenta was founded on November 13, 2000 . From 2004 to 2009 the milk quota was gradually abolished and auctioning was introduced for the distribution of the tariff quotas for meat, which entitle the importer to a lower tariff. The European Milk Board was founded in 2006 . The application of sewage sludge as fertilizer in agriculture was prohibited on October 1, 2006. In order not to further promote emissions of microplastics , the industry association Bio Suisse also no longer wants to distribute digestate from biogas plants, in which material packaged in plastic is fermented, on its fields from 2020 . In 2007, export subsidies for agricultural primary products were abolished and funds for market support were shifted to direct payments. The border taxes for bread grain and animal feed have been reduced. Among other things, cheese production in Switzerland is now subject to free trade with the European Union (→ bilateral agreements between Switzerland and the European Union ). Since then, Quark and cheese imports have increased more than exports and the value of production in the sugar has fallen massively. 2008 was convenience - bakery Corporation Aryzta founded.

Based on various research and development work at the Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW research institute in the sixties and seventies, based on integrated pest control, integrated pest management and later integrated production for Switzerland was derived. Today in Switzerland IP is very often equated with production according to ÖLN or Suisse Garantie. The Suisse Garantie label with the Swiss flag is intended to guarantee that most of the added value has taken place in Switzerland. In view of the steadily growing world population and the consequences of global warming , agricultural research is facing major challenges. Agroscope research for agriculture, nutrition and the environment is seen as an investment in food security in the future.

In 2010 Bio Suisse appealed to politicians to make more financial resources available, since according to the  2009 agricultural report, only 1.1% of direct payments went into organic farming. The Switzerland-China free trade agreement came into force on July 1, 2014 . In the same year, direct payments were geared more closely to the objectives of Article 104 of the Federal Constitution and the instruments for implementing the quality strategy were strengthened. The meat consumption keeps increasing, and the meat paragraphs in the Swiss retail trade have declined steadily since 2015 (as of 2019). Because of the high residues of the pesticide chlorothalonil in the groundwater, some communities today have to buy drinking water in order to be able to dilute their own contaminated water with less contaminated water. In 2014, residues of pesticides were detected in more than half of all groundwater measuring points. At around 20 percent of the measuring points, the concentrations of plant protection product metabolites were above 0.1 µg / l. From 2014 to 2017, atrazine , bentazone and metolachlor exceeded the limit value at several measuring points every year. According to Greenpeace, it is high time for an agricultural turnaround and for compliance with environmental laws . Since February 1, 2017, the pregnancy of cows has to be indicated before they are sent to slaughter . This is to prevent around 15,000 pregnant cows from being slaughtered each year. Between September 2017 and August 2018, sales of organic food rose sharply. In 2018 by 13.3% to over 3 billion francs, which corresponds to 9.9% of the food market in Switzerland. In return, there was a noticeable decline in sales of products from conventional agriculture . Since the turn of the millennium, direct marketing has grown again, especially among organic farms. New records were set for chicken eggs in 2019 . Among other things, more than a billion eggs were laid for the first time. In contrast, total milk production decreased by more than 3% in the same year. In the meantime, even the largest Swiss milk processor, Emmi, has started producing vegan milk substitute products.

Popular initiatives

From the mid-2010s, the Swiss electorate was and will be called to the polls for several agricultural proposals (as of March 2019):

Personalities in Swiss agricultural research

Ernst August Grete (1848–1919)

Ernst August Grete was born on September 29, 1848 in Celle (Hanover). He devoted himself to studying classical philology at the University of Göttingen and later switched to the educational seminar. After completing his philological studies, he switched to the scientific field. In 1878 he became head of the chemical research station at the agricultural department of the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich, the first Swiss agricultural chemical research station. He worked there for more than 40 years.

Jacob Gujer (1716–1785)

Jacob Gujer was a simple farmer who, as a small jog from Kazereutihoff , alias "Chlyjogg", probably became the most famous Swiss farmer. He owed this to the Zurich city doctor Hans Caspar Hirzel , who in 1761 published a small book entitled "The Economy of a Philosophical Farmer". Chlyjogg was born in Wermatswil in 1718 and ran an inherited farm there using new methods he had devised himself. In 1769 he took over the Katzenrütti state domain as a tenant, very close to what was then Reckenholz-Höfe. The farm comprised around 68 Hecktaren arable and meadow land, plus a piece of vines and some deciduous forest. Chlyjogg continued the methods tried and tested in Wermatswil. He tried the use of plaster of paris and started feeding the barn to get more manure. Many famous personalities such as Goethe and Duke Karl August von Weimar visited the Katzenrüttihof. Other famous contemporaries such as Rousseau or Pestalozzi have also appreciated the successful work of small jogging.

Rudolf Koblet (1904-1983)

Rudolf Koblet was born on February 13, 1904 in the Heiterthal mill, not far from Kollbrunn in Zurich's Tösstal. He attended the industrial school in Winterthur and began studying at the ETH Department of Agriculture in 1923. In 1926 he completed his studies with a diploma as an engineer-agronomist. After a stay in France, he went to Canada, where he also acquired special skills as a volunteer in the Seed Branch in Ottawa in the field of semen control. In 1929 he joined the management of semen control in Oerlikon. With his thesis "About the germination of Pinus Strobus with special consideration of the origin of the seeds" he received his doctorate in 1932 as Dr.sc.techn. of the ETH. In 1943 he was given the management of the entire research facility. In 1949 he took over the management of the Institute for Crop Production at the ETH.

Hermann Müller-Thurgau (1850–1927)

Was born Hermann Müller-Thurgau in Tägerwilen on Lake Constance. He studied natural sciences at the ETH Zurich and received his doctorate in Würzburg in 1874 . He became head of the Institute for Plant Physiology at the Geisenheim Research Station . From 1890 he was the first director of the intercantonal research institute and school for fruit, wine and horticulture in Wädenswil, today's Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW research institute. In Wädenswil he became a pioneer in the field of grapevine breeding. He is considered to be the father of the Müller-Thurgau vine, which was crossed in 1882 and is the world's oldest scientifically conducted new variety. It replaced old varieties such as Elbling and R Noiseling and is the most successful grape variety that was specifically bred by humans: over 41,000 hectares are grown worldwide, which is almost three times the total area under vines in Switzerland. It is most widespread in Germany; In German-speaking Switzerland, it is still the most important white wine variety today. For a long time, this grape variety was considered a cross between Riesling and Silvaner. In 1998, an Austrian research team found out on the basis of molecular genetic studies that the crossing partners of the variety are not Riesling x Silvaner, but Riesling x Madeleine Royal. How this "mix-up" could happen has never been found out. This knowledge gave the second name of the grape variety, Müller-Thurgau, a new impetus.

Rudolf Salzmann (1912–1992)

Rudolf Salzmann was born on January 2, 1912 in Bern. Between 1930 and 1933 he completed his agricultural studies at the ETH. He oversaw the procurement of seeds in the War Food Office under Friedrich Traugott Wahlen and then a little later took over a position in the Federal Agricultural Chemical Institute in Liebefeld, where he dealt with the plant's issues and problems. In 1944 he was appointed head of the “Potato Growing” section at the Oerlikon Agricultural Research Institute. His election as the successor to Director Koblet took place on November 1, 1951. With that he took over the responsibility for the scientific work as well as for the organizational and administrative matters. In the following years up to the realization in 1969 he was the planner and builder of the Reckenholz Research Station.

Friedrich Gottlieb Stebler (1842–1935)

Friedrich Gottlieb Stebler was born on August 11th in Safneren, in the Bernese Seeland, as the son of a farmer. In 1870 he entered the Rütti agricultural school. In 1875 he completed his studies as a doctor of philosophy at the University of Leipzig. He later founded a private semen control station in the Mattenhof in Bern. In 1876 he moved to Zurich to do his habilitation in the agricultural department of the Polytechnic. Under Stebler's leadership, the semen control station also developed into a recognized leader in the international semen trade. Stebler was the first to lead numerous forage production courses in all parts of the country. From 1889 to 1916 he was the editor of the Swiss agricultural newspaper "Die Grüne". On June 3, 1903, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland in Edinburgh. In his later years he studied folklore.

Albert Volkart (1873–1951)

Albert Volkart was born in Zurich in 1873. In 1891 he began his studies in the agricultural department of the Polytechnic. After taking his diploma in 1894, he joined the institute as an assistant to Friedrich Gottlieb Stebler, where he later worked as an adjunct and board member for 35 years. Volkart dealt intensively with questions of plant protection. In 1917, Volkart took the place of the resigned Friedrich Gottlieb Stebler as head of the semen testing and research institute, and three years later he became the first director of the Swiss agricultural research institute in Zurich-Oerlikon. In 1925 he took over the chair for crop cultivation at the ETH and has been a pioneer of Swiss arable farming since those years.

Friedrich Traugott Elections (1899–1985)

In Switzerland, the name Friedrich Traugott Wahlen is closely associated with the " cultivation battle " during World War II . Wahlen was born in Gmeis near Mirchel in the Emmental in 1899. As a toddler he really wanted to be a farmer. In 1917 he began his agricultural studies at the Polytechnic in Zurich. From 1929 to 1943 he was director of the Swiss Federal Agricultural Research Institute in Zurich-Oerlikon, then until 1949 Professor of Crop Production at the ETH Department of Agriculture. During this time he worked for the Federal War Food Office from 1938 to 1945. From 1942 to 1949 he was also elected Councilor of States of the Canton of Zurich.

In 1949 he followed a call from the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), first to Washington and then, in 1951, to Rome, where he was director of the department for agriculture and from 1950 to 1952 head of the technical aid program. In 1958 he was appointed Deputy Director General of the FAO. On December 11, 1958, the Federal Assembly elected him to the Federal Council, where he first headed the Justice and Police Department, later the Economics Department and finally the Political Department as Foreign Minister. Until 1965 Elections was Federal Councilor.

literature

See also

Individual evidence

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