Hans Waldmann
Hans Waldmann (* 1435 in Blickensdorf , Canton Zug ; † April 6, 1489 in Zurich) was a military leader of the Old Confederation and from 1483 to 1489 mayor of the Swiss imperial city of Zurich in the Holy Roman Empire .
Life
Early years
Hans Waldmann, knight and baron von Dübelstein , was born in 1435 in Blickensdorf in what is now the canton of Zug. His father, Hans Waldmann (senior), died around 1436. His mother Katharine was a born Schweiger from the Lucerne town of Root , whose father received citizenship of the city of Zurich in 1427 and operated in the salt trade . Poverty has not suffered the family was not of noble status . It is certain that Waldmann did an apprenticeship with a tailor and later with a tanner. Together with his younger brother Heini and stepbrother Hensli Truttmann, he acquired Zurich citizenship in 1452.
Military career
From 1458 at the latest, Waldmann and his brother Heini took part in military campaigns in the city of Zurich, for example in the Plappart War against the city of Constance with official approval and in 1460 as a traveler in a military campaign against the Abbot of Kempten (Allgäu) . With the seven federal locations of Zurich , Lucerne , Uri , Schwyz , Unterwalden , Zug and Glarus , Waldmann took part in the conquest of the Habsburg Landgraviate of Thurgau in the same year . He received military experience as a military leader as an ensign and captain in the service of the Bishop of Augsburg ; in the Waldshut War of 1468 he distinguished himself as a captain of the pikemen in the ranks of the Constaffel . In those years, the city of Zurich's council books and guidelines contain repeated entries that describe Waldmann and his brother as brawlers and record fines several times. It was not until 1478, probably after the death of his brother Heini or after the siege of Bellinzona , that a changed picture emerged in the records.
During the Burgundian Wars from 1476 to 1477, Waldmann led the main contingent in the Battle of Murten on June 22, 1476, in which the Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold was decisively defeated. Before that, during the Battle of Grandson , he secured the western Swiss city of Freiburg with a small contingent of Zurich troops , where he followed his "military instinct" and made various raids on Burgundy territory. On June 17, 1476, from Freiburg, he asks the Zurich council to send troops urgently to Murten : forwards we go with zuchen, for this we just send the people away; for there is no twofold: the lüt [enemies] are all ours. On June 19, 2000 men from the city and country of Zurich, led by Heinrich Göldli, moved to Bern, where 1400 people from Zurich arrived on the morning of June 21 after a forced march over 150 kilometers made difficult by continuous rain. Waldmann, who had already arrived in Bern with his Freiburg and Zurich contingents (800 Freiburg and 200 Zurich residents), incorporated them into the Zurich troops, and at dawn on June 22 they united with the federal estates and the allied Lorraine in Ulmiz . Waldmann commanded the main force of the coalition troops, the violence . How big his part in the victory of the Confederates is remains unclear, but gave him, and in particular the city of Zurich, great recognition and restored Zurich's reputation, which had been badly damaged in the Old Zurich War, through the effective federal aid. After the afternoon battle, Hans Waldmann and other confederates were knighted by the nobility present .
When Charles the Bold moved to Nancy in October 1476 to besiege the capital of Lorraine, Waldmann again proved himself to be a capable military leader at the Battle of Nancy . Before the victory at Nancy, the Lorraine Duke René II , commander of the cavalry near Murten, is said to have jumped from his horse, seized the bridle of Waldmann's horse and thus led him right up to the city of Basel .
Social rise
Waldmann's social advancement took place as early as 1464 through marriage to the widow Anna Edlibach (the mother of the chronicler Gerold Edlibach ), whose family had made it prosperous through the iron trade. He took over the management of the Einsiedler Hof in Zurich from the late Ulrich Edlibach ; an office that he later passed on to his stepson. This position secured Waldmann profitable benefices and a seat in the noble society of Constaffel , after which he had also entered the iron trade. His “lower class” as an upstart from the craftsmen probably did not give him the social acceptance he had hoped for in the Constaffel, which is dominated by the city nobility and citizen patriciate. After his attempt to achieve further social advancement through the Constaffel had failed, Waldmann became an advocate of further strengthening the influence of the Zurich craft guilds (see Brunsche Guild Constitution ). Since 1473 he was a guild master of the guild of the Kämbel on the city council ( small council ), after he had unsuccessfully hoped for the title of guild master of the Gerwe (guild of tanners) before joining the Constaffel.
Envoy of the Diet and statesman
With its military strength against Burgundy, the Confederation became a coveted ally, especially for the mercenary armies of the competing power blocs: the Kingdom of France , the Duchy of Milan , the Habsburg dynasty and later for the papacy .
Waldmann in particular seems to have been wooed by foreign envoys and led delegations from the Diet to the courts of France and Milan, where he negotiated “equal to equal” with princes and received, among other things, the title of “councilor” of Milan. The military success during the Burgundian Wars made him an important figure in federal diplomacy and a power factor in Zurich and federal politics.
Waldmann began as a federal commissioner to translate this fact into cash for the Old Confederation: he was appointed envoy of the Old Confederation and, in the summer of 1477, went to Murten with his Bernese comrade, Adrian I von Bubenberg , and Hans Imhof on behalf of the Diet to France, where "Jehan hipping, Chevalier de Suric en Almaigne" by the French king Louis XI. an annual pension of 600 livres for his services against Burgundy. His compassion for the afflicted by war Franche-Comte brought Waldmann in a personal letter to the Council of Zurich expression as he, on August 17, 1477 Salins bored: the poor lüt hand ir hennd uff and knüwend Nider uff the AERD and begging uinss for god's sake and uinsser loving happy sake for friden and wenent dar zuo, daz sy me vast disgrace, and repenting us so êr [honor], that I got a lot of evil for fear . The military and diplomatic reputation had an extremely positive effect on Waldmann's political ambitions in his native Zurich: in 1476 he became the builder, in 1479 until his death he was a municipal caretaker and in 1480 one of the three chief guild masters who each served as deputy mayor and above all the Influence of the guilds represented in the council.
Mayor of the City of Zurich
Already after the Sempach War , the federally-minded guilds achieved a restriction of the dominant position of power of the mayor and the historically Habsburg- friendly Constaffel with the " Second Jury's Letter " . The guild masters also became fully authorized councilors, and the office of mayor was no longer just the privilege of the Constaffel. The stipulation that the oath given by the citizenry to the mayor must precede all other oaths was omitted and his term of office was reduced to six months, so that in Zurich (as early as 1384) two mayors, each half a year, as "incumbent" or “standing still” mayor presided over the council. From 1373 the citizens swore obedience to the mayor and the council twice a year , and conversely the mayor swore the oath to "protect the guilds and citizens and to judge rich and poor equally".
The second jury letter of 1393 gave the guild masters extraordinary powers to intervene in the state administration. The “Little Council”, still the real center of power, organized itself into two council groups: the “Natalrat” ( Natale Domini : December 25th) and the “Baptistalrat” ( Johannes Baptista : June 24th and St. John's Day ).
From 1480, Waldmann was the highest guild master and chairman of the guild masters' college. In the elections in December 1482 he was elected mayor and thus ousted Heinrich Göldli, a member of the Constaffel, from the mayor's office in the first ("Natalrat") term of office in 1483, which illustrates the influence that Waldmann may have been assigned by his councilors . In rotation, guild master Heinrich Röist (from 1469 to 1501 undisputed mayor), Waldmann and Constaffler Göldli alternated in the highest office. After there was always one mayor from 1336 to 1384 and two mayors who alternate every six months from 1384, the so-called council council was expanded to include a mayor's office in the second half of the year from 1483 to 1485 , which was occupied by Göldli. After the mayors Heinrich Röist, Heinrich Göldli and Hans Waldmann alternated every six months for three years, Göldli lost his office in 1486 in favor of Waldmann, so that, as stipulated in the "Second Jury Letter", two mayors replaced each other every six months.
Hohenburg trade
Gödli's deselection seems to have had important reasons that ultimately helped Waldmann gain further popularity: Knight Richard von Hohenburg fled Alsace in 1482 because of sexual offenses , acquired citizenship of the city of Zurich and found patrons with Göldli and Waldmann. Hohenburg's asylum in the city led to serious tensions with the Bishop of Strasbourg , who, if necessary, demanded the extradition of Hohenburg by force ( feud ). When legal proceedings proved the knight's guilt, Waldmann, as chief guild master, had him sentenced to death by burning after a court case for sodomy . Göldli, on the other hand, seems to have turned his long friendship with Hohenburg into fate and probably led to his being voted out of office as mayor.
Decline
The now two mayors from the guild, Waldmann and Röist, and their supporters presumably used this circumstance together to further limit the position of the patricians in favor of the guilds; the twelve council seats of the patricians (Constaffel) in the small council should be reduced to three. With Göldli's final resignation as third mayor, Waldmann - like Rudolf Brun before him - initiated a rule largely determined by him, even if the role of his official partner Heinrich Röist, who was also undisputed mayor from 1469 to 1501, is not clear. As a result, Waldmann not only attracted the hostility of Constaffel, but also the resistance and probably also the envy of other influential Zurich residents and, increasingly, the indignation of the representatives of the federal estates.
Arbitration court between the Valais and the Duchy of Milan
Waldmann had as mentioned by the military successes of the Old Confederacy as an envoy in the Burgundian Wars Tagsatzung worked and excelled in their behalf for recruiting Swiss mercenaries responsible, in particular for the Duchy of Milan . In border disputes between the Valais , the Bishop of Sion and the Duchy of Milan, a federal arbitration court decided in February 1487, under Waldmann's influence in Zurich, in favor of Milan. Whether before or after that, Waldmann was paid by Milan with no less than 4000 ducats , which corresponded to a quarter of his property confiscated in April 1489.
After the payment became known, the Valais disregarded the arbitral award, and Bishop Jost von Silenen undertook a so-called wild campaign into Piedmont on April 17, 1487 with the support of Lucerne and Unterwaldner contingents . When parts of these troops plundered near Domodossola , 800 Valais and 300 Lucerne were surprised by Milan cavalry and defeated in the course of the fighting in retreat after the so-called Battle of Crevola on April 28, 1487. In the entire Swiss Confederation, the outcome of the campaign led to a real wave of hatred against Waldmann, who from then on should have avoided leaving the Zurich state territory.
Theiling affair
As early as autumn 1487, Waldmann once again drew the displeasure of the federal estates. The Lucerne Frischhans Theiling had made a name for himself in the battle of Giornico on December 28, 1478. Theiling, a generally popular man, had repeatedly insulted the Swiss Confederation in Zurich in public, which at that time could be punished with death. In the summer of 1487, after the battle of Crevola, he insulted Waldmann in particular: a real and knowledgeable villain, ghyder [mean] murderer and traitor . In September 1487 Theiling came to Zurich for private business, was arrested and, after being questioned, beheaded for insulting the city of Zurich. The personal insults were not asserted. Waldmann rested as mayor in that half-year - the incumbent mayor was Heinrich Röist - and no involvement against Theiling can be found in the files; that Waldmann used his influence for a conviction is not in doubt.
Renewal of the protective alliance with Habsburg Austria
The Eternal Direction , the first of the so-called unions (inheritance) with Habsburg Austria, was agreed on October 13, 1474 between Bern, Lucerne, Solothurn and Zurich with Duke Sigismund of Tyrol ; the other estates (cantons) joined in January 1478. The German Emperor Friedrich III. did not recognize this union. After lengthy negotiations, the "inheritance" sought by Waldmann was to be renewed in September 1487 with his successor Maximilian I. Lucerne, Schwyz and Glarus excluded each other from the alliance, and Maximilian signed the contract - probably out of consideration for Friedrich III. - not ratified. Waldmann had negotiated a pension of 4,000 guilders annually for the federal authorities, an additional 1,000 guilders annually for distribution at his own discretion, and another 400 guilders annually as a personal pension, which increased the displeasure against him in the entire Confederation.
Waldmann and the clergy of the city of Zurich (moral mandates)
As the town caretaker (1479–1489), Hans Waldmann saved the once flourishing Fraumünster from economic ruin and had a decisive influence on the abbey’s economic management. Together with the city council, household money was set for the abbess, who like other high-ranking clerics was said to have a tendency to waste, her salaries were cut and the abbey assets were checked. Abbess Sibylla von Helfenstein (1484–1487) simply deposed Waldmann because of inability; he in turn withdrew the insignia of her worldly power, keys and seals. There is a report of a moral collapse in clerical life: The nuns had mainly taken up residence in houses in the “In Gassen” quarter, preferring secular clothing to religious clothing , so that Waldmann pushed for a simple life for religious within the abbey boundaries . The church-friendly forest man exercised strict supervision over the city churches and monasteries . So he also took the clergy of the Great Minster under supervision through strict moral regulations ( moral mandates ) and opposed them with the church sovereignty of the state.
On the other hand, the probably very religious forest man bought two church chairs in the Augustinian church for himself and his wife . He secured a burial site in the Fraumünster through generous donations and donated, among other things, the rood screen and a mural, a replica of which can still be admired today at the former main entrance to the north transept of the Fraumünster. The then guild master zum Kämbel also donated a new organ to the church.
Standardization of legal relationships
His political goals, a standardization of the legal relationships in the Zurich countryside , the abolition of mercenaries and a reference to the German Empire and the Duchy of Milan instead of France created enemies for him in large parts of the Confederation.
The throttling of the rural textile industry in favor of an economic monopoly of the urban guilds aroused particular indignation. The order to kill the poaching dogs of the farmers because they harmed the game population was the cause of open outrage. Today it is controversial whether the measure was taken to protect game or to prevent rabies. The farmers saw the procedure as a restriction of their freedom, since they actually used the big dogs for hunting; hunting with horses and long-range weapons was reserved for the nobility.
Ultimately, the incitement of the rural population of Zurich and intrigues became his fate. On March 31, 1489, federal delegates from the Diet , who had heard of the events, arrived in Zurich and dined with Waldmann at the Gasthaus zum Schwert. After the meal, the city governor / city servant Hans Schneevogel, a protégé of Waldmann, was stabbed to death on the Rathausbrücke by citizens of Zurich. As a direct consequence of this murder, the rest of Waldmann's authority collapsed: hatred and envy of him erupted across the city. In the early morning of April 1st, Waldmann tried unsuccessfully to bring the situation under control at the council meeting with the guild masters; the meeting was interrupted by a delegation, among them Göldli, and the angry crowd in front of the town hall, which had been reinforced by armed men from around Zurich in the morning (Waldmannhandel).
Arrest and Execution
Waldmann was imprisoned on April 1, 1489, together with other council members (some managed to get to safety) on the advice of the federal delegates to the Diet and, under pressure from the angry crowd, was brought to the Wellenberg . A sixty-person body, the "Horny Council", was set up to continue the work of the council. According to tradition, Waldmann was tortured from midnight on April 2nd to April 5th, by "constant tormenting, hanging and stretching", so that the tortured man screamed terribly and needed God and Mary to be in need.
The charges were alleged to have sworn an oath against the French king to have driven women into adultery, disregard of majority decisions of the council, the allegedly incorrect conviction of the illegitimate son of his former co-mayor Göldlis and the "violent treatment of the Milanese ambassador". Waldmann was also accused of having anchored the lifelong term of office of the guild masters' college and of having reduced the council seats of the Constaffel in the council and further restricted the influence of the Constaffel. The exclusion of Göldli from official business and personal protection for a guild master and Waldmann's former guild master Wunderlich were further charges.
After a fast-track trial , Waldmann was notified of the death sentence early in the morning of April 6th, and gratefully accepted to be executed with the sword (and no other way). Hans Waldmann was beheaded on April 6, 1489 at 11:00 a.m. on the Hegnauermatte above today's Stadelhofen station on the Hohe Promenade by the executioner with the executioner's sword after his knighthood and his offices had been stripped of him. The scaffold was probably at the front corner of the old cemetery, where the gymnasium of the Hohe Promenade canton school is today. The place was chosen so that it could be seen by the crowd present on the southern slope of the Zürichberg and in the old town. Before his death, Waldmann asked the many present from town and country as well as the observers from the federal estates for forgiveness and asked them to pray for him. After the executioner took off his robes, the condemned thanked God that so many were praying with him. He had confessed three hours earlier, then "he walked upright and fearless to death." According to tradition, his last words were “God save you from suffering, my dear Zurich”.
The Bern reporter commented: And he said something about the anvang byss, and went so proud and so afraid for and for when he went before ye what . The Bernese was also astonished at the hasty execution, which in his opinion made a detailed questioning impossible. Waldmann's possessions, including the Dübelstein Castle and rulership rights, were confiscated: after relatives and other claims were settled, 18,000 guilders remained, according to the report of the Bern delegate , of which 12,000 guilders went to the "outer" (Zurich countryside), of which 3000 guilders alone what zuolest in and in front of which werre instead of being distorted, d. that is, they were intended as compensation for food and drink during the forest man trade.
During the guild revolution in June 1336 the Fraumünster abbess , until then the actual "city mistress", lost the right to appoint mayor and the lower jurisdiction ; But she retained the right to pardon , through which she could overturn the judgments of the city judiciary. It does not seem clear whether the incumbent abbess of the Fraumünster, Elisabeth von Wyssenburg (1487–1496), could have obtained a pardon for those sentenced to death by the Horn Council.
Effects
At the end of April and beginning of May, the «Hörnere Rat» also had the guild masters Lienhard Oehen (Zunft zur Widder), Heinrich Götz Schuster (boatmen) and Ulrich Rickler (boatmen) executed. Other followers of Waldmann were arrested. Some of them were tortured, some condemned to be walled up , the latter pardoned or commuted to prison terms and fines. Some of their assets were confiscated and their civil and official honors were restricted. Ulrich Widmer, the eighty-year-old chief guild master (Zunft zum Kämbel), who had entrusted himself to the protection of the Fraumünster from April 1 to June 11, 1489, was beheaded on June 17, 1489, when the "Horny Council" had already come to an end . The intriguers of the "Horns Council" came to power for a short time due to the death of Hans Waldmann, but were removed only weeks later and some of them were also executed. Waldmann's stepson, Gerold Edlibach , mentioned the names of the members of the "Horns Council" in his report on the Waldmann trade and remarked that "in any case, many of the old councilors and guild masters were again involved in the regular regiment from the end of May 28, 1489".
As early as May 25, 1489, the « Third Jury Letter » limited the powers of the Constaffel and constitutionally laid down the numerical and also factual supremacy of the guilds in the Small Council. On May 28, when the jury's letter was celebrated with a party on the Lindenhof , a newly elected council ended the regime of the "Horns Council". On June 3, the rural population took the oath of being aware that their rights would be assured in the letters dated May 9 (back).
Few sources exist within the city of Zurich about the reign of Hans Waldmann, as his enemies took him out of the archives and city books . There are hardly any documents from the court hearing either. Family and relatives had to flee the former Confederation and settled in Augsburg .
Grave slab
Waldmann was buried in the Fraumünster. His grave slab made of sandstone (205 × 114 × 16cm) was fixed to the east wall south of the entrance. It is conceivable that Gerold Edlibach had it built, whose mother Anna Landolt was married to Waldmann for the second time. In the upper part, Waldmann's coat of arms with the five fir trees is attached as a relief. The plate is framed by an inscription in Antiqua . It begins on the left in the middle and continues over the upper narrow side and the right side: «VF DEN 6 TAG // ABRELL 1489 IS // (COURT) HANS WALDMANN». The word "COURT" (executed) is said to have been chiseled away around 1705 in connection with attempts to rehabilitate Waldmann. In the 19th century this culminated in an actual heroization ("Waldmannian period").
In 1629, while digging a grave, the coffin of a beheaded man was found, which was believed to be Hans Waldmann's final resting place. For fear of political unrest, the grave was filled in again and those present were obliged to keep quiet. « Report about a decapitated dead body in the Frauw-Münster church: when one said vil about it, there would be a big run and many even noble gentlemen would want to see the dead body from which literally great inconvenience and vile disgusting judgment ... want to be felled ». In 1695 the slab was under boards with benches on them. In 1768 it was deposited in the church or a wash house and was henceforth lost. In the 1820s it was found again under the wooden floor of the church and in 1845 it was installed by the Antiquarian Society at its current location, in the entrance area of the Fraumünster Church .
Heroization and so-called Waldmannian time
Mayoral chain
According to the estate administration, Waldmann had a gold-plated silver collar, his mayor's chain. In the 19th century, rumors arose that the jewelry was in the possession of the family of the law professor Friedrich Ludwig Keller , who died in Germany in 1860. On the basis of these vague clues, Johann Caspar Bosshardt (* 1823; † 1887) painted the doomed man with a chain of mayors in his work “Waldmanns Abschied” and founded his career as a history painter: “The Waldmann, who is the focus, gives his fellow prisoners the blessing. His expression is like that of a martyr, and in the next moment he will stride to the scaffold with his head held high ». As characteristic of the history painting of the 19th century that they held supposedly historical moments such as theater scenes applies: Bosshardt used a 1814 published acting as the basis for his composition.
In 1887 the city of Zurich acquired a necklace with Waldmann's coat of arms, which was discovered in Germany in 1879, for the proud price of 10,000 marks at the time. In a large exhibition on the 400th anniversary of Waldmann's death, the mayor's chain was shown together with, as was noted in the exhibition catalog from 1889: "Leather box from the treasure of the Grossmünster, containing a tooth by Hans Waldmann".
Equestrian statue
At the beginning of the 20th century, the desire arose to erect a monument to Hans Waldmann. Several reports obtained by the city council were negative, and the despot should be kept quiet as possible. Ultimately, the models by the sculptor Hermann Haller were convincing . At the equestrian statue inaugurated on April 6, 1937 on the Münsterhof directly by the Fraumünster, violent controversies arose because patriotic circles had wanted a more traditional statue. The guild of the Kämbel donated the memorial and urged the rehabilitation of its former guild master, who may have fallen victim to a " judicial murder ". At every Sechseläuten , before they go to the parade, the members of the guild of the Kämbel lay a wreath in memory of Waldmann. The bronze came from a scrapped Italian submarine.
Battle panorama of Murten
On the occasion of Expo.02 , the monolith in Lake Murten addressed, among other things, the controversial “ Battle panorama of Murten”. The work, created in 1893/94 by the artist Louis von Braun, shows as central figures Hans von Hallwyl , commander of the vanguard, and Waldmann, who led the main federal power at the Battle of Murten : “What is striking is their almost identical pose ... The two must be distinguished Warriors in their outfit. One, Hans Waldmann from Zurich, in reddish war tunics over his armor, points forward with his weapon, the other, Hans von Hallwyl, the sword in his raised right hand, is armored in gray ... The references to her family origins are subtly worked out ... The coat of arms of Waldmann on the horse blanket shows the characteristic five fir trees, that of Hans von Hallwyl shows the black wings in the golden field. In the wave of all the standards, flags and coats of arms, these two landmarks belong to men, to whom historiography assigns a significant share in the victory of the Confederates and their allies over the Burgundian army of Duke Charles the Bold ».
Trivia
- According to tradition, Waldmann has carried a talisman with him since the Battle of Nancy - a crystal heart set in fine golden tendrils: It gave its wearer unusual powers, originating from a piece of the crown of thorns of Jesus Christ set into the heart. The heart is said to have been lying on the ground not far from the corpse of its previous owner, Charles the Bold. Probably a story that, similar to the miraculous signs on the occasion of the opening of the grave in 1629, can be referred to the realm of legends.
- A scout corps in the city of Zurich is named after Hans Waldmann .
Film documentaries
- The Swiss (2nd part): Hans Waldmann and Niklaus von Flüe - Haudegen und Heiliger , four-part documentary by Swiss television , 2013.
literature
- Martin Lassner: Hans Waldmann. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- Christian Sieber: Waldmannhandel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- Reto Dubler et al. a .: From the dowel stone to the Waldmannsburg: aristocratic seat, memorial and research object. Swiss contributions to the cultural history and archeology of the Middle Ages, 33; Basel: Swiss Castle Association, 2006; ISBN 978-3-908182-17-7 .
- Ulrich Vonrufs: The political leadership group in Zurich at the time of Hans Waldmann (1450–1489). Structure, political networks and the social relationship types kinship, friendship and patron-client relationship. Bern: Lang, 2002; ISBN 3-906758-58-3
- Ernst Gagliardi : Hans Waldmann and the Confederation of the 15th Century. Basel: Basel book and antiquarian bookshop, 1912.
- Ernst Gagliardi (ed.): Documents on the history of the mayor Hans Waldmann
Volume 1: Hans Waldmann and the Confederation in the 15th century. Files up to the emergence of 1489. Sources on Swiss history. NF, Dept. 2, Volume 1; Basel: Basler Buch- u. Antiquarian bookshop, 1911.
Volume 2: Documents and reports on the 1489 run-up . Sources on Swiss history. NF, Dept. 2, Volume 2; Basel: Basler Buch- u. Antiquarian bookshop, 1913. - Adolf Baumann: Hans Waldmann. Swiss youth publications No. 1474, Zurich 1978
- Karl Dändliker : Waldmann, Hans . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, pp. 711-715.
Web links
- Otto Sigg : Hans Waldmann, the mayor of Zurich who was executed in 1489 . Person, power, rule and socio-agrarian aspects at the end of the late Middle Ages (PDF, 4.5 MB)
- Association pro Waldmannsburg
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Otto Sigg: Hans Waldmann, the mayor of Zurich who was executed in 1489. Person, power, rule and socio-agrarian aspects at the end of the late Middle Ages. In: Accompanying the exhibition in memory of the Mayor of Zurich, who was executed 500 years ago, spring 1989, in the Bärengasse residential museum in Zurich. Published by the Presidential Department of the City of Zurich, Zurich 1989.
- ^ A b Website of Giornico Municipality: History
- ↑ a b c "Monolith": Battle panorama of Murten. Hallwyl and Waldmann firmly in the saddle . By Christophe Pochon, Bieler Tagblatt , on the occasion of the series of articles on Expo.02
- ^ Karl F. Wälchli: Bubenberg, Adrian I. von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Website of the Zunft zur Schmiden ( Memento of the original from April 23, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Guilds.
- ^ State Archives of the Canton of Zurich (ed.): Little Zurich Constitutional History 1218 - 2000 , Zurich 2000.
- ^ Website of the Zunft zur Letzi: History of the guilds
- ^ Helmut Puff: Sodomy in Reformation Germany and Switzerland, 1400–1600 ; University of Chicago Press, 2003; P. 48. ( Google Book Search , September 22, 2008)
- ^ Geschichtforschende Gesellschaft der Schweiz (Ed.): Archive for Swiss History , p. 87. Published by S. Höhr, 1862. (Google Book Search, September 22, 2008)
- ↑ a b Lic. Iur. Gregor A. Rutz: Why Zurich doesn't need a woman's guild: historical rumors
- ↑ On April 23, 1466, Waldmann acquired two pews in the Augustinian Church . The prior and reading master of the church, Brother Jacob von Ägeri, confirmed the purchase of the church chairs, one for Waldmann and one for his wife. Source: State Archives of the Canton of Zurich.
- ↑ Peter Dürrenmatt's Swiss History
- ↑ Website walk through Alt-Züri: Waldmannstrasse
- ↑ Abegg / Barraud Wiener: Kunstdenkmäler des Kantons Zürch , Volume 2.1, p. 70.286
- ↑ a b Website Canton of Zurich - 150 Years of the Federal State: Waldmanns Abschied ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Swiss National Museum website: Image of Waldmann's mayor chain ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Albert A. Stahel : Hans Waldmann and his visionary European policy ; Wädenswil: Institute for Strategic Studies, 2006.
- ↑ The bronze came from a scrapped Italian submarine. Walter Baumann: The Rennweg district; Zurich 1988, p. 75.
- ^ Zunft zum Kämbel: Wreath laying , accessed on March 29, 2013.
- ^ Walter Baumann: The Rennweg Quarter ; Zurich 1988, p. 75
- ^ Website Scout Corps Hans Waldmann ( Memento of the original from December 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Waldmann, Hans |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Mayor of Zurich |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1435 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Blickensdorf , Canton of Zug |
| DATE OF DEATH | April 6, 1489 |
| Place of death | Zurich |