Hurricane Maria

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Hurricane Maria
Category 5 hurricane ( SSHWS )
Hurricane Maria at its greatest intensity on September 19 at 17:42 UTC, shortly before it reached the coast of Puerto Rico
Hurricane Maria at its greatest intensity on September 19 at 17:42 UTC, shortly before it reached the coast of Puerto Rico
Emergence 16th September 2017
resolution September 30, 2017
Peak wind
speed
175  mph (280  km / h ) (sustained for 1 minute)
Lowest air pressure 908  mbar ( hPa ; 26.8  inHg )
dead over 3000
Property damage Unknown
Affected
areas 		Leeward Islands (especially Dominica ), Saint Croix , Puerto Rico
Season overview:
2017 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Maria was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that first passed directly over Dominica and then caused severe damage to other islands in the northern Lesser Antilles , Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic . One study concluded that around 3,000 people were killed in the storm and its aftermath in Puerto Rico alone. Thus, Hurricane Maria was one of the deadliest natural disasters in United States history . The originally published figures by the authorities were far below, as they only related to the people who died immediately.

The thirteenth tropical storm, seventh hurricane and fourth major hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season formed from a tropical wave on September 16 . Maria was the third consecutive major hurricane to hit the northern Lesser Antilles with direct hits, or at least severe impacts, in two weeks, after the catastrophic Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Jose , classified as Category 4 hurricane by Saffir-Simpson -Hurricane wind scale had passed dangerously close. The peak wind speeds doubled within 24 hours from 130 km / h to 260 km / h, while during the period the central minimum air pressure fell from 982 mbar to 925 mbar, and on September 18 at 23:30 UTC Maria intensified in Category 5, making the 2017 season the first since the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season in which two Category 5 hurricanes were observed. This season is one of only six in the Atlantic Basin to see two or more Category 5 hurricanes. In addition, this is only the second hurricane season since reliable weather records began in which two Category 5 hurricanes actually hit land.

Meteorological history

Hurricane Maria train track

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) began observing two tropical waves on September 13. The more easterly of these developed rapidly into the system that eventually became Hurricane Lee, while the more westerly moved in a generally westerly direction across the tropical Atlantic. Conditions in the fault pathway were generally favorable and development into a tropical cyclone system seemed likely. During the next two days the disturbance organized itself better, and on September 16 at 3:00 p.m. UTC the organization had increased so much that the system was classified as a potential tropical cyclone . A subtropical high pressure ridge to the north of the fault directed it in a generally west-north-westerly direction into a very favorable environment for further development. Water surface temperatures of 29 ° C, low wind shear and plenty of moist air were the basis for the system to intensify into a hurricane before it even reached the Lesser Antilles. During the course of the day, the organization increased further, so that the system was upgraded to a moderate tropical storm at 21:00 UTC based on satellite data and was named Maria .

A dense cirrus cloud cover (Central dense overcast, CDO) and a beneficial discharge formed over the circulation center, which further favored the development of Maria in the morning hours of September 17th. After dry air briefly penetrated the system and released the circulation, convection broke out over the center and the intensification continued. During the day, the storm was classified as a hurricane on September 17 at 9:00 p.m. UTC based on reports from the Hurricane Hunters investigating it and finding surface winds of 119 km / h and an eye forming. The spread of the cloud cover and the increasingly complete eye wall signaled a steady intensification during the night of September 17th to 18th.

Significant thunderstorm activity was evident within the core early on September 18, and the statistical models indicated that rapid intensification was imminent. In fact, there was an explosive intensification shortly afterwards , and surface winds of 193 km / h and a central air pressure of 959 mbar were found during a reconnaissance flight, which made Maria a severe hurricane in category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale made. In addition, radar data revealed a well-defined eye with a diameter of 19 km. The eye contracted slightly to a diameter of 15 km at times as intensification continued and the system reached Category 4 at 21:00 UTC.

The most intense Atlantic hurricanes
(intensity is only judged by central air pressure)
rank hurricane season Min. Air pressure
hPa ( mbar )
1 Wilma 2005 882
2 Gilbert 1988 888
3 " Labor Day " 1935 892
4th Rita 2005 895
5 Everyone 1980 899
6th Camille 1969 900
7th Katrina 2005 902
8th Mitch 1998 905
dean 2007 905
10 Maria 2017 908
Source: HURDAT

The rapid intensification peaked late on September 18, when Maria intensified into a Category 5 hurricane just 25 km east-southeast of Dominica.

On September 19, at 1:15 a.m. UTC, the eye of a Category 5 hurricane hit the coast of Dominica for the first time . Interacting with land caused Maria to weaken slightly into a high-end Category 4 hurricane, but shortly after the eye was again above water, Maria regained Category 5 hurricane status. Despite the formation of concentric eye walls - the larger 40 to 55 km in diameter and the smaller 8 km in diameter (which indicated the onset of cyclic eyewall regeneration ) - the inner nucleus remained unaffected during the afternoon. Maria reached peak intensity on September 20 at around 03:00 UTC, about 45 km south of Saint Croix, with sustained wind speeds of 280 km / h and a central air pressure of 908 mbar; the air pressure is the tenth lowest of a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin since reliable records began.

Infrared loop of the hurricane at the passage of St. Croix and Vieques and the impact of the eye on Puerto Rico on September 20th

The hurricane will make its closest approach to St. Croix on September 20 at around 5:00 am UTC; it passed within 30 km of the island, and the hurricane's outer eye wall grazed the island while the strongest winds stayed off the coast. Hours later, around 8:00 a.m. UTC, the outer eye wall hit the island of Vieques, east of Puerto Rico. At this point, the outer wall of the eye began to dominate and the inner wall of the eye faded, and as a result of the eyewall renewal, Maria weakened to Category 4. Around 10:15 am UTC, the center of Mary crossed the coast of Puerto Rico directly south of Yabucoa with sustained wind speeds of 250 km / h; this made Maria the strongest hurricane to hit Puerto Rico since San Felipe Segundo in 1928. Over Puerto Rico, Maria maintained the roughly west-northwest course and reached the water of the open Atlantic shortly before 6:00 p.m. UTC. Due to the mountainous topography on the island, Maria had lost a lot of power over Puerto Rico, and the sustained wind speeds fell to 175 km / h, while the core pressure had risen to 957 mbar. Due to the continued favorable environmental conditions, Maria was constantly reorganizing herself. As the hurricane receded from Puerto Rico, a large eye 75 km in diameter formed around which the deep convection blossomed. Early on September 21st, the system again reached category 3.

The surface of the water swirled up by Hurricane Irma initially limited Maria's reorganization. On the afternoon of September 21, the system crossed the Navidad and Silver Banks north of the Dominican Republic. Shoaling due to the shallow water disrupted the measurement of wind speeds close to the ground. The convection around the eye deepened and the eye defined better at night, and the hurricane reached a tertiary climax with sustained winds of 205 km / h.

An additional increase in the south-westerly wind shear led to the gradual weakening of the hurricane with regression of the ligament structures and later the degradation of the eye. Late on September 22nd, the hurricane turned in the expected north-northwest direction because it had reached the western edge of the ridge, which had previously blocked the path to the north and therefore steered the hurricane westward. Mary's degree of organization took turns alternately until September 23, and the eye filled with clouds and cleared up again; During this phase, Maria remained in Category 3. Despite falling central air pressure, the hurricane weakened to Category 2 early on September 24th. The Hurricane Hunters observed wind speeds of 187 to 217 km / h at flight altitude; however, the wind speeds determined by NASA's Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer only reached 150 km / h. At this point, Maria's pulling direction swung northward, the aforementioned ridge and a cut-off low over the eastern Gulf of Mexico .

The further train track until September 27 ran east of the Bahamas and east of the east coast of the USA in a northbound direction. Thereby Maria weakened to a tropical storm.

The remnants of the hurricane also reached the Alps on October 3, 2017 , in the form of a weak cold front also Austria , especially the north of the country.

Preparations

After the National Hurricane Center began issuing warnings on September 16 about the system that would develop into Tropical Storm Maria, the government of France issued storm warnings in Martinique and Guadeloupe ; The governments of St. Lucia acted similarly for their citizens and Barbados for the residents of Dominica . Barbados later extended the warnings to residents of Barbados and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . The government of Antigua and Barbuda issued hurricane warnings for the islands of Antigua , Barbuda , St. Kitts , Nevis and Montserrat when the NHC declared Maria a tropical storm. The government ordered evacuations for Puerto Rico and announced the opening of 450 shelters from September 18. In addition to a storm warning, a flood warning was issued for rivers such as the Rio de la Plata , and the levels rose by leaps and bounds.

Effects

Personal and property damage by territory
territory dead Damage
(2017 USD) 		Ref.
Dominica 65 931 million
Guadeloupe (France) 2 120 million
Martinique (France) 0 n / A
Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 13 million
U.S. Virgin Islands (USA) 2 13 million
Puerto Rico (USA) 2,975 95 billion
Dominican Republic 5 63 million
Haiti 3 n / A
US east coast 4th n / A
total: > 3,000 > 96.1 billion

Southern Leeward Islands

Maria's outer rainbands generated heavy rain and strong gusts of wind on the southern leeze islands . Hewanorra and George FL Charles airports in St. Lucia recorded 110mm and 80mm of rainfall, respectively; in other places on the island even higher amounts of rain fell. Isolated mudslides, landslides and uprooted trees caused minor damage and blocked some roads. In some counties, power outages have occurred due to torn or damaged power lines. Agriculture, especially the cultivation of bananas, was affected by crop failures.

Rainfalls between 75 and 125 mm caused occasional floods in Barbados ; in some places the streets were flooded. Strong winds caused an island-wide power outage.

Martinique

Although the storm center passed 50 km north of the island's coast, Maria still brought heavy rain and strong gusts of wind to the island, although the island remained on the slower storm side outside the hurricane wind field, which extends 35 km from the eye. The municipality of Le Marigot reported 170 mm of rainfall within 24 hours. Numerous roads have become impassable due to falling rocks, fallen trees and power poles. In Le Lorrain , the wind fell trees on the streets, which were only cleared the next day. In the seaside community of Le Carbet , heavy seas washed rocks ashore and destroyed some coastal structures. In Fort-de-France , streets were flooded. On September 19, 70,000 households were left without electricity due to the effects of Maria. The drinking water supply for 50,000 customers, mainly in the municipalities of Le Morne-Rouge and Gros-Morne, was interrupted. In the area around Basse-Pointe and L'Ajoupa-Bouillon , the banana trees were almost completely destroyed by the winds of the hurricane, above La Trinité about 60% of the plants were destroyed, and the losses are increasing in the center and south of the island 40–50% of the stock. No deaths were reported in Martinique, but four people were injured, two of them seriously.

Dominica

Devastation in Roseau

Maria hit Dominica as a Category 5 hurricane and caused severe damage there. Most of the houses had roofs covered. Internet, cellular communications, and radio failed on most of the island. Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit described the destruction as "unbelievable". The storm left 65 dead, including 34 missing people who could not be found and were pronounced dead. The total damage was estimated at $ 931 million and losses from production downtime at farms and industrial companies were approximately $ 380 million. Immediately after the devastating hurricane, many cities on the island were looted , in which police officers were also involved.

Aerial photographs showed that entire residential areas were littered with rubble and the rows of houses were becoming uninhabitable. According to initial estimates, the hurricane destroyed or damaged 90% of the buildings on Domenica, including covering the roofs of the buildings used as emergency shelters. He damaged the island's main hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital . The heavy rains triggered landslides. As a result, water pipes burst, so that there was a shortage of drinking water across the island . In addition, food and medicines became scarce. Some places were completely cut off from the rest of the island by ruined roads.

Guadeloupe

Uprooted tree, torn down power line

Maria passed Guadeloupe to the south, but on the night of September 18-19 the storm swept over the French islands for hours with winds of up to 150 km / h. The strongest winds occurred on the south coast of Basse-Terre. Gourbeyre reported constant wind speeds of 162 km / h, further north, Baillif reported 148 km / h. Within a day, the hurricane unloaded amounts of rain in some places that usually fall in almost a month: Pointe-à-Pitre reported 191 mm and the capital Basse-Terre 163 mm, each within 24 hours.

There was widespread damage to buildings, particularly from covered roofs; the islands of Marie-Galante , La Désirade and especially Les Saintes received the brunt of the wind, but on the main islands, too, the regions between Pointe-à-Pitre and the southwest coast from Grande-Terre to Petit-Bourg and the southern coastline opened up Basse-Terre badly hit.

Storm damage: Broken banana trees in Guadeloupe

Numerous houses on Les Saintes were flooded or lost their roofs. Parts of Pointe-à-Pitre were under water more than three feet and the hospital was badly damaged. In around 80,000 households - 40% of the population - the power supply was interrupted. Around a quarter of the landline subscribers were affected by the failure of the telephone network. The strong wind ravaged the islands' vegetation; Fallen trees and fallen branches blocked virtually every major road.

Official sources reported two fatalities on the islands. Two more have been missing since their boat capsized off La Désirade. The property damage caused by Maria in Guadeloupe was estimated on September 22, 2017 by the French Minister for Economic Affairs, Bruno Le Maire, at at least 100 million euros.

American Virgin Islands

When the outer eye wall passed over Saint Croix , Hurricane Maria was classified as a Category 5 hurricane. He caused extensive and severe damage on the island. The wind in the Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge reached sustained wind speeds of 159 to 167 km / h and in gusts up to 220 km / h. The roof of the hospital was damaged and the hospital itself was flooded without interrupting operations. Two people died on the island. At least two schools were destroyed. Kenneth Mapp, the island's governor, estimated that repairs to the electrical grid would take six months. Cell phone masts were partly operated with private generators, which were guarded by members of the police and national guard after a generator had already been stolen. Distribution points for food and water have been set up. The SS Wright brought 1.1 million rations of food to the islands, with further food and water deliveries made by a Boeing C-17 . Some hospital patients were flown to the mainland.

Puerto Rico

Satellite images show the severely impaired power supply on the island after the hurricane
Storm damage and flooding in Puerto Rico

In the early morning hours of September 20, 2017, the hurricane hit Puerto Rico and swept through the US outer area from southeast to northwest with a wind speed of 250 km / h. Roofs of houses flew around the streets, numerous trees were uprooted and cars overturned. In addition, due to enormous amounts of rain of more than 500 mm, large-scale flooding occurred on the entire island. Power went out across the island, making it the largest blackout in United States history. The reconstruction of the electricity infrastructure will take three to four months, said the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority . There was a shortage of drinking water, the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority said that only 40% of its customers had tap water. Fuel was also scarce and the cellular network was badly affected, with more than 91% of cell phone towers out of service. The civil protection agency FEMA brought food, water and tarpaulin to cover destroyed roofs and helped with search and rescue operations. Official sources reported 16 fatalities in initial statements. Due to the desperate situation in the hospitals and because communication with local authorities was sometimes not possible, it was feared that the actual number of victims would be higher.

At times it was feared that the dam of the Guajataca reservoir , which was damaged by the hurricane, could burst . 70,000 people live in the valley threatened by the burst dam. Ricardo Rosselló , the governor of Puerto Rico, called on residents to evacuate the affected area.

Of the 69 hospitals on the island, only eleven had enough electricity to keep them running. The Trump administration sent a hospital ship, a ship with fuel and other ships with the USNS Comfort . Initially, Trump had refused, with reference to jobs in the US transport industry, to loosen the Jones Act from 1920, which made aid transport by ship more expensive and sometimes hindered it. It was temporarily suspended from September 28th to October 8th.

The response of the Trump administration to the situation in Puerto Rico after the storm has been criticized many times as being too slow and inadequate, including by Russel L. Honoré , who was responsible for the military assistance for disaster relief after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. On October 3, 2017, Trump traveled to Puerto Rico.

According to the US federal agency FEMA, around two weeks after the hurricane, 90% of the island was without electricity and half of the population had no access to drinking water. According to Democracy Now , the agency took access to its data on drinking water and electricity supplies in Puerto Rico the next day, October 5, 2017, from its website.

On October 12, the number of registered fatalities was given as 45, 113 people were still missing. Two people who drank water from streams contaminated by infected animals died of leptospirosis . On October 24, it was reported that authorities had at least 74 suspected cases of leptospirosis infection and two other people had died from the disease.

The House of Representatives approved the release of funds for disaster relief in the amount of 36.5 billion dollars for the areas devastated by natural disasters on October 12, and the Senate approved the measure. The damage to Puerto Rico is estimated at $ 95 billion. That corresponds to one and a half times the gross domestic product of the island.

Due to the desperate situation on the island, a mass exodus was feared. By November 14, 156,000 Puerto Ricans had - at least temporarily - moved from the island to Florida . Thousands more were about to leave the island. With Florida being a swing state , these masses could sway the next election in favor of the Democrats .

Almost two months after the hurricane, 50% of all households and businesses were still without electricity, and 20% without drinking water. The power supply was only restored to the whole island after eleven months.

On November 9, the agency announced that there were 472 more deaths in September than in September of the previous year. This number should not be interpreted as the number of fatalities from Hurricane Maria. According to official statistics, the cyclone on the island claimed 55 lives.

In December 2017, according to the New York Times, there were 62 official (direct) fatalities from the hurricane. Including indirect deaths, the newspaper estimated the death toll at 1,052.
A Harvard University study published in May 2018 found significantly higher direct and indirect casualty figures and estimated the death toll at around 4,600 (95% confidence interval : 793-8,498), 70 times the official figure of 64 deaths. According to this study, a third of that number was caused by the collapse of medical care in the months that followed. Mortality was 60% higher in the three months after the storm. In August 2018, the results of a study by George Washington University commissioned by the Puerto Rican government were published, which came to the conclusion that about 2,975 people (95% confidence interval: 2,658-3,290) were victims of the hurricane and its aftermath have fallen. The government included this number in the official casualty record.

Hispaniola

Heavy rain and strong winds swept over the Dominican Republic as Maria passed northwest. Investigations conducted on September 22 showed that 110 houses were destroyed, 570 others were damaged and 3723 houses were flooded in the country. About 60,000 residents in the northern parts of the country were without electricity. Floods, flash floods and landslides made many roads impassable, cutting off 38 communities from the outside world.

In the Dominican Republic, four Haitians who were carried away in a flash flood were killed and another man was killed in a landslide.

Maria's center was at no time closer than 250 km to Haiti's north coast, yet large amounts of rainfall fell over the state in western Hispaniola, causing rivers to overflow in some places. A man drowned while attempting to Limbé in Nord to cross a high water-bearing river, and two others were 40 km east of Port-au-Prince in Cornillon killed.

See also

Web links

Commons : Hurricane Maria  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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