Johanniterkastell (Biebelried)

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Johanniterkastell Biebelried
Biebelried, Hauptstrasse 11

Biebelried, Hauptstrasse 11

Alternative name (s): Biebelried moated castle
Creation time : 12th Century
Castle type : Niederungsburg
Conservation status: Partly preserved
Standing position : Clerical
Construction: Ashlar masonry
Place: Biebelried
Geographical location 49 ° 44 '41.7 "  N , 10 ° 3' 52.7"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 44 '41.7 "  N , 10 ° 3' 52.7"  E
Johanniterkastell (Bavaria)
Johanniterkastell

The Johanniterkastell Biebelried , also called Wasserburg Biebelried , is a former medieval moated castle , later a fort for the Order of St. John and today a courtyard in the center of Biebelried (Hauptstrasse 11) in the Kitzingen district in Bavaria .

history

As early as the Middle Ages, Biebelried was near the intersection of the most important north-south and east-west connections in the Holy Roman Empire . The local nobility of the Biebelrieder had been documented since the 12th century. They were ministerials from the Counts of Castell . Since the end of the 12th century, the Würzburg bishopric had possessions in the place. The Johanniterkommende Würzburg bought land and buildings in Biebelried from Prince-Bishop Hermann von Lobdeburg in April and December 1244 ("caminatam, structuras et edificia alia in Bibelrid cum omnibus attinentiis ..."). The local chapel was given to her in 1251. She acquired part of the Castell possessions in Biebelried on March 10, 1251. This phase was completed on January 6, 1262, when the existing Johanniter Hospital in Biebelried acquired further goods from Heinrich and Hermann von Castell.

These possessions became the basis of the Johanniterkommende Biebelried. As a result of the destruction of documents in the Second World War , the more precise circumstances can only be reconstructed from the entries in the finding aids of the Würzburg State Archives . In addition to the favorable location, the choice fell on the site, presumably because of the long-standing fortifications.

A "donation" introduced before 1600 by a Knight of St. John from Biebelried from income from his goods in Thronsdorf (formerly, before the Crusades, probably a village and knight's seat on the right bank of the Aisch on the way from Gutenstetten to Dettendorf (Diespeck) ) and Riedfeld came mainly up to the age of thirty War (1618–1648) in Gutenstetten on Bartholomew's Day (August 24) and Maundy Thursday (in March or April) benefited those in need and was then assigned to the Latin school in Neustadt an der Aisch in 1713 .

In the 1970s, traces of a tower castle from the 10th century were found on the courtyard grounds. The construction of the Johanniter castle was in 1275 at the site of previous castle under the Commander Heinrich von Boxberg causes, and their old dungeon was integrated: "Henricus of Boccesberg hochrit this: ordens knightly and commendeuer their homes Wirtz castle, Biebelrieth, Rottenburg ob der Tauber and Reinhart Roth the castrum made of pure quard stones, built quite solidly and massively, as shown by the reudera annoch (= middle of the 18th century). ”At that time it was one of the“ solitest and most magnificent ”buildings. Structural remains in the east wing indicate that the facility was used as a hospital for pilgrims who were on their way to Würzburg or elsewhere. This corresponded to the traditional task of the order. In 1452 major renovations took place. During the Peasants' War the castle was affected by the villagers in 1525 and renovated in 1528 with their help. During the Thirty Years War , severe damage was again recorded. The facility became an estate . In 1712, a few rooms were added to the castle on the south side, which was described as derelict, for the temporary stay of a "temporary gn. Mr. Commandeur ”established and improved in 1754. The keep was demolished in 1728 and the commander's house, which is still preserved today, was built. After the secularization in 1806, the last Commander of the Order of St. John had the right of residence until his death in 1812 . The rights of the order were completely extinguished. This was followed by a short-term misuse as a quarry , presumably for new buildings in Biebelried. After the building was auctioned off to private customers, the area was used as a farm and the buildings were gradually dismantled. Today's courtyard entrance was created in the first quarter of the 19th century when the originally closed north wall collapsed. The northwest round tower was demolished in 1820.

description

The former moated castle was surrounded by a deep moat fed by the source of the Jakobsbach that rises there .

The present-day structure of the almost square complex (side lengths 43.5 × 45 m) still includes large parts of the outer walls made of humpback ashlars , parts of the inner walls , door frames , loopholes , window reveals and remains of chapels . The entire planning and execution of the construction activities was well thought out and was carried out with great craftsmanship. B. the extremely precisely aligned loopholes on the western shield wall or the buttresses in the northeast corner. As a unit which has been Shoe (1 Shoe corresponds to about 30 cm) is used which can be found in total length, wall thickness and loopholes.

The very precisely built, 2.5 m high and less than 2 cm difference in height, limestone base was probably built with material from the shell limestone quarries in the Main Valley . Some of the cellars that still existed were created in the base and the cavities filled in.

The lowest part of the walls is formed by irregularly layered limestones of very different sizes. The actual castle walls were built from yellow sandstone on a double row of stones with an approx. 60-degree slope . The walls were constructed as double-layer masonry. Here, an outer wall disk was built from humpback ashlars and parallel to it an inner wall made of house stones and the interior was filled with lime mortar and rubble stone . The 1.8 m thick surrounding wall that was created in this way is still largely preserved.

At the north-west corner, traces of a tourelle can be seen over the remains of a corner pillar at a height of 3.5 m . This corner tower, which was attached to the upper floor of the castle, was used for observation and defense purposes.

On the western 6 m high shield wall there are probably unique loopholes for Germany with a height of 2.8 m and a width of only 15 cm. They are arranged at an exact distance of 3.8 m and lie exactly in the middle of the yoke in the interior behind.

At the southwest corner is the former commander's house, in the lower area of ​​which there are still medieval remains with small loopholes. There was probably a tower there to protect the entrance.

The original entrance to the castle was a pointed arched gate with a drawbridge on the south side. At this point there is now the entrance to the garden as a baroque portal with the coat of arms of the then commander.

In the south, the base and the different masonry are easy to see. In the south-east corner the masonry rises up to 12 m and the rest of a window or a loopholes shows that the castle had two floors .

In the almost completely preserved, 11 m high east wall, a chapel bay window can be seen, the console of which was integrated into the outer wall. It can be seen that the chapel was enlarged in the 14th century. The platform that formed the chancel was widened and has numerous architecturally sophisticated details such as the window sill approaches , a bench , column bases and window reveals.

Next to the bay window there is a loophole that is unusual in shape. In contrast to the following, it is incised on the outside and opens inwards. Behind her there was a sacristy that was so better lit at the transition from the chapel to the large east ward . In the Middle Ages , the sick should have the opportunity to see a sacred space and to be able to address prayers to God for their healing .

In the north-east corner is the last of four previously existing corner pillars, the approach of which is the intersection between the extension of the inner wall line and the outer wall over the corner.

In the northeast corner of the courtyard there is a cistern closed by the owner or a well made of elaborate ashlar masonry with an inner diameter of 1.50 m.

The facility is classified by the Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection as a monument , while the underground remains from the 13th century are listed as a ground monument .

  • Coat of arms of Commander Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Altishofen

  • Western shield wall with loopholes

  • West side

  • West side from south

  • Garden and southeast corner

  • Baroque garden portal with the coat of arms of Commander Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Altishofen

  • Castle base and southeast corner with upper floor

  • South side

  • South side with southeast corner

  • South-west corner, former Komturhaus

  • South side, former drawbridge

  • North side

  • North side, today's courtyard entrance

  • South-west corner, former Komturhaus

literature

  • Georg Lill, Friedrich Karl Weysser: City and District Office Kitzingen (= art monuments of Lower Franconia & Aschaffenburg, Volume II), Munich, R. Oldenbourg 1911, p. 68ff
  • Josef Hoh: Biebelried, the Johanniter village. A contribution to the history of the Johanniter in Franconia , in: Fränkische Heimat 4/1932 (contains the list of committees listed separately by Altmann 1992)
  • August Sieghardt: The Johanniter fort in Biebelried. A strange castle complex in Lower Franconia. In: Am Franconian Hearth No. 9/1934
  • Alfons Pfrenzinger: Biebelried parish troubles . A historical consideration. In: Am Franconian Hearth No. 29/1934
  • Josef Hoh: The dispute between the Johannitern and the Bishop of Würzburg about the parish law in Biebelried before the canonical establishment of the parish in 1744. , In: Würzburger Diözesangeschichtblätter 4th year, 1st issue 1936, p. 25ff
  • Alfons Pfrenzinger: Biebelried apple of contention , in: Am fränkischen Herd No. 23/1937
  • Josef Hoh: The former Johanniterkastell in Biebelried , in: Mainfränkisches Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kunst 4th year, 1952, p. 319 ff
  • Heinrich Weber: Historical Atlas of Bavaria. Kitzingen , Munich 1967, p. 159 f.
  • Alexander Antonow: The Johanniterburg Biebelried near Würzburg . Deutsche Burgenvereinigung (Ed.), In: Journal "Burgen und Schlösser" 1976 / I, p. 10ff. Braubach / Rhine 1976
  • Ludwig Wamser: Excavations at the Johanniterkastell Biebelried , in: Yearbook of the district of Kitzingen 1979, p. 107 f.
  • Franz Altmann: 1100 years of Biebelried , Biebelried, Biebelried community, 1992, 199 pp.
  • Tilmann Breuer: Dehio Handbook of German Art Monuments Bavaria I: Franconia: the administrative districts of Upper Franconia, Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia 2., through. and supplementary edition Munich [u. a.]: Dt. Kunstverl., 1999, ISBN 3422030514 , p. 219
  • Anton Rahrbach, Jörg Schöffl, Otto Schramm: Palaces and fortresses in Lower Franconia . Nuremberg 2002
  • Carlheinz Gräter: Hunchback square for the Franconian caravanserai , in: Unser Bayern 11/2003, p. 189 f.
  • Peter Knoch: Johanniter Fort Biebelried. A walk around the fort. Würzburg, Office for Rural Development in Lower Franconia 2009
  • Walter Schilling: The castles, palaces and mansions of Lower Franconia , Würzburg, Echter, 2012, p. 253 f.
  • Dr. Ekhard Schöffler: Order of St. John the Coming Würzburg Documents in the Würzburg State Archive (inventory description) , https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/MFFLAOHGB6MTHIDUI3RXKVSSN5SN37SC , November 21, 2016

Web links

Commons : Hauptstraße 11 in Biebelried  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Monumenta Boica Vol. 37, No. 280, p. 313 full text at Google Books
  2. ↑ Monumenta Boica Vol. 37, No. 284, p. 319 full text at Google Books
  3. ↑ Monumenta Boica Vol. 37, No. 315, p. 352 full text at Google Books
  4. ^ Pius Wittmann, Monumenta Castellana, No. 137, p. 42 full text at Franconica-Online
  5. ^ Pius Wittmann, Monumenta Castellana, No. 156, p. 52 full text at Franconica-Online
  6. ^ Regesta Boica / Regesta sive rerum Boicarum vol. 3, p. 177 full text at Google Books
  7. ^ Pius Wittmann, Monumenta Castellana, no. 275, p. 115 f. Full text at Franconica-Online
  8. ^ Pius Wittmann, Monumenta Castellana, No. 280, p. 280 full text at Franconica-Online
  9. ^ Max Döllner : History of the development of the city of Neustadt an der Aisch up to 1933. Ph. C. W. Schmidt, Neustadt a. d. Aisch 1950, OCLC 42823280 ; New edition to mark the 150th anniversary of the Ph. C. W. Schmidt publishing house, Neustadt an der Aisch 1828–1978. Ibid 1978, ISBN 3-87707-013-2 , p. 143.
  10. ↑ Kreisarchiv Würzburg, Standbuch 149b, Order of St. John, fol. 3
  11. ^ Würzburg district archive, Misc. 2771
  12. ↑ District Archives Würzburg, Stand book 149b
  13. ↑ Kreisarchiv Würzburg, Standbuch 149b, description with floor plan
  14. ↑ Kreisarchiv Würzburg, Standbuch 149b, fol. 50
  15. ^ Antonov 1976 p. 18