Marienfeld Monastery (Harsewinkel)
| Marienfeld Cistercian Abbey | |
|---|---|
 The Marienfeld monastery church |
|
| location |
 Germany North Rhine-Westphalia |
| Lies in the diocese | Diocese of Münster |
| Coordinates: | 51 ° 56 '47.3 " N , 8 ° 16' 51.9" E |
| Serial number according to Janauschek |
475 |
| Patronage | Immaculate Conception of Mary |
| founding year | 1185 |
| Year of dissolution / annulment |
1803 |
| Mother monastery | Hardehausen Monastery |
| Primary Abbey | Morimond Monastery |
|
Daughter monasteries |
no |
The Marienfeld Monastery is a former Cistercian abbey and is located in the Marienfeld district of Harsewinkel in the East Westphalian district of Gütersloh . It was founded in 1185 by monks from the Hardehausen monastery. The abbey church was consecrated in 1222. After the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , the monastery was dissolved in 1803 and became state property. Today the church is owned by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and is used as a parish church according to a foundation from 1804. Some of the farm buildings are also owned by the state and serve as apartments for pastors, sextons and organists. Other buildings are privately owned and are used as apartments or for a hotel. The former enclosure buildings fell into disrepair and were eventually torn down. Two Benedictines have been living in the community since Pentecost 2004 in order to rebuild the monastic life, but one of them died in the summer of 2014.
history
founding
Before the founding of the Marienfeld Monastery, the Hundingen peasantry stood for the small Wadenhart chapel, of which a piece of masonry can still be seen on the north side of the gate building. The oldest reference to the place can be found in a document from 1134, according to which Bishop Weinher von Münster (1132–1151) donated the Wadenhart chapel with all its accessories to the Liesborn monastery.
In 1185 twelve monks - their number corresponds to that of the apostles - set out from Hardehausen (near Warburg) in the Paderborn region together with Eggehardus , their first Marienfeld abbot, on the way to a new foundation in Wadenhart. The monastery founded on November 1, 1185 was called Campus Sanctae Mariae; that means translated "Field of Saint Mary", now Marienfeld.
- Founder of the Marienfeld Monastery
- Widukind , the Vogt of Rheda
- Widukind's mother Lutrud (Luttrudis)
- Bernhard II to the lip
- Wittekind III. von Waldeck and Schwalenberg with his brothers
- Hermann I of Schwalenberg ,
- Volkwin von Schwalenberg and
- Heinrich I. von Waldeck and Schwalenberg
- Ludiger von Woldenberg
Hermann II von Katzenelnbogen , Prince-Bishop of Münster, consecrated the monastery buildings on November 2, 1186. He moved with the Emperor to the Holy Land and returned in 1192. According to a not undisputed tradition, Hermann entered the monastery, died there and was buried in front of the high altar of the abbey church that was still under construction.
On November 5, 1222, under the sixth abbot Winricus (1220-1226) the large monastery church was by Dietrich III. von Isenberg , Prince-Bishop of Münster, Count of Isenberg, Provost of Cologne and nephew of Cologne's Archbishop Engelbert the Holy. He was assisted by Bishop Konrad von Minden, Bishop Adolf von Tecklenburg von Osnabrück, and Bernhard von der Lippe. The prince-bishop consecrated the high altar, Konrad the left, Adolph the right and Bernhard the other altars.
48 abbots , twelve of them bishopric, lived and worked in Marienfeld.
Spiritual bloom
From the 12th to the 15th centuries the monastery reached the height of its intellectual heyday, especially when a monk of the monastery, Hermann Zoestius , attended the Council of Basel to present his ideas for calendar reform .
Paternity
The following Cistercian convents were subordinate to the Marienfeld abbot:
- St. Aegidii in Münster (until 1468)
- Marienborn Abbey in Coesfeld (until the 16th century)
- Marienbrink Monastery in Coesfeld
- Vinnenberg Monastery (until 1468)
- Rengering Monastery
- Gravenhorst Monastery
- Bersenbrück Monastery (from 1443 or 1465)
At times these monasteries were also subordinate to the Marienfeld abbot from the 15th or 16th century:
- Benninghausen Monastery
- Fröndenberg Monastery
- Holthausen Monastery
- Kentrop Monastery
- Mariengarten monastery
- Rulle Monastery
- Wormeln Monastery
Parish pastoral care
When it was founded in 1185, the Marienfeld Monastery was given the pastoral care of the parishes in Harsewinkel , Greffen , Isselhorst and Stapelage . Initially, the convent did not exercise pastoral care itself, but appointed secular chaplains for the dean and chaplaincy in Harsewinkel and the other pastors.
Only after a bull from Pope Leo X , which was issued in Rome on July 2nd, 1515, was the Harsewinkler Church legally incorporated into the monastery ( Widukind von Rheda and Prince-Bishop Hermann II donated the church in Harsewinkel to the monastery at the time of its foundation ). In a solemn act on Sunday, September 23, 1515, the abbot, prior, senior and hospital master of the monastery authorized the Marienfeld waiter Heinrich zum Wyle, as well as the pastors Johann Saelwyde (Greffen) and Ludolf Steynbicker (Harsewinkel), to own the Harsewinkler parish seize. After that, the dean, chaplain and pastor positions in Harsewinkel were filled with monks from Marienfeld until the monastery was dissolved.
Repeal
On February 23, 1803, the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of Regensburg in Germany abolished all spiritual principalities and secularized their property. The Marienfeld Cistercians were also informed of the abolition of their monastery on March 21, 1803. On March 29, 1803, the monastery was closed after 618 years.
On the day of the abolition, the monastery owned about 600 acres of land . In addition, the monastery had 400 dependent properties and cash assets of 100,000 Reichstalers. The annual income that the monastery last achieved was around 20,000 to 40,000 Reichstaler. The last abbot, Petrus von Hatzfeld , received 5,000 florins . The remaining 27 monks each received 600 florins. Other goods were the monastery library with 7,000 volumes, 320 paintings, numerous copperplate engravings, as well as church equipment and liturgical vestments .
By royal cabinet order of July 6, 1804, the independent parish of Marienfeld was formed from the Remse and Oester farmers, who were separated from Harsewinkel, and the previous monastery church was elevated to a parish church. In the deed of foundation, the tax authorities undertook to keep the parish church, the parsonage and apartments available for the pastor, chaplain, organist and sexton.
reconstruction
Whitsun 2004, after a 200-year break, monastic life returned to Marienfeld. Two religious moved into the former farm buildings in the monastery courtyard and lived according to the rules of St. Benedict .
Historic Buildings
After the secularization , the monastery buildings, with the exception of the church and part of the farm buildings, passed into private ownership. Most of the former buildings were demolished. At that time the church was owned by the state of Prussia . Today the church and part of the former farm buildings are owned by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia .
Wadenhartkapelle
In front of the monastery gate stood the Wadenhart chapel, which served as a worship room for the surrounding farms before the monastery was founded. The community was looked after by the Liesborn Monastery . With the foundation of the monastery, the monks were assigned the chapel and the community was referred to Harsewinkel. After the dissolution of the monastery, the chapel probably served as a parish chapel. The demolition took place in the 19th century and a new functional room was created on the site. In the 1960s this was also laid down and the old east wall of the chapel came to light again.
Monastery church with cloister
The monastery church in Marienfeld is a cruciform Romanesque building that was built from 1185 to 1222. The church was the first in Westphalia to be built from bricks. The crossing pillars are cruciform pillars with half-columns in front and discontinued round-the-clock services, which later served as a model for other churches and are called Marienfeld pillars . The church has only one aisle on the north side, while the cloister is on the south side. The building is vaulted by domical vaults. The crossing is separated by choir barriers for the monks' choir stalls.
Under Abbot Ludbertus (1294-1321) the cloister wing, of which only the north wing is preserved today, was completed. In the chronicles the cloister is referred to as "claustrum sive locu lectionis" or "Collatiengang". The evening readings for the monks were held here.
Artistic equipment
In the former monastery church there is a crucifixion group from the late 30s of the 16th century and a crescent moon Madonna from around 1545/50 by the sculptor Johann Brabender from Münster. The figures of Saints Anna, Dorothea and Elisabeth (around 1540/50), which Brabender and his workshop created for the monastery, came into private ownership.
Since 1820 there are four stained glass windows from the cloister of the Marienfeld church in the cathedral of Münster . These windows date from around 1550. The designs for these glass windows are attributed to the Münster painter Hermann tom Ring (1521–1597). The painter and glassmaker Johan zu Coesfeld is named as a glass burner.
The interior of the church is particularly worth seeing. The baroque furnishings include two confessionals, two side altars, the pulpit and the high altar.
In the north aisle are the twelve apostles of the former rood screen of the abbey church. The wooden Madonna from the Marienfeld Altar has also been placed on the west wall of this aisle.
During Lent , the high altar is covered with a starvation sheet. The 3 meter high and 6.80 meter wide cloth is made of fillet stuffing and strips of linen. The crucifixion scene with Mary and John is shown. The instruments of suffering can be found in the four surrounding fields. The cloth is framed by a wide frieze with a leaf sickle pattern. The embroidered year 1867 indicates a repair. Experts believe that it dates from the second half of the 18th century, that is, from the active period of the Cistercian monastery.
Altars
The historically most important altar in the church was the Marienfelder Altar , a winged altar with sixteen panels by Johann Koerbecke . It was created between 1443 and 1457 and was installed on February 6, 1457 in the choir of the church. The consecration took place on June 25, 1458 by the Munster auxiliary bishop Johannes Wennecker . Prince-Bishop Ferdinand von Fürstenberg advised the Marienfeld abbot Johannes Stades (1661–1681) to replace the Gothic winged altar with a more contemporary baroque one. In the ambulatory there is now a copy of the Marienfeld Altar by Johann Koerbecke. The originals of the 15 remaining panels hang in museums from Chicago to Moscow .
In 1681 the baroque high altar was made, which can still be seen in the church today. The design came from Johann Georg Rudolphi , the court painter to this Bishop of Fürstenberg. The execution of the altar was entrusted to the Marienfeld lay brother Johan Bröckelmann from Beckum. However, he did not adhere to the dimensions and made the piece "either out of clumsiness or out of great cleverness", as the chronicler of the monastery noted, even larger than intended. The construction was carried out on the altar hall of the Gothic altar and takes up the entire east wall of the choir. Forty skulls and other relics of St. Ursula and her companions rest in the predella , which are decorated with embroidery and precious fabrics. They were already in the Marienfelder Altar from 1457. Four interchangeable oil paintings by the painter F. Barckey are framed by two groups of columns. The pictures show the birth of Christ , the crucifixion , the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the ascension of Mary . Above it is the Christ monogram IHS with a halo in the clouds, accompanied by two angels. Old records indicate that the crown was only added in the 20th century. Originally there were Peter and Paul above it, as well as a depiction of Mary, the Mother of God. At the beginning of the 20th century, these figures had already been removed and a large shell with a cross was enthroned on the altar.
The two limestone side altars have been preserved from the church's former rood screen . The so-called Antonius Altar is now in the State Museum in Münster. The Passion Altar shows scenes from the Passion of Christ in four high reliefs: the Lord's clothing in the cloak, the crowning of thorns, the mockery and the flagellation. Evert van Roden is named as the artist , who is said to have created the altars between 1520 and 1530. Today it stands in the south transept of the church.
In the side chapels of the ambulatory are the altar of the Holy Family and the altar of the order , which correspond to one another in structure and dimensions. They are built on two floors in the Baroque style. The first shows the holy walk : above God the Father, below the Holy Family above which the Holy Spirit hovers in the form of a dove. To the left of the family you can see Saint Joachim , to the right Saint Anna .
The central part of the altar shows Saint Robert with abbot's staff and church model, as well as Saint Bernard with abbot's staff and the instruments of the Passion. To the left stands Saint Malachias , to the right Abbot Stephen , co-founder of the Cistercians, with abbot's staff and book. Above, the Mother of God presents the white vestments to Alberich von Cîteaux .
pulpit
The pulpit on the south side of the main nave was built in the Baroque era . The pulpit is carried by an angel, which is surrounded by a wrought iron grating with tendrils. The grille bears the monogram "FOA", which means Ferdinandus Oesterhoff abbas . Above the portal to the staircase there is a figure of the preacher John the Baptist . Sitting along the stairs are three female figures who carry the symbols for faith (chalice), hope (anchor) and love (child). The four evangelists with their symbols are grouped around the pulpit parapet , Matthew with the winged man, Mark with the lion, Luke with the bull and John with the eagle. In between, Jesus Christ sits in a slightly larger representation with the globe. Under the cover, a dove symbolizes the Holy Spirit . To complete the Trinity , God the Father is enthroned in a cloud on a volute crown above the sound cover , accompanied by three angels. Between the volutes sit the occidental church doctor Augustine with the bishop's staff and the flaming heart, Pope Gregory the Great with tiara and cross, Abbot Bernhard with the rule and the instruments of the Passion, Ambrose with the beehive and Jerome with a lion and with his left hand holding a skull .
organ
The organ of the monastery church was built from 1746 to 1751 by Johann Patroclus Möller from Lippstadt . A large part of the pipes was taken from the previous organ and the new organ received 30 registers , which are distributed over the main work , Rückpositiv and pedal . It is assumed that a breastwork was planned as the 3rd manual.
As early as 1795, at least five registers were replaced by Franz-Joseph Epmann, Recklinghausen. In 1826 the manual keyboards were replaced by Peter Austermann, Warendorf. In 1844, Franz-Heinrich Pohlmann from Warendorf carried out an extensive reconstruction, in which a new action mechanism and manual coupler were installed. In 1884, Rudolf Randebrock, Paderborn, gave the organ new wind chests and a new wedge-shaped bellows system. Old registers have also been replaced by romantic voices. The next renovation was carried out in 1927 by Ludwig Fleiter from Münster, who introduced a pneumatic action into the organ and installed new wind chests. He expanded the organ to 34 registers. In 1924 around 50% of the existing pipes were lost.
After the Second World War, a comprehensive restoration of the organ began. From 1956 these plans became more specific and preparatory work began. In December 1959, according to a report by the State Conservator Bader, warm air heating was installed in the church to protect the building and organ against moisture and decay. In the spring of 1960 the order for the restoration was awarded to the organ building company Franz Breil in Dorsten. After prior planning and research by Rudolf Reuter, slider drawers and a mechanical play and stop action were installed. The registers introduced by Randebrock and Fleiter were removed and replaced by new ones based on the baroque model. The organ now had a total of 41 registers. In the course of this restoration, the three Zimbelsterne were reactivated, the technical equipment of which was still in place. The restorers made new gold stars and bells.
The last comprehensive restoration of the organ took place from 1996 to 1999 in the style of 1750 by the Kreienbrink company , Osnabrück. The wedge bellows was rebuilt and a hanging action mechanism was used. Due to the mixed stock of pipes, no reconstruction based on Möller's original design was made.
Today the organ has 41 stops on three manuals and a pedal. These include individual Gothic pipes, some pipes from the 17th century, the Epmann register added in 1795, the Randebrock pipes in 1884 and Breil 1962, as well as the added registers from the Kreienbrink company.
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- Coupling : I / II, III / II, I / P, II / P
- Secondary register: Zimbelstern I, Zimbelstern II, Kalkantenglocke
Bells
| No. | Surname | Casting year | Diameter (mm) |
Mass (kg) |
Percussive ( HT - 1 / 16 ) |
Artist | inscription |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1947 | 92 cm | a ′ | Petit & Gebr. Edelbrock | ARMIS IAM POSITIS DIRIS CAMPNANA REFUSA // LAUDES PERPETUAS CANE VIRGINIS IMMACULATAE. (German: bell, cast from terrible, laid down weapons / sing the eternal praise of the immaculate virgin. ) | ||
| 2 | 1947 | 76 cm | c ′ | Petit & Gebr. Edelbrock | CAMPANAE SONITU SANCTUS JOSEPH CELEBRATUR // SPONSUS CUM SPONSA CASTISSIMUS ATQUE FIDELIS. (German: St. Joseph is celebrated with the sound of the bell, // the very chaste and faithful bridegroom with his bride. ) | ||
| 3 | 1828 | 69 cm | d ′ ′ | Alexius Petit, Gescher | ALEXIUS PETIT GOSS ME INESCHER NEAR COESFELD 1828 |
Source:
abbey
The abbey building was built from 1699 to 1702 according to plans by Gottfried Laurenz Pictorius . The two-storey building is made of brick masonry and is structured by yellow sandstone elements. Today the abbey is privately owned and used as a conference center and restaurant.
Monastery building
The monastery buildings stretched around the former cloister; south of the abbey church. The library and winter refectory were housed in the west wing, and the dormitory of the lay brothers on the upper floor. In the south was the summer refectory, which includes the kitchen and storage rooms in the lower part and the abbot's apartment with its own chapel in the upper part. To the southwest was the prior's apartment . In the east wing lay the chapter house and above that the monks' dormitory . These buildings were completed by Abbot Münstermann (1498–1537).
Under Abbot Johannes Rulle the west and south wings were demolished. On June 6, 1711, the foundation stone for the baroque monastery building was laid. The architect was Lubbert Hagen, who was a master mason at Nordkirchen Castle from 1707–1710 . Under the next two abbots, the south and east wings of the monastery buildings could also be rebuilt. In the 1830s the monastery buildings were demolished by the cloth merchant Tenge, who bought the buildings after the secularization.
Farm buildings
The farm buildings are north of the abbey church and surrounded the cloister courtyard with three long buildings. The large main gate was in the northern building. Utility rooms were housed in the west and east. The buildings were built from brick with ashlar frames. The sandstone was quarried in Steinhagen . A gable building is located in the middle of the east and west wings.
After the dissolution of the monastery, the buildings in the west and north were privately owned and converted into apartments. The east wing, like the church, was owned by the Prussian state and housed the apartments for the pastor, chaplain, organist and sexton.
At 4 a.m. on July 7, 1915, part of the western wing and the entire northern wing, in which the boys' school was housed, burned down. The west wing was rebuilt in the following years, the main gate was restored in 1930. At the end of the 20th century, the north wing was also rebuilt and is now part of a hotel.
Old spellings / naming
- Spellings Wadenhart : Wadenhart, Wadenhard, Werdenhardt, Watdenhart, Waedenhart, Wadenart, Wadenhorst.
- Spelling Marienfeld : Sünte Marien velde, Sunte Marien felde, Meryenvelde, Mergenfelde, Mergenvelde, Mergenfeld, Mergenfeldt, Merienvelde, Marienfelde, Mergenfeldt, or referred to as Campus Sce. Marie, Campus Sanctae Mariae, Campus Sancte Marei, Campus S. Marie virginis.
- Campus Sanctae Mariae = Field of St. Mary
Views of the former abbey church
View from the cemetery
View from the southeast
View from the southwest
North facade
North aisle, looking east
Ambulatory; southern transept
Domical vault with cross ribs in the north transept
See also
literature
- history
- Paul Leidinger : Marienfeld-Zisterzienser , in: Westfälisches Klosterbuch, Vol. 1, Münster 1992, pp. 560-568.
- Paul Leidinger: The Cistercian Abbey Marienfeld (1185–1803). Its foundation, development and spiritual-religious significance , in: Westfälische Zeitschrift 148 (1998), pp. 9–78.
- Wilhelm Kohl : The Diocese of Münster 11. The Cistercian Abbey Marienfeld . In: Academy of Sciences in Göttingen (Hrsg.): Germania Sacra. Third part 2 / The dioceses of the Church Province of Cologne. Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2010, ISBN 978-3-11-023371-1 ( digitized version ).
- Manfred Wolf: Controversies on the history of the Marienfeld Monastery , in: Westfälische Zeitschrift 166 (2016), pp. 9–25 ( digitized version )
- architecture
- Holger Kempkens: Bernhard II to Lippe and the architecture of the Marienfeld Abbey . In: Jutta Prieur (ed.): Lippe and Livland. Medieval rulership under the sign of the rose . Publishing house for regional history, Gütersloh 2008, ISBN 978-3-89534-752-8 , pp. 103-124.
- Holger Kempkens: Marienfeld Abbey. Westfälischer Heimatbund, Münster 2011 ( Westfälische Kunststätten 110).
- Michael Mette: Studies on the baroque monastery complex in Westphalia. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 1993. (Preservation of monuments and research in Westphalia 25), pp. 37–47.
- Further literature
- Leopold von Ledebur : Necrologium Marienfeldense . In: Wilhelm Dorow (Hrsg.): Monuments of ancient language and art . tape II. . Berlin 1827, p. 123–233 ( digitized in the Google book search).
- Joseph Bernhard Nordhoff: The art and historical monuments of the Warendorf district . In: The art and historical monuments of the province of Westphalia . tape 2 . Coppenrath, Münster i. W. 1886.
- Darpe, Franz (edit.), Lists of goods, income and receipts [u. a. Marienfeld Abbey], Theissing, Münster 1900 (reprint 1958).
- Hermann Strenger: History of the Cistercian Monastery Marienfeld . Tigges bookstore, Gütersloh 1913.
- Gerhard Grüter: Guide through the Marienfeld Abbey . Self-published by the author, Marienfeld 1927.
- Aloys Holländer: Marienfeld . Ed .: Heimatverein Marienfeld. 2nd Edition. 1955 (3rd edition 1966).
- Wilhelm Vahrenhold: Property and economic history of the Cistercian monastery Marienfeld in Westphalia (1185-1456) . Ed .: City Archives Warendorf. 1966.
- Walter Werland: Marienfelder Chronik. On the history of the Cistercian abbey and the Marienfeld community . 1968.
- Hans Thümmler: Marienfeld Abbey. Great Monuments , Issue 264 . Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich and Berlin 1972.
- Heinrich Siemann and Rodolf Hoppe: Marienfeld Abbey Church 1185–1985 . Self-print of the St. Marien parish, 1985.
- Rudolf Böhmer and Paul Leidinger : Chronicles and documents on the history of the Cistercian Abbey Marienfeld (1185–1803) . Self-printing of the St. Marien parish, 1998.
- Paul Leidinger: The Cistercian Abbey Marienfeld (1185–1803). Special print . Self-print of the parish Marienfeld, 1999.
- Beat Sigrist and Dirk Strohmann: Building history findings during the exterior restoration of the former Cistercian monastery church Marienfeld with special consideration of the masonry surface treatment with plaster and paint . In: Westphalia . tape 72 , 1994, pp. 210-250 .
- Paul Leidinger: The foundation of the Cistercian Abbey Marienfeld in 1185 and its donors , in: Westfälische Zeitschrift 135 (1985), 181-238.
- Holger Kempkens: Bernhard II. Zur Lippe and the architecture of the Marienfeld Abbey Church , in: Jutta Prieur (Ed.): Lippe and Livland. Medieval rulership under the sign of the rose. Results of the conference "Lippe and Livland" Detmold and Lemgo 2006. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Bielefeld 2008. (Special publications of the Natural Science and Historical Association for the Land of Lippe, vol. 82), pp. 103–124.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Internet portal Westphalian history
- ↑ Alois Schröer, The Bishops of Münster = The Diocese of Münster, Bd. 1, ed. v. Werner Thissen, Regensberg, Münster 1993 pp. 129-30. ISBN 3-7923-0646-8 ., According to Münsterwiki
- ↑ Westfälisches Klosterbuch, Volume 1, Page 563.
- ↑ cf. Walter Werland: Marienfelder Chronik 1968, page 72 f.
- ↑ cf. Westphalia - Booklets for History, Art and Folklore, Volume 72
- ^ Organ building Kreienbrink: Marienfeld monastery church
- ↑ organ Atlas OWL: Marienfeld
- ^ Bishop's General Vicariate Münster (ed.): The Diocese of Münster . tape 3 . Verlag Regensberg, Münster 1993, ISBN 3-7923-0646-8 , p. 439 ff .
- ↑ Internet portal Westphalian history: Gottfried Laurenz Pictorius