List of major marine accidents 1961–1970

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This list of serious marine accidents 1961–1970 records marine accidents in the maritime sector with fatalities or high material damage.

list

date Surname dead Course of events
2nd January 1961 Indian Navigator 13 The Indian freighter Indian Navigator (7,660 GRT), which had caught fire two days earlier, sank around 100 kilometers west of the Breton coast . 13 Indian seafarers were killed when they boarded the ship again after they had left the ship together with the other 55 crew members in order to save the shipping company the costs of salvage.
January 11, 1961 Egoz 44 The completely overloaded emigrant boat Egoz , occupied by 44 Jewish refugees heading for Israel, sank 16 km off Morro Nuevo in the Bay of Alhucamas. All refugees who wanted to leave the country illegally for Israel, including many children, perished in the sinking. Only the captain and two crew members were able to save themselves.
January 28, 1961 Olenevod 9005 20th On the northern tip of the island of Yell ( Shetland ), the Soviet trawler Olenevod 9005 ran into a rock in a hurricane and sank. The entire crew was killed in the sinking.
May 2, 1961 Albatross 6th The Albatross sank about 125 nautical miles west of the Dry Tortugas while crossing from Progreso (Mexico) to Nassau (Bahamas). A white squall was assumed to be the possible cause . The accident in which six members of the American crew drowned, led to the fact that the requirements for the construction and stability of sailing training ships were revised by the US Coast Guard; the new rules were summarized in the "Sailing School Vessels Act" of 1982.
June 7, 1961 Anng Teza 85 The coaster Anng Teza (999 GRT) sank off the Burmese coast . Of the 125 people on board, 85 died and only 40 were rescued.
August 18, 1961 Tammy Norig 5 On the way back from a vacation trip in the Baltic Sea to Littlehampton , the British yacht Tammy Norig was overrun on the Lower Elbe by the Polish freighter Kilinski , which was on the voyage from Hamburg to Antwerp, and sank on the spot. Three adults on board the yacht could be rescued, the five children sleeping below deck were killed in the sinking.
October 1, 1961 Star carrier 22nd When unloading the cargo in the port of Diégo-Suarez (Madagascar), the u. a. started a fire with six tons of dynamite loaded Norwegian freighter Starcarrier (5,564 GRT). When attempting to tow the burning freighter out of the port, there was an explosion that killed a total of 22 people.
November 13, 1961 Teddy 12 On the voyage from Swinoujscie to Mariager , the Danish motor ship Teddy (789 GRT) capsized south of the Öresund in heavy seas. Of the total of 16 crew members, only four managed to save themselves. The rest of the crew were killed in the accident.
January 11, 1962 B-37 132 In the port of Polyarny , on board the submarine B-37 belonging to the Soviet Northern Fleet, a fire occurred in the torpedo room, which was probably caused by hydrogen gas or a short circuit. By the fire twelve torpedoes stored in the bow of the boat were taken to the explosion that the submarine was completely destroyed, which lies near the submarine S-350 heavily damaged and wreaked considerable havoc in the harbor. A total of 132 seafarers, soldiers and dock workers were killed.
October 21, 1962 Sanct Svithun 41 The northbound Hurtigruten ship Sanct Svithun steered a wrong course between Trondheim and Rørvik for reasons that have not yet been clarified, ran aground and sank. Of the 89 people on board, 41 were killed.
November 11, 1962 George Elmy 9 On the way back from a rescue mission, the lifeboat George Elmy of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, stationed in Seaham in the northern English county of Durham , sank during a hurricane in heavy seas. All five crew members of the lifeboat and four fishermen who had already been rescued from the sinking fishing cutter Economy were killed in the accident. Only one crew member of the fishing boat could be rescued.
December 15, 1962 nautilus 23 The Bremen freighter Nautilus (3,218 GRT) sank off Texel and was on its way from Swansea to Delfzijl with a load of coal. During a severe hurricane and heavy seas, a very high wave smashed a hatch cover. Of the 24-person crew, only one sailor could be rescued.
4th February 1963 Marine Sulfur Queen 39 On the voyage from Beaumont (Texas) to Norfolk (Virginia), the American tanker Marine Sulfur Queen (approx. 10,500 GRT) disappeared almost without a trace with the entire crew without an emergency call. Only when the ship was overdue on February 7, 1963 in Norfolk, began one of the largest seafaring searches to date, in which only a few wreckage were found. With regard to the circumstances of the downfall, wild speculations were made about this and other puzzling accidents in the so-called Bermuda Triangle.
April 10, 1963 Thresher 129 During deep diving attempts accompanied by the submarine rescue ship Skylark around 350 km east of Cape Cod , Massachusetts, problems arose on board the Thresher- class submarine , which sank with 129 men , presumably due to the crack in a high-pressure line .
June 25, 1963 Munich 27 Shortly after leaving the port of Kangerluarsoruseq on the west coast of Greenland, the Hamburg trawler Munich suddenly sank after water penetrated the ship through low-lying scuppers . Since the life rafts on board were damaged, 27 crew members perished from drowning and hypothermia after they left the sinking ship. 15 crew members could be saved.
July 20, 1963 Tritonica 33 The British freighters Tritonica (12,863 GRT) and Roonagh Head (6,153 GRT) collided in the St. Lawrence River . The tritonica was hit so badly that it sank within a few minutes. Only 17 of the 50 crew members could be rescued.
October 15, 1963 Marianne Wehr 9 During a heavy storm, the Hamburg coaster Marianne Wehr (499 GRT), which was traveling from southern England to Lübeck with a load of blast furnace slag, disappeared almost without a trace northwest of the then lightship Elbe 1 . All nine crew members were killed in the sinking. Presumably the ship capsized and sank so quickly and surprisingly that an emergency call could no longer be made.
October 23, 1963 Juan Ferrer 11 In a heavy storm, the Spanish freighter Juan Ferrer (682 GRT) ran aground on the English south-east coast near Boscawen Point . Of the 15-strong crew, only four men could be rescued because the rescue workers initially had an incorrect position report from the ship.
November 24, 1963 Praia da Atalaia 36 The Portuguese trawler Praia da Atalaia capsized off Aveiro (Portugal) after it crossed in exceptionally heavy seas. Of the total of 37 crew members on board, only one could be rescued, all other 36 were killed.
December 15, 1963 Jonetta 10 The Norwegian coaster Jonetta (449 GRT) sank near the Norwegian port city of Namsos after the cargo slipped in stormy seas. Only the captain could be rescued floating on a life raft. All other ten crew members died in the sinking.
December 22nd, 1963 Lakonia 128 The Greek luxury steamer was on a Christmas cruise to the Canary Islands . He was about 180 miles northwest of Madeira when a fire broke out on board late at night. In the ballroom, passengers were dancing at the Tropical Tramps Ball when smoke penetrated the hall and panic broke out. Within a short time the whole ship was on fire. The evacuation was catastrophic, the fire alarm did not work and the lifeboats capsized or fell from the davits. 128 passengers and crew were killed.
January 13, 1964 Uman 14th West of Gibraltar, the Soviet freighter Uman (5,628 GRT) sank so quickly that only 23 of the 37 crew members managed to escape from the ship; they were taken over by the freighter Byblos (4,449 GRT) on the Bremen Atlas Levante Line . 14 crew members went down with the Uman .
February 10, 1964 Voyager 82
HMAS Melbourne (R21), HMAS Voyager (D04) and HMAS Vendetta (D08) underway, circa 1959 (AWM 301014) .jpg
The Australian aircraft carrier Melbourne and the Australian destroyer Voyager collided during a maneuver off the coast of New South Wales . The two ships collided in the dark shortly before 9 p.m. The destroyer broke into two parts after a boiler explosion; the bow section sank immediately, while the stern remained afloat for about 30 minutes, which made the rescue possible for many crew members. 82 sailors went down with the ship. 235 survivors were rescued from the aircraft carrier and hurrying minesweepers as well as from land-based helicopters.
April 15, 1964 Nordmark 6th
Nordmark Sjöhistorisk museet Fo215725.jpg
In a north-easterly wind of strength 6 to 7 Bft and a wave height of an estimated 2.5 m, the Hamburg coaster Nordmark (282 GRT) sank so suddenly with its six-person crew off Borkum that only a mutilated emergency call could be received. The entire crew was killed. The cause of the accident was presumably an exceptionally high wave that struck the cargo hatches.
July 23, 1964 Star of Alexandria > 100 The Egyptian freighter Star of Alexandria , loaded with ammunition, exploded in the port of the Algerian city of Bône . The disaster left over 100 dead and around 160 injured. The damage was estimated at $ 20 million.
October 27, 1964 Magdeburg 0 The general cargo ship of the Deutsche Seereederei (DSR) collided on October 27, 1964 in the Thames estuary with the Japanese freighter Yamashiro Maru and then capsized. In 1965 the Cuxhaven-based company Ulrich Harms succeeded in rebuilding the Magdeburg and bringing it to a dry dock in Tilbury . The damaged ship was sold to a Greek shipowner and on December 13, 1965 the temporarily repaired Magdeburg left London in tow. On 17 December 1965, the ship hit by storm leak and sank about 20 nautical miles from Brest to the position 48 ° 13 '  N , 5 ° 10'  W .
October 27, 1965 Ute 5 In the archipelago off Stockholm, the Hamburg coaster Ute (493 GRT) capsized in a storm . It was traveling from Wismar to Sweden with 760 t of sodium sulfate . Only two of the seven crew members could be saved. According to the Maritime Administration, the cause of the accident was probably a very high sea coming from astern, which caused the ship to cross.
October 27, 1965 Clipper 9 North of Gotland , the Hamburg coaster Clipper (498 GRT) loaded with anthracite dust capsized in a heavy storm without being able to make an emergency call. The nine-man crew was killed. The cause of the accident remained unexplained.
November 13, 1965 Yarmouth Castle 90 The American luxury steamer was en route from Miami to Nassau in the Bahamas when a fire broke out in a storage room that night. The ship burned down, capsized to port and sank. Many of the lifeboats went up in flames and could not be swung out and lowered. The fire at Yarmouth Castle led to new regulations within the framework of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea .
January 10, 1966 Monte Palomares 32 The Spanish freighter Monte Palomares (5,973 GRT) sank about 1,500 nautical miles northeast of Bermuda after the maize load had passed in a heavy storm. Of the 38-strong crew, only six crew members were rescued despite an intensive search.
April 26, 1966 Heinz Bernd 6th The German coaster Heinz Bernd (298 GRT) and the Swedish freighter Torne (19,700 GRT) collided northwest of the Danish island of Zealand . The Heinz Bernd sank aground with the aft ship, all six people on board perished.
June 16, 1966 Alva Cape 33 In the New York Kill van Kull Canal, between Staten Island and Bayonne, the British tanker Alva Cape (11,252 GRT) and the American tanker Texaco Massachusetts collided at dusk. A devastating fire broke out and completely destroyed the British tanker. A total of 33 people died in the inferno. The burned-out wreckage of the tanker was later towed out to sea and sunk.
2nd August 1966 Darlwin 31 On the way back from a trip to Fowey , the yacht Darlwin , which was completely overloaded with 31 people, including 29 holiday guests, did not return to her home port of Fowey after being caught in a heavy storm in the sea area south of Cornwall. All passengers and crew were killed in the sinking.
15th August 1966 San Jose at least 7 The overstaffed fishing boat San Jose capsized in the roadstead of Agadir after the passengers were thrown to one side of the cutter during a violent rowing maneuver. The data on the number of victims vary between 7 and 80 dead.
September 14, 1966 Underground shark 19th The school submarine Hai of the German navy sank during training at surface running in the North Sea . Heavy breakers penetrated the boat through the tower hatch that was not closed fast enough. Only one non-commissioned officer of the crew was able to save himself, 19 soldiers drowned. The sinking of U-Hai was the only loss of a ship by the German Navy (1956–1990).
October 26, 1966 Oriskany 44 During a combat mission in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of Vietnam , a fire broke out on the US aircraft carrier Oriskany after a signal rocket was accidentally detonated, causing severe damage to the forecastle. 44 crew members were killed and 41 men injured. The ship had to abandon its Vietnam War mission and was relocated to the USA for repairs.
December 8, 1966 Heraklion 241 The Greek ferry Iraklion , a former passenger ship converted into a ro-ro ferry, sank north of Milos after the loading door on the side of the ship opened in heavy seas. The ship capsized so quickly that 241 people drowned.
18th December 1966 Sinergasia 13 The Greek coaster Sinergasia (910 GRT) ran aground off the Swedish port city of Umeå in a heavy storm . After the machine failed, the crew tried to anchor off the coast. After the anchor chains broke, the ship drifted into the archipelago and was crushed by the surf. All people on board were killed. For the Greek merchant navy this was the second serious accident within ten days.
February 23, 1967 Burgemeester-van-Kampen 3 The Dutch fishing cutter Burgemeester-van-Kampen got into distress on February 23 in the hurricane later known as the Adolph-Bermpohl-Hurricane and capsized. The three fishermen on board were initially rescued by the rescue cruiser Adolph Bermpohl of the DGzRS , but died later in the day when the rescue cruiser capsized on the way to its next mission. The three fishermen still on board and all four crew members of the rescue cruiser were killed.
February 23, 1967 Adolph Bermpohl 7th The rescue cruiser of the DGzRS capsized in the Adolph Bermpohl hurricane, named after this accident, with extreme wind speeds that had not yet been measured. The four-man crew and three rescued Dutch fishermen from the fishing boat Burgemeester-van-Kampen died. The rescue cruiser was spotted by the helmsman of the Atlantis ferry north of the lightship Elbe I on February 24 at around nine o'clock with slight damage on a level keel and with running engines .
February 23, 1967 Dysentery 6th During the Adolph-Bermpohl hurricane, the Duisburg coaster Ruhr (294 GRT) capsized off Langeoog after it had been unable to maneuver in the sea for several hours and the lifeboats stationed on Langeoog and Wangerooge could not reach the scene of the accident due to the hurricane. Although the Hamburg fishing steamer Kap Wallo tried to hand over a line, the ship sank. The entire six-man crew was killed in the sinking.
February 23, 1967 Use Priess 6th The Danish coaster Ilse Priess sank in the Adolph Bermpohl hurricane off the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein . All six crew members were killed in the sinking.
February 23, 1967 icon ? In the Adolph Bermpohl hurricane, the German coaster Ikone sank off the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein . The entire crew was killed in the sinking.
February 28, 1967 Johannes Krüss 22nd South of Cape Farvel (Greenland), between February 28 and March 2, 1967, the Bremerhaven fish steamer Johannes Krüss disappeared without a trace after he signed off on that day until he reached the intended fishing grounds. The 22-man crew died in the sinking. The cause of the accident could not be clarified; it was suspected that the ship fell victim to the ship freezing .
March 12, 1967 Balmoral 0 The Collier Balmoral was stranded between the Outer Jade and Outer Weser due to a navigation error and was driven further and further onto the high sand of the Mellumplate by storm and tidal currents . On April 5th, the ship broke in two.
March 18, 1967 Torrey Canyon 1 The large tanker Torrey Canyon ran aground due to a navigation error on the Seven Stone Reef between the Isles of Scilly and Cornwall . In this first major tanker accident, 120,000 tons of crude oil leaked and caused severe damage to the English and French coasts.

There were no fatalities in the accident itself. In the course of the attempts to salvage the ship, a member of the salvage team was killed in an explosion.

July 29, 1967 Forrestal 134 A misfired missile set fire to an aircraft on the aft flight deck. This triggered an explosion, which caused ammunition and other planes to catch fire. The major fire continued below the flight deck and could only be extinguished after 17 hours. ( Forrestal disaster )
13./14. September 1967 Denny Rose 42 The British freighter Denny Rose (6,656 GRT), which was sailing from the island of Cebu to Japan, disappeared south of Japan . The exact cause of the loss remained unknown. The steamer loaded with iron ore may have been hit by a monster wave and sank within a very short time with the entire crew (42 men) in the Philippine Sea .
September 21, 1967 Fiete Schulze 14th On the voyage from Rotterdam to Japan, the Rostock cargo ship Fiete Schulze sank after the cargo passed. Of the 42 crew members on board, 28 were rescued and 14 died in the sinking.
October 9, 1967 Panoceanic Faith 37 During a heavy storm, the American freighter Panoceanic Faith (8,157 GRT) sank around 870 nautical miles southwest of Kodiak Island (US state Alaska) so quickly that the crew no longer had time to get into the boats. Only five of the 42 crew members on board could be rescued.
October 18, 1967 Nagusena 21st On the voyage from Stettin to Denmark, the freighter Nagusena, registered in Liberia, sank off Esbjerg during one of the worst hurricanes of the 20th century. Of the 22-man crew on board, only one sailor could be rescued.
5th December 1967 Anne Ursula 5 In a heavy storm, the coaster Anne Ursula (267 GRT) sank off the East Frisian Islands , which was on its way from Ghent (Belgium) to Uddevalla (Sweden) with a load of sheet steel. The five-man crew was killed. The cause of the accident was presumably a sea strike.
December 23, 1967 Catherine 6th On the voyage from Sweden to England, the Hamburg coaster Katharina sank in stormy weather northwest of Gotland, probably as a result of critical ice conditions. The entire six-man crew died in the sinking.
January 11, 1968 St Romanus H223 20th On the way to the fishing grounds near Lofoten , the trawler St. Romanus registered in Hull sank under circumstances that have not yet been clarified. All 20 crew members were killed in the sinking. The ship, with which there were already massive problems on previous fishing trips, had no radio officer on board; the captain took over his function.
January 25, 1968 INS Dakar 62 The Israeli submarine Dakar (Hebrew: דקר for swordfish) of the British T-class, originally used as a totem in the Royal Navy, sank on the transfer voyage from Portsmouth (England) to Israel in the eastern Mediterranean, killing 62 crew members. On May 26, 1999, an American deep-sea robot found the Dakar, which had broken in two, at a depth of 2,900 meters, around 500 km from Israel.
26./27. January 1968 Kingston Peridot H591 20th In the sea area off Iceland, the British trawler Kingston Peridot H591 registered in Hull disappeared during a hurricane. The captain previously announced that the ship would leave its position after a de-icing and move to the east.
January 27, 1968 Minerve 52 An accident occurred on board the French submarine Minerve (Q 248 / S 647) of the Daphné class , the boat sank in the Mediterranean with 52 sailors on board.
February 6, 1968 Ross Cleveland 18th The British trawler Ross Cleveland (659 GRT) overturned off Iceland during a hurricane, presumably as a result of complete icing from overcoming lakes. Although the accident was observed on the radar screen by a nearby Icelandic gunboat, any help came too late for the nineteen crew. This was the third loss of ship and crew that the British fishing fleet suffered within a few weeks.
March 8, 1968 K-129 98 An explosion occurred on board the Soviet submarine K-129 ( Project 629 ), whereupon the submarine sank off Hawaii . 98 crew members died. This was the prelude to the " Azorian Project ", the secret attempt by the CIA to salvage a submarine from a depth of over 5,000 meters.
April 10, 1968 Wahine 53 The Wahine ferry ran into a reef in the entrance to Wellington Bay in the strongest storm ever recorded in New Zealand and finally capsized.
May 22, 1968 Scorpion 99 The nuclear-powered submarine of the Skipjack class sank for unknown reasons in the North Atlantic, has been suggested a torpedo malfunction with subsequent explosion and flooding the torpedo room. 99 sailors died on the Scorpion .
August 31, 1968 Willi Bänsch 7th In the early hours of August 31 1968, the collided Torpedo - speedboat 844 Willi Bänsch the People's Navy of the GDR in dense fog with the Swedish ferry Drottningen and sank. Seven crew members were killed. A maritime court later acquitted the commanding officer, but the opinion among the officers of the People's Navy was that his operational routine was to blame for this accident. A memorial stone is located on the cemetery of Dranske .
January 14, 1969 Enterprise 27 During a trip from Alameda (California) to the area of ​​operations off the coast of Vietnam , 140 km from Honolulu, on the US aircraft carrier Enterprise, there was an explosion of weapons on the aft ship. During the subsequent fire, further explosions of ammunition and fuel occurred. The ship was badly damaged and had to call at the Pearl Harbor base in Hawaii for repairs . Of the 4,500 men in the crew, 27 were killed and up to 300 men were injured. The damage to the ship amounted to approximately $ 6.4 million. In addition, there was about 90 million dollars for the destroyed aircraft.
17th March 1969 TGB 8th During a mission in a hurricane, the TGB motor lifeboat of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) stationed in Longhope (Orkney Islands) was hit by a monster wave believed to be over 30 meters high and capsized. All crew members were fatally injured in this accident. This accident led to significant structural improvements in the lifeboats used by the RNLI.
3rd June 1969 Frank E. Evans 74 During the Vietnam War, the Australian aircraft carrier Melbourne and the American destroyer Frank E. Evans collided during the joint Sea Spirit maneuver in the South China Sea . The destroyer, whose commander was asleep at the time of the accident, accidentally got in front of the bow of the carrier and was torn in two by the ram. 74 sailors went down with the ship. Around 250 survivors were rescued. The aircraft carrier had been involved in a collision with the Australian destroyer Voyager in 1964 , which also sank.
22nd January 1970 Duchess of Kent 5 During a rescue operation, the Duchess of Kent sea ​​rescue boat of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution stationed in Fraserburgh was hit by a monster wave as it rushed to the aid of a Danish fishing vessel. Five crew members of the Duchess of Kent were killed in the accident, only one could be saved. The accident was the second serious accident at the Fraserburgh station after 1953.
February 6, 1970 Lairdsfield 10 On the voyage from Middlesbrough to Cork, the steel-laden Scottish coaster Lairdsfield (552 GRT) capsized in the Tees estuary . The entire ten-man crew was killed in the sinking.
March 4th 1970 Eurydice 58 An accident occurred on board the French submarine Eurydicé (Q 245 / S 644) of the Daphné class , the boat sank to a depth of 750 meters off Saint-Tropez in the Mediterranean Sea. 57 French and one Pakistani crew member were killed.
April 8, 1970 K-8 52 While the November-class Soviet submarine was in the Bay of Biscay , a fire broke out in two compartments. Rescue ships arrived after over two days on the surface, but 30 seafarers had already died as a result of smoke inhalation. Attempts to tow the boat failed because of the bad weather. 22 other crew members died when the boat finally sank on the night of April 12.
April 9, 1970 London Valor 20th In a sudden violent storm, the London Valor sank in the port of Genoa ; 20 of the 58 people on board were killed. Several of them were thrown into the sea or against the cliffs while trying to rescue them with a rope, including the captain's wife.
22nd August 1970 Vest Recklinghausen 8th Just a few hours after leaving the Bremerhaven fishing port, a major fire broke out on the trawler Vest Recklinghausen near the Roter Sand lighthouse, which quickly spread to the entire forecastle and could no longer be fought with on-board resources. Despite immediate assistance from numerous ships in the immediate vicinity, including two frigates of the German Navy, an ore carrier, several tugs and the rescue cruisers from the stations in Cuxhaven, Wilhelmshaven, Bremerhaven and the use of the fire-fighting boat Bremerhaven , eight of the 40 crew members burned alive during the rescue operation. One of them burned before the eyes of the rescue workers who tried to rescue him from the porthole in which he was stuck. Four other crew members suffered serious injuries. According to the criminal investigation, the Smut had set the fire in the mess because he did not want to go on the fishing trip.
December 15, 1970 Namyong Ho 308 In the Korea Strait , the South Korean ferry sank Namyong Ho , 308 people died.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Frank Binder: Silent prayer for the Marianne Wehr . In: Daily port report of November 27, 2013, p. 15
  2. http://www.duikteamzeester.nl/archief/2016/07/tm-1-burgemeester-van-kampen-in-local-newspaper/
  3. Stephan Krücken: MAYDAY - Seenotretter about their most dramatic missions P. 148ff. May 2017, Ankerherz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-940138-80-4
  4. ^ Anna Green, Timothy Cooper: Community and Exclusion: the Torrey Canyon disaster of 1967 (PDF, 591 kB).
  5. The end of the “Prague Spring”. From the chronicle of the chief of the Volksmarine, Heinz-Ludger Borgert; Federal Archives
  6. THE MERCHANT SHIPPING ACT 1894 REPORT OF COURT No. 8053 MV LAIRDSFIELD (ON 185518)
  7. La sciagura della London Valor ( Memento of the original of July 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sullacrestadellonda.it
  8. ^ Fire on the trawler "Vest Recklinghausen" on August 22, 1970 with eight dead ( Memento from August 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  9. Jay Robert Nash: Darkest Hours . Rowman & Littlefield, 1976, ISBN 978-1-59077-526-4 , pp. 708 ( preview in Google Book Search).