Lodz Newspaper

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Today's Gutenberg House in Lodz; from 1897 seat of the Lodzer Zeitung

The Łódź newspaper , in Polish Gazeta Łódzka , founded on November 20th jul. / December 2, 1863 greg. as Lodzer Anzeiger (Łódzkie Ogłoszenia), was the first newspaper of the city of Lodz . In 1915 she was the German newspaper Lodz replaced, the in 1918 the Lodz Free Press and from 1923, the Free Press followed. This appeared from the Sept. 24, 1939 first again as German Lodz newspaper and from 12 November 1939 again as a Lodz newspaper . On January 1, 1940, the spelling in Lodscher Zeitung was changed. After the city of Lodz was renamed Litzmannstadt, the paper was published from April 12, 1940 to January 17, 1945 as the Litzmannstädter Zeitung .

The German-language newspapers published in Lodz from 1863 to 1945 are the subject of numerous German and Polish research projects , as they made a significant contribution to the cultural, social, economic and linguistic integration of the German population in the Lodz area . In general, the scientific studies of the Lodzer Zeitung and the follow-up papers are divided into four stages: Congress Poland as the first phase, the reign of Poland as the second phase, interwar Poland as the third and ultimately the German occupation of Poland from 1939–1945 as the fourth phase.

introduction

Lodz, Pertikauer 18, where in 1870 the printing of Lodz newspaper was
Lodz, office building of the Lodzer Zeitung at Pertikauer Straße 86 around 1913

The history of the Germans in the Łódź area began at the end of the 18th century. At that time the Szlachta recruited German farmers and craftsmen who founded numerous cities and played a key role in the industrialization of the region. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Congress Poland was established as part of the Russian Empire . This made Lodz the western outpost of Russia.

In the course of the advanced industrialization in Germany and the increasing crisis in the textile industry , the Russian state encouraged the immigration of German clothiers and weavers in the region through various perks . The first German textile factories opened in Lodz in 1823. The booming industry in the city attracted thousands of German-speaking settlers, mainly from Bohemia , Saxony and Silesia , for whom the Russian market offered fantastic sales opportunities.

Due to the immigration of German clothiers and weavers, several settlements in the Lodz area obtained city ​​rights , such as Ozorkow , Alexandrow , Konstantynow or Tomaszow . Up until the January uprising in Poland (1863/64) almost only Germans lived in Lodz . In this dispute, the German population got caught between the fronts. Most of the Germans were opposed to the uprising because they saw themselves as members of the Russian state.

There were numerous attacks on the part of the insurgents, which led to a strong wave of emigration by German settlers. In order to counteract the overall development, the Russian government declared a state of war and initiated, among other things, the establishment of multilingual newspapers in various cities in Congress Poland. Initially, these were mere announcement sheets and contained notices about countermeasures adopted to suppress the uprising. This was intended to signal a certain security and readiness for reform to the German, but also to the Polish population.

After the suppression of the uprising, which came exclusively from the Polish nobility and did not find broad support from Polish farmers and craftsmen, many landless Poles poured into Lodz. With the abolition of tariffs within Russian rule and the abolition of serfdom in Congress Poland and Russia, the demand for cheap fabrics increased to such an extent that the Łódź factories were hardly able to cover them despite their already considerable production. Supported by the Russian government, the unprecedented rise to the Manchester of the East began : Lodz developed into the largest textile industry metropolis on the continent.

The enormous growth of the city was accelerated by the construction of the railway, which opened up the huge Russian market as far as Siberia . In addition, the Russian government granted cheap state loans, which entrepreneurs could use to mechanize and expand their businesses. Towards the end of the 19th century, over 90,000 workers were working in around 700 textile factories, some of which were gigantic in size. Almost all the factories and shops in Lodz at that time were either German or Jewish, while the majority of the workers were Poles.

With the meteoric rise of the city, the number of inhabitants rose from just under 300 in 1820 to around half a million in 1920. A highly competitive newspaper market developed at the same pace in the Lodz area. Lodz was almost a symbol of the excesses of capitalist modernity, in which everything seemed to revolve around yarn, fabrics and money. According to Polish historians, the city was considered strange and "non-Polish" for many Poles.

In 1923 the German minority in Poland had 33, the Russian-Ukrainian population 35, and the Jewish 72 newspapers ( Yiddish and Hebrew ). In 1937, there was a growing trend in Polish statistics, when the number of German newspapers rose to 105, Russian-Ukrainian newspapers to 125, and Jewish ones to 130. Polish newspapers played a clearly subordinate role in the competition. While reading newspapers was part of everyday life for the German, Ukrainian and Jewish population groups, the Polish newspapers, on the other hand, struggled with the still high level of illiteracy . According to investigations by Polish historians, of around 33 million Poles at the end of the 1930s, only around 1.5 million read a newspaper regularly.

The main German-language competitors of the Lodzer Zeitung were the Lodzer Tageblatt (1881–1905) and the Neue Lodzer Zeitung (1902–1939). In addition, other German-language daily newspapers appeared in Lodz, such as the Lodzer Rundschau (1911–1912), Deutsche Post (1915–1918), Lodzer Volkszeitung (1923–1937), Deutscher Volksbote (1932–1936), Völkischer Anzeiger (1935–1938) , The German Way (1935–1939), none of which had any connection to the Lodzer Zeitung or its follow-up titles.

In Germany as well as in Poland, the German-language newspapers in Lodz are still the objects of research in many scientific projects. The Łódź newspaper is in the foreground, as it has made a significant contribution to the cultural, social, economic and linguistic integration of the Łódź Germans. It should be noted that various German-language newspapers from Lodz are often recorded under Lodzer Zeitung in Polish and German archives and online newspaper databases. This applies in particular to the Neue Lodzer Zeitung, which was never a successor to the Lodzer Zeitung . The two newspapers were always in competition and pursued different political directions. In contrast to the Lodzer Zeitung and its pro-German follow-ons, the pro-Polish Neue Lodzer Zeitung could in principle appear consistently from 1902 to 1939 under its title.

The publishing and editorial offices of the Lodzer Zeitung as well as the factual follow-up sheets described here have been located at Pertikauer Straße 86 since 1897 (Polish: Ulica Piotrkowska 86; between 1940 and 1945: Adolf-Hitler-Straße 86). The building is now called Kamienica pod Gutenbergiem ("Gutenberg House"). In the middle part of the facade there is a statue of Johannes Gutenberg and between the windows there is medallions with portraits of book printers . The house has been a listed building since 1971. It was faithfully restored in 2011 and is considered to be one of the most beautiful buildings in Lodz.

Congress Poland

Lodzer Anzeiger (1863–1864)

Title page of the first Łódź scoreboard, 1863

The Łódź newspaper was published on November 20th . / December 2, 1863 greg. initially founded under the name Lodzer Anzeiger (Polish: Łodzkie Ogłoszenia ) by Johann Petersilge (* 1830; † 1905). Petersilge was the son of a goldsmith from Dresden and a lithographer by trade . Since it was the first newspaper in Lodz, it was called the Lodzer Zeitung from the beginning . It was founded on the initiative of the city's military chief, Alexander von Broemsen (* 1824, † 1881), who was a Baltic German in Russian service.

The wish of Barons von Broemsen to be able to better announce his notices and ordinances was an important reason for the creation of the newspaper. Broemsen offered Johann Petersilge to publish an information sheet for the duration of the state of war (January uprising). Petersilge, however, was only interested in permanent publication and, with the support of Broemsen, turned to the competent authorities in Saint Petersburg to obtain approval for the establishment of a regular newspaper, which he also received. The industrialist Carl Wilhelm Scheibler supported him in acquiring the necessary machines and materials with a loan of 50 rubles . The newspaper's first editor was August Thiele.

At first the paper was four pages long, appeared twice a week and was written in German and Polish. Annual subscription cost 20 zlotys . The presence of Russian censorship was evident from the start. In terms of content, the first editions mostly contained official announcements, a few commercial advertisements and a few news items. Accordingly, the Łódź citizens' interest in reading the newspaper tended towards zero. Parsley, which was unable to cover costs on this basis, turned to the Russian authorities with a request for support. The district commander then ordered all traders in the Lodz district to buy the newspaper, increasing the circulation to 300 copies.

This unusual approach was worth news to several foreign newspapers, including the Austro-Hungarian press (fragment):

“A German magazine recently opened in the factory town of Lodz in Congress Poland, which is almost entirely inhabited by Germans. The concession to the company was granted by the Russian government only on condition that the editor abstains from any political comment. The audience does not like the newspaper and is rarely bought. As a result, the publisher turned to the district colonel of Lodz, Major von Kalinski, who soon remedied the embarrassment of the company by issuing a proclamation in which he ordered every independent citizen in the Lodz district to buy the newspaper. Otherwise the newspaper will be brought into the house by execution and the subscription including expenses will be withdrawn in the same way. Since then, the newspaper has had subscribers. "

Petersilge, who was aware of the negative effects of compulsory subscriptions, gradually changed the profile of the newspaper after the state of war was lifted. He expanded the coverage of local events, took news of technical achievements, cultural and political events from Warsaw newspapers, and changed the name of the newspaper. For this purpose, Petersilge submitted a request to Namiestnik to "expand the newspaper's program". A short time later he was able to report that the request was "most graciously granted". The last edition of the newspaper under the title Lodzer Anzeiger appeared on December 19th July. / December 31, 1864 greg. .

Lodzer Zeitung (1865–1915)

Lodzer Zeitung, front page of the Sunday supplement from January 1, 1906
German troops in Lodz, Pertikauer Strasse in December 1914

While keeping the year count , the newspaper was published on December 20, 1864 jul. / January 1, 1865 greg. renamed the Lodzer Zeitung ( Polish Gazeta Łódzka ) and now appeared on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays with four pages each. This increased the print run to 500 copies. The printing plant was located at Pertikauer Strasse 18 in the mid-1870s. On July 1, 1881, Petersilge received permission from the Russian authorities to publish the newspaper on a daily basis. At the same time, the paper was no longer published in two languages, but only in German. However, until 1884, the Sunday edition contained Gazeta Łódzka as a weekly Polish supplement .

The newspaper's rise from its humble beginnings to a widely read newspaper was reflected in the city's growth. The first rival newspaper to the Lodzer Zeitung came into being on June 19th July. / July 1, 1881 greg. when the former editor Leopold Zoner published his own newspaper, Lodzer Tageblatt , which appeared until June 1905. From 1897 the publishing and editorial offices of the Lodzer Zeitung were at Petrikauer Straße 86 and the printing works in an adjoining building. In the publishing house, among other things, school books, calendars, brochures for authorities as well as catalogs for Lodz companies were written, layouted and printed. In 1902 the publishing house acquired a rotary press from the Würzburg company Koenig & Bauer , the first in Lodz, making the printing shop the most modern in the city.

The size of the newspaper was increased from 1881 with various supplements. The Sunday edition from then on comprised 20 pages. The Neue Lodzer Zeitung (1902–1939) developed into its main competitor . Nevertheless, the Lodzer Zeitung remained the leading German-language newspaper until 1915, which was also widely read by Jews and Poles. From the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War (1904), in addition to the morning edition, an evening edition appeared daily to provide up-to-date information about the events. This gave the Łódź newspaper a head start over the entire German-language press in Russia.

Johann Petersilge died on February 22, 1905. From his marriage to Anastasia Petersilge (née Mackiewicz), who died after 1913, there were many children together. The eldest son, Roman Petersilge, took over management of the publishing house in 1901. He was murdered on December 21, 1906 by members of the Party for Marxist Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) for refusing to print party's leaflets. He was followed by Michael, Woldemar and Demetrius Petersilge as editors.

While the Lodzer Zeitung described itself in an anniversary edition in 1913 as liberal and non-partisan , historians point to the exact opposite. Regarding the political direction of the newspaper, it should be noted that Lodz was ruled by a Russian governor during this period and the entire Lodz press was under Russian censorship . According to various investigations, not only the presence of Russian censors was visible to the readers of the Łódź newspaper , but also the bias and the political line of the editors. The Petersilge family was loyal to the Russian state , had Russian citizenship and belonged to the Russian Orthodox Church .

The political attitudes came to light very clearly in the reporting after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. For the first time since the newspaper was founded, German and Russian troops faced each other in a conflict. Many of the Łódź Germans who had meanwhile acquired Russian citizenship were drafted into the Russian army and deployed on the Caucasus front. The Lodzer Zeitung clearly took a pro-Russian stance on the conflict. On November 27, 1914, the newspaper reported that the Imperial Russian Army was superior to the German Army and the Kuk Army on all Polish fronts . The military reports known today from this period present a different picture.

Germans in Russian Poland who had not acquired Russian citizenship were deported to Russia immediately at the start of the war. This partially affected entire village communities, a total of around 150,000 Germans. However, there were few deportations in the Lodz area in particular, as the region was occupied by German troops relatively quickly. After the battle for Łódź (November 11 to December 5, 1914), the former pro-Russian owners of the J. Petersilge publishing house fled to Moscow . On December 6, 1914, the German 9th Army entered Lodz. Initially, the Lodzer Zeitung continued to appear as a mere gazette for the imperial German authorities. The last edition with the year census used since 1863 was published on February 4, 1915. (Vol. 52, No. 35). Four days later the newspaper was replaced by the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung .

Regency Kingdom of Poland

By mid-1915, German and Austro-Hungarian troops conquered the entire Russian part of Poland. The tsarist rule was ended there. As a result, the reign of Poland was created by the Central Powers , a de facto state that existed until November 11, 1918.

Germans living in Lodz who had previously taken on Russian citizenship and continued to represent Russophile views were interned in Germany for the duration of the war . With the occupation of Lodz, the textile industry lost its important markets in Russia and the Far East. As a result, the city began to decline temporarily and the German population began to emigrate.

Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung (1915-1918)

Circulation advertising in the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung from March 1, 1915

The publishing house, which had become ownerless on Pertikauer Strasse, was taken over by Verlag des Grenzboten GmbH in Berlin, Tempelhofer Ufer 35a. Instead of Lodz newspaper that appeared on the February 8th, 1915 German Lodz newspaper with a new year count. This should signal a clear demarcation from the previous pro-Russian line. The publisher was the previous editor-in-chief of the Łódź newspaper, Hans Kriese, who, under the supervision of the new publisher , converted the paper to a pro-German and pro-Polish line.

Behind the publishing house of Grenzboten GmbH stood the secret government councilor Georg Cleinow . With the aim of guiding Polish public opinion, Cleinow bought up existing newspapers in what was once the westernmost province of the Russian tsarist empire on behalf of the German press office. The newspapers he directed promoted a political orientation towards Germany and put the establishment of a Polish state in a positive light. All newspapers under German rule followed a pro-Polish line. A pro-German attitude among the Poles was also to be achieved by not publishing anything even in the German Reich that could cause “unrest and dissatisfaction in Poland” or Polish resistance to Germany. Indeed, at the time, a significant part of the Polish population was still pro-Russian.

Nevertheless, in many places the bond between Germans and Poles was not propaganda. According to Polish historians, it was characteristic of this period, especially in Lodz, that there were no conflicts between Poles and Germans. In quite a few cases, the consensus went well beyond good business relationships. For example, the daughter of the editor of the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung, Hans Kriese, fell in love with an officer of the Polish Legion and moved with him to Warsaw.

Alongside the Warschauer Zeitung , the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung developed into the most important newspaper in Poland. On February 8, 1915 , the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung was able to take over around 34,000 subscribers from the Lodzer Zeitung and increase the circulation to around 40,000 by March 1, 1915. However, the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung did not have a monopoly . Many newspapers also appeared in Lodz during the war. Strong competitors were the Deutsche Post, Der Lodzer and, as in the days of the Lodzer Zeitung, the Neue Lodzer Zeitung .

In the course of the November events of 1918 , after the withdrawal of the German troops, several Łódź manufacturers and businessmen acquired the publisher in Pertikauer Strasse, which had again become ownerless, and founded the Dr. Eberhardt & Co . The company intended to continue publishing the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung , but this was rejected by the Polish authorities. The last edition appeared on November 16, 1918 (Volume 4; No. 317). On the same day, the new Polish government confiscated the publishing house and the printer.

Interwar Poland

As a result of the First World War, a large part of the population of Europe found themselves in another country without having left their hometown. The new borders changed citizenship for around 80 million people. A number of new states emerged which tried with all their might to enforce their national character, but often only had a very weak national and linguistic homogeneity .

The Second Polish Republic , founded on November 11, 1918, with a population of 45% “non-Poles” was not a nation state , but a multi-ethnic state dominated by the Polish nation . Despite the signing of a minority protection treaty, the Polish government severely restricted the rights of the many minorities, especially Ukrainians, Jews and Germans. In 1923 , Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski openly formulated the goal of "de-Germanization" in Poland.

So-called polonization campaigns aimed to displace ethnic minorities from the economy while at the same time emphasizing the values ​​of Polish work in industry, trade and economy. The consequences were discrimination against “non-Poles” and partial forced migration . Since the Polish government believed that it could only secure the western areas in the long term through Polonization, and conversely no German government of the Weimar Republic recognized the new eastern border, German-Polish tensions were inevitable.

The difficult political situation of the German minority in inter-war Poland caused a mass exodus of the German population to Germany, due to the loss of previous supremacy and the fear of the hostile minority policy of the Polish government, in which around one million people by the mid-1920s alone Germans left the western areas of Poland. In order to stop this flow of German people fleeing Poland, German policy already under Gustav Stresemann pursued the goal of convincing the German minorities to remain in Poland, but also to be able to use them as a lever for future border revisions .

Both German and Polish propaganda exaggerated the importance and role of the Polish Germans into gigantic proportions. At the initiative of the German Foreign Office , a number of German organizations and companies were set up in Poland in the early 1920s, including associations, cooperative banks, printers and publishers, which supported the remaining German population.

This undoubtedly included the Konkordia Literarian Gesellschaft mbh, a cover company created by Max Winkler , which served as an economic advisor to the governments of the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and the Federal Republic of Germany when it came to covering up state newspaper holdings. Until September 1939, all German-language newspapers, especially in Lodz, were subsidized through the Konkordia Literäre Gesellschaft mbh .

Lodz Free Press (1918–1923)

Advertisement page in the Łódź Free Press from January 15, 1922

After several unsuccessful attempts to obtain approval, the German Association for Lodz and the Surrounding Area founded the publishing house of the German Associations and from November 28, 1918 published the Lodzer Free Press as the successor to the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung . It was founded on the initiative of several Łódź manufacturers and with financial support from the German Foreign Office. Since the Polish authorities had confiscated and transported the printing presses of the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung , Ulrich Rauscher , head of the combined press department of the Reich Government and the Foreign Office, approved 150,000 Reichsmarks (RM) for the purchase of new rotary presses .

The manager of the new publishing house was the director of the German cooperative bank in Poland, H. Fischer. The Lodz city ​​councilor Gustav Ewald and the journalist Eduard von Behrens signed as editors of the Lodzer Free Press . Edited the paper was unchanged by Hans Kriese and increasingly by Adolf Kargel that already in the Lodz newspaper and the Lodz German newspaper as city editor worked. The weekly newspapers Der Volksfreund (1919–1940) and Unser Landmann (1921–1939) also appeared in the publishing house of the German associations . The Łódź Free Press had a circulation of 3600 copies a day.

In 1921 the circulation of the paper is said to have been 7,000 and two years later 17,000 copies. Especially at the beginning of the 1920s, the Polish authorities searched the editorial rooms and the printing works of the Łódź Free Press several times , confiscated already printed editions and temporarily banned the publication of the newspaper. The management of the publishing house circumvented the bans by releasing the newspaper after each closure under different titles such as Neue Presse, Tages-Presse, Die Presse or Morgen-Presse . On April 1, 1922, the Łódź Free Press carried the title addition body organ of the German rabbit feet in Poland ( rabbit foot is a phrase for a fearful person).

Since 1921, the paper had the addition of the most popular German daily newspaper in Poland . The main competitor remained the Neue Lodzer Zeitung, which also had to stop its publication at times. Many, mostly German and Jewish newspapers, schools and associations were affected by confiscations and bans by the Polish authorities. Most of the reasons given for the measures were "anti-subversive propaganda". In fact, editors of the minority press often criticized the growing administrative apparatus in Poland, the alleged incompetence of Polish officials and the prevailing corruption.

The Polish public prosecutor's office initiated a total of 50 criminal proceedings against the publishers of the Łódź Free Press . The situation came to a head in the spring of 1923 after Eduard von Behrens was sentenced to four months imprisonment and a fine of one million RM plus 120,000 RM in court costs for allegedly insulting him . He had made a telephone call to a secretary of the Polish censorship authority that "the civil service is not a feeding station". The court alleged that Behrens had meant to refer to the Polish officials not as people but as cattle. All replies by the defense attorney were not taken into account.

This made the publisher insolvent. However, Fischer had foreseen the outcome of the process and had sold the publishing house and printing company to the newly created Libertas Verlagsgesellschaft mbH for an imaginary RM 100,000 before the verdict was announced . A major role in this transformation of the Łódź entrepreneurs played Josef Spickermann , the Lodz school teacher August Utta and Senator of the Lodz region Karol Stüldt that as straw men took over the ownership of the new publishing house. The share capital of the new GmbH was set at 240,000 RM and was completely raised by the Konkordia Literäre Gesellschaft mbh . The "owners" had to make an explicit declaration that the money they subscribed was their own.

As a result of the insolvency of the Verlag der Deutschen Vereine , the last edition of the paper was published under the title Lodzer Freie Presse at the end of April 1923.

Free press (1923–1939)

Entrance to the publishing house, Ulica Piotrkowska 86 around 1930
Front page of the Free Press from February 1, 1939

Parallel to the founding of Libertas Verlagsgesellschaft mbH , the newspaper was renamed the Free Press with a new year census on May 19, 1923 and established as the press organ of the Federation of German Poles and, from June 1, 1924, of the German National Association in Poland , which was founded in Lodz . The editor-in-chief was taken over by Adolf Kargel, who in this role played a key role in shaping the paper until September 1, 1939. From then on Hugo Wieczorek wrote the political part. The economic and cultural articles came from the pen of Horst Markgraf and the sporting information from Alfred Nasarski. Later, the journalist Otto Heike joined them, who mainly wrote local reports under the pseudonym Wilhelm Friedrich.

Eduard von Behrens was (again) appointed director of Libertas Verlagsgesellschaft mbH , who was closely related to the Berlin press officer Max Ludwig. That means that the Free Press was not only under German care, but was 100% owned by the German state . However, contrary to what some, predominantly Polish historians claim, the newspaper by no means represented a National Socialist direction until the end of the Weimar Republic. This could not be the case because in Germany the NSDAP played no role at all at government level until 1930 and the financing of Libertas Verlagsgesellschaft mbH was dependent on the democratically oriented imperial governments of the Weimar Republic .

Thus the editor-in-chief of the Free Press, Adolf Kargel, represented a democratic line from the German point of view until the spring of 1933 in accordance with the specifications of the respective Reich government. Despite increasing tensions between the Polish population and the German minority in Poland, Kargel enjoyed a high reputation in the Łódź journalists' milieu until April 1933. From 1929 to 1933 he was, as a representative of the Free Press, acting chairman of the journalists' association in Lodz ( Polish Syndykat Dziennikarzy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w Łodzi ; short: SDL). Polish, German and Jewish journalists belonged to the association.

As a source of information, the editors of the Free Press used personal research, associations from Lodz, Polish, Jewish and German organizations, their own correspondents in several countries, as well as Polish and German press agencies, primarily Polska Agencja Telegraficzna (PAT) and Wolff's Telegraphic Bureau (WTB), later DNB . The newspaper repeatedly criticized not only anti-Semitism in Poland , but also the increasing anti-Semitism in Germany. The presentation of the situation of the Jews in Poland served to criticize the Polish state, especially with regard to the increased Polish intolerance towards ethnic minorities . The editors of the Freie Presse drew parallels to the German minority and the Eastern Jews who were forcibly relocated by the Polish government .

Hitler's seizure of power from January 1933 had a considerable impact on the coexistence of the various population groups in Lodz. Jewish associations called for a boycott of German goods, which many Polish companies and organizations joined. In addition, there were violent riots against members of the German minority, regardless of whether they sympathized with the Nazi regime in Germany or not. A break in the relationship between the Łódź Jews and Łódź Germans, who until then had always represented their political interests together, occurred on April 9, 1933. From this point on, the cooperation between German and Jewish organizations in Lodz ceased.

The attacks reached their climax on this so-called Black Palm Sunday in 1933 in Lodz. An angry crowd demolished German schools, shops and Protestant churches. The hot spots included the Łódź German grammar school and the editorial rooms as well as the print shop of the Free Press, whose facilities and machines were destroyed. After these events, the German minority in Lodz led an independent life, isolated in Polish society. Against this background, a large part of the German minority in Poland allowed itself to be influenced by Nazi propaganda in Germany, which was also expressed in the press.

The Free Press took from that date certain positions of the Nazi Volkstumspolitik , which led to further tensions with the Polish and Jewish population in the area of Lodz. A temporary normalization did not take place until January 1934 after the conclusion of the Piłsudski-Hitler Pact . In addition, a press agreement was reached in which the German and Polish governments undertook to refrain from hostile journalism. After that, the editors-in-chief of the Free Press again tried to maintain a moderate tone, but constantly came into conflict with the German authorities in Berlin and the Polish censorship over the political direction of the newspaper.

After Piłsudski's death, from May 1935 onwards, tensions between Poland and the German minority increased from year to year; they reflected the deterioration in relations between the two states. Every measure taken by the German authorities against Poland, every statement by the Nazi leadership heated up the mood against the “ ethnic Germans ” in Poland . As early as 1937, the Sejm passed a law on the compilation of lists of persons belonging to the German minority to be imprisoned in Polish communities in the event of war. Conversely, from May 1939 there were arrest lists on the German side for members of the Polish minority in Germany .

After the Munich Agreement , reprisals increased. Assaults on German institutions were now part of everyday life, German theater performances were banned, various editions of the German-language press were confiscated, and editors who wrote positive reports about the Nazi government in Berlin had to pay heavy fines. Declarations of loyalty to the Polish people, even in the Łódź newspapers, did little to relieve the tension. In various articles, editors urged prudence in vain. Example:

“As little as we are inclined to exaggerate incidents that are directed against members of the German minority in Poland, we cannot conceal the fact that German workers have already been dismissed from their previous jobs at random. In some towns there were riots against members of the German minority. Often minor disputes between individuals lead to lawsuits that end with heavy fines. The Polish public is often informed about all these events by uninvited people who are not even very familiar with the issue in a way that causes a psychosis of hatred against the entire German minority in the country. "

The result was that many Polish Germans saw no other way out than to leave their homeland and go to Germany, where reception camps were set up for those who had fled Poland. Before the outbreak of World War II , only around 180,000 Germans lived in the Lodz area, around 60,000 to 70,000 of them directly in Lodz.

German occupation of Poland 1939–1945

Members of the German minority greet the German troops marching into Lodz, September 9, 1939

Immediately after the German invasion of Poland , in the morning hours of September 1, 1939, Polish security forces shut down the printing works and arrested the publisher, the editor-in-chief Adolf Kargel, the head of the printing works and three local editors. According to the prepared lists, many Germans from Lodz were arrested in the first days of the war and deported to the Bereza Kartuska prison camp.

On September 9, 1939, the German Wehrmacht marched into Lodz without a fight . Just one day later, the Free Press appeared again, now as an organ of the German military and civil authorities. The editor-in-chief was initially taken over by the young Lodz journalist Kurt Rapke, as Adolf Kargel was interned in Poland until September 25, 1939. After his liberation, however, due to his ambivalence towards the National Socialists , Kargel was deposed as editor-in-chief for many years and appointed local editor.

In the publishing house at Ulica Piotrkowska 86 and Pertikauer Strasse 86, respectively, was the headquarters of Johannes Blaskowitz from September 9 to 19, 1939 , from where he directed the Battle of the Bzura . On September 13, 1939, Adolf Hitler personally paid a visit to the front to the Commander-in-Chief of the 8th Army after a flight from Nieder-Ellguth to the civil airport of Lodz followed by a drive through the city. Crowds of people, Wehrmacht soldiers, military and auxiliary policemen stood along the entire route, along with thousands of Lodz Germans, and cheered ecstatically with raised arms to the passing motorcade. The next day the Free Press headlined on the first page: “The Führer drove through Lodz!” This was followed by three pages with special reports on the “unexpected appearance of the liberator” and eyewitness reports under the headline “I saw the Führer”.

At the beginning of the attack on Poland , Hitler did not yet have a conclusive concept for Poland. The only thing that was certain was that the territory of the former Prussian provinces would be annexed to the German Empire again. He did not rule out the possibility of a residual Polish state continuing to exist as Vistula , as in the Russian Empire, since he saw such a state as an object of negotiation in a peace agreement with the Western powers. After the complete occupation of Poland , the former Prussian province of Posen was reintegrated into the German Empire on October 26, 1939 . A short time later, the area was named Reichsgau Wartheland , into which the entire Lodz industrial area was integrated on November 9, 1939, although it had never belonged to Germany, but only to Russia or Poland.

A new title change of the newspaper was connected with the incorporation. First, the name implied Free Press , the divergence between free and unfree . On the other hand, there was no longer a free press in the German sphere of influence , which the National Socialists did not hide. Goebbels had openly declared in 1936 that there was no unrestricted freedom of the press anywhere in the world and that "National Socialism had replaced freedom of the press with the freedom of the whole people". The last edition of the newspaper, entitled Freie Presse , appeared on September 23, 1939.

Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung (1939)

Front page of the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung from October 1, 1939

On September 24, 1939, the paper was again given the title Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung . The Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda appointed its own employee, Karl Scharping , as the new chief editor , and Kurt Rapke as his deputy. At the same time, the editors got a Hellschreiber to receive and transmit press radio messages as well as their own Berlin correspondents .

On November 2, 1939, Goebbels personally visited Lodz "to inspect the Polish situation", especially since the "Wehrmacht in the Volkstumskampf" was not "completely saddled" and the political opinion had to be directed in the desired direction in the local media. He wrote about his visit in his diary (fragments):

“Drive through Lodz with a visit to the Baluty Jewish quarter. We get out and inspect everything in detail. It's indescribable. These are no longer people, these are animals. That is why it is not a humanitarian but a surgical task. You have to make cuts here, and very radical ones at that. Otherwise Europe will one day perish from the Jewish disease. Driving on Polish roads. This is already Asia. We will have a lot to do to Germanize this area. […] Conditions are still great in Lodz. The plague of the Jews is gradually becoming unbearable. In addition, pretty much all bodies rule against each other. Why does this pile of dirt have to become a German city! It's a Sisyphean task to try Germanise Lodz. And we could have used this city so well as a dumping ground. "

From December 10, 1939, the Lodz ghetto emerged from the Jewish poor district of Baluty, or Litzmannstadt from April 1940 . After the visit of the Propaganda Minister, the Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung announced on November 6, 1939, still the official bulletin of the German military and civil authorities, the introduction of a symbol for the Jewish population, consisting of a 10 cm wide yellow armband. This instruction, which applies locally to Lodz, is noteworthy because a Reich-wide police ordinance on the mandatory identification of Jews did not come into force until September 1, 1941.

With the occupation of Poland there was a general ban on the publication of Polish and Jewish newspapers. However, the German military administration in Lodz published Gazeta Łódzka (“Lodzer Zeitung”) in Polish from September 22, 1939 . The paper had a circulation of 50,000 copies a day and mainly used the Free Press and the German Lodzer Newspaper as a source of news . With the formal incorporation of Lodz into the German Reich, the publication of the Polish Gazeta Łódzka was stopped on November 9, 1939.

Arthur Greiser officially celebrated the incorporation of the Lodz district into the Posen Reichsgau (renamed Reichsgau Wartheland on January 29, 1940) at a mass rally on November 9, 1939 in Lodz. The term “German” Łódź newspaper was omitted because, according to an instruction from the Propaganda Ministry, “it was a matter of course that a newspaper in Greater National Socialist Germany was a German newspaper”. Accordingly, the paper appeared for the last time on November 11, 1939 under the title Deutsche Lodzer Zeitung , and from November 12, 1939 again as the Lodzer Zeitung , with the year count remaining the same .

Lodzer / Lodscher Zeitung (1939–1940)

Since its foundation in 1863, the constant change of newspaper head has reflected the political direction of the newspaper. Until November 11, 1939, the paper represented the interests of the German minority in Poland and was financed by the Foreign Office. When it was renamed Lodzer Zeitung on November 12, 1939, the newspaper officially entered the National Socialist press policy. On November 25, 1939, all so-called ethnic Germans in the incorporated areas were automatically granted German citizenship.

At the same time as the title change, Libertas Verlagsgesellschaft mbH became a subsidiary of Phönix Verlagsgesellschaft mbh, which in turn belonged to Franz-Eher-Verlag , the central publishing house of the NSDAP. Wilhelm Matzel , who came from Silesia , was assigned the management of the Lodzer Zeitung newspaper . The new editor-in-chief was Kurt Pfeiffer, a Saxon from Naumburg (Saale) , who previously worked as chief editor of the Wormser Zeitung , which is also part of the Phönix GmbH . Walter von Ditmar took over the political editing .

In the late autumn of 1939, articles in the Łódź newspaper began to use the spelling Lodsch instead of Lodz . At the turn of the year 1939/40 the name of the city was Germanized according to official announcements , initially in Lodsch . Then as of 1 January 1940 also appeared in the title head of the ductus Łódź newspaper . Evidently, the Polish city name had never bothered the Germans from Lodz. Since its founding, the city was called Łódź by the Poles , pronounced Wutsch (  [ 'wut͡ɕ ] ). The Jews and Germans called the city Lodsch . In spelling , they simply left out the Polish diacritical marks and wrote Lodz or Lodsch.Please click to listen!Play

So much local patriotism did not correspond to the future visions of the National Socialists. Lodz was destined to become a German city in a German environment: On April 11, 1940, Lodsch was renamed Litzmannstadt "on the orders of the Führer" - after Karl Litzmann (1850–1936), a general from the First World War and later Nazi Dignitaries. So the title of the newspaper had to be changed again. The last edition with the name Lodscher Zeitung appeared on April 11, 1940. It is noteworthy that even after the Second World War, the name Litzmannstadt played no role for the former Lodz Germans or their associations of expellees .

Litzmannstädter Zeitung (1940–1945)

Rally in Lodz, April 11, 1940
Front page of the Litzmannstädter Zeitung from April 12, 1940

When the title was changed from Lodscher Zeitung to Litzmannstädter Zeitung on April 12, 1940, the layout was fundamentally adapted . The publishing house received a completely new and larger machine park, both for newspaper and commercial printing . For this purpose, the print shop and the editors moved into a larger building at Ulrich-von-Hutten-Straße 35 (from 1940–1945 the merged Ulica Franciszka Ż Wirki and Ulica Stanisława Wigury). The office and headquarters of the publishing house remained at Pertikauer Strasse 86 (from 1940–1945 Adolf-Hitler-Strasse 86). The paper appeared unchanged seven days a week. Were converted to the type area (new: Height 415 mm, width 271 mm), the break (from three to four columns) as well as the font (of fracture on Rare ). In the head of the newspaper was initially listed as the subtitle With the official announcements for the city and district of Litzmannstadt . From October 1940 the title was Litzmannstädter Zeitung - The big home newspaper in the east of the Reichsgau Wartheland with official announcements .

According to the publisher, the circulation of the newspaper increased from 30,865 in 1940 to 42,801 in January 1941. For 1942, 56,236 copies are recorded. According to official reports, the circulation rose to 78,074 by January 1943 and exceeded the 100,000 mark daily in November of the same year. According to various sources, the total circulation should have been between 120,000 and 600,000.

The high figures are not unrealistic. While the concentration and rationalization process of newspapers in the so-called Altreich could only be enforced slowly and over many years, Max Amann , President of the Reich Press Chamber , pushed through a compression of the press products with great radicalism in the incorporated areas. With the East German Observer , the Hohensalzaer Zeitung and the Litzmannstädter Zeitung , the Reichsgau Wartheland had the lowest number of daily newspapers in the entire German Empire. In addition, unlike daily newspapers in the original Reich territory, these three newspapers were not affected by cuts or shutdowns during the entire war years.

The readership of the Litzmannstädter Zeitung was very diverse. This initially included the long-established German population group in the Lodz area. In addition, the newspaper's circulation area developed into the region with the largest number of Germans being resettled. Over a million Baltic Germans , Wolhynia Germans , Bukowina Germans , Black Sea Germans and other ethnic Germans were resettled in the Wartheland under the slogan “ Heim ins Reich ” . With the increasing air raids against German cities in the last years of the war there were still many bombed-out people as well as numerous children and mothers from major German cities as part of the children's area , as the Wartheland was considered "not at risk from the air".

Formally, the Litzmannstädter Zeitung was not a party newspaper until November 1940 . It was not until November 14, 1940 that Libertas Verlagsgesellschaft mbH was liquidated . From then on, the paper appeared in the Litzmannstädter Zeitung - Druckerei und Verlagsanstalt GmbH as a 100 percent subsidiary of the NS-Gauverlag und Druckerei Wartheland GmbH headed by Johannes Scholz . Officially, the Litzmannstädter Zeitung only carried the subtitle daily newspaper of the NSDAP with official announcements from July 1, 1941 . The publishing management of the Litzmannstädter Zeitung - Druckerei und Verlagsanstalt GmbH was again transferred to Wilhelm Matzel. Kurt Pfeiffer also remained editor-in-chief until the last issue.

From November 1940 to November 1942 , the young journalist Hans Preuschoff from Braunsberg ( Warmia-Masuria ) was the head of the political editorial department . In his memoirs, published in 1987, noted about his work at the Litzmannstädter Zeitung :

“Some readers may turn up their noses that I've taken on the job of political editor. It was not so bad. The political part in particular was determined by the daily guidelines and language regulations to such an extent that its leader hardly had any leeway. At most he could reveal a certain personal note by selecting and placing the messages that were basically colored with an opinion in the sense of the system. The great struggle that newspaper makers had to face at the time, especially in the political part, was against boredom. Since the newspapers were dependent on the German News Office , most of the papers looked practically the same. "

At the end of 1942 Preuschoff was deported to a Berlin press office on the instructions of the Propaganda Ministry because, as an avowed Catholic, he regularly attended church services and, despite repeated requests, had refused to “ believe in God ”, which would have meant leaving the church . His successor was Benno Wittke, who previously headed the policy department at Königsberger Tageblatt . Other members of the editorial team up to the last issue included: Helmut Lemcke (business and sport), Adolf Kargel (historical), Georg Keil (local), Erich Juckel (local), Otto Kriese (local), Ilse Schneider (local), Fritz Arndt (Advertising management).

From the autumn of 1944 onwards, the daily leading articles were strongly influenced by perseverance. Even after the start of the Soviet Vistula-Oder offensive , the newspaper implied that there was no immediate danger to civilians in Wartheland. On January 16, 1945, around 7 p.m., the Red Army began bombing Litzmannstadt. The eviction order came far too late: in Lodz tens of thousands of Germans fell into the hands of the Russians before they had left.

The last edition of the Litzmannstädter Zeitung appeared on January 17, 1945 (year 28.1945, No. 14). This ended the history of the German-language Łódź daily newspapers.

Web links

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ Lodz / Łódź Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, accessed on February 7, 2020.
  3. ↑ Sebastian Brunner (Ed.): Vienna Church Newspaper for Faith, Knowledge, Freedom and Law. Volume 12-16. Groß, 1863, p. 492.
  4. ^ Oskar Kossmann: The Germans in Poland since the Reformation. Herder Institute Marburg, 1978, p. 341.
  5. ^ Oskar Kossmann: The Germans in Poland since the Reformation. Herder Institute Marburg, 1978, p. 299.
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