Margrave style

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The margrave style is a church style of the 18th century, especially in the Protestant areas of the margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach ( Principality of Ansbach ) and Brandenburg-Bayreuth ( Principality of Bayreuth ). One of the leading builders was the Ansbach agricultural inspector Johann David Steingruber (1702–1787)

history

Fortified church buildings, so-called fortified churches , have existed since Carolingian times . Often the cemeteries around the churches were included in the fortification. The military cemeteries developed. Modeled on the construction of castles, they were sometimes surrounded by strong, high walls. This is how the fortified churches came into being.

Many of these church buildings were rebuilt or rebuilt after the Reformation. Protestantism found its expression in the changed design, the so-called margrave style. A certificate for the laying of the foundation stone explains this as follows: “A church that was previously filled with darkness is now in full light. About two hundred years ago it was freed from the darkness of the Pope, and shone with the light of Heavenly Truth today ... also the dark of the building would have to be lost when the present stone laid the foundation for this church. ... “According to the evangelical understanding, it was visually emphasized in the spatial allocation that“ Evangelical-Lutheran faith and theology are only the one sacrament of the word, that as an audible word in the sermon and as a visible word in the sacraments baptism and the Lord's Supper Commune “, know. The Stuttgart Castle Church, consecrated as early as 1560, is considered the basic type of independent Protestant church architecture.

At the end of the 17th century, the Calvinists who fled to the Protestant areas of the margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach ( Principality of Ansbach ) and Brandenburg-Bayreuth ( Principality of Bayreuth ) influenced the architectural style with their Reformed creed. So in the 18th century the so-called margrave churches came into being in the aforementioned domains.

features

Exterior view

A simple exterior architectural style anticipates elements of classicism and characterizes many church buildings. Only pilaster strips and also large high windows or several windows one above the other interrupt the simple facade.

As a rule, the floor plan of the nave is rectangular, in new buildings the choir is missing and in the case of renovations it was separated by a wall.

The stump of the tower mostly comes from the previous church and received an attachment, the octagonal tower upper floor of which houses the belfry. The roof of the tower has different shapes. The spindle hood, the onion hood and the Welsche hood are very common.

inner space

Pulpit altar of the Evangelical Lutheran County Church of Castell

The interior is originally kept in simple colors (white, light blue, gray). There is no jewelry, only gilding can be found on the pulpit and altar. Today's church buildings received further decorations later or more recently.

Since sermon and sacrament are of equal value and determine the evangelical worship service, the pulpit, altar and baptismal font are spatially combined, usually on the east side of the church.

Pulpit wall in the Protestant church of St. Bartholomäus von Rödelsee

By inserting the pulpit with sound cover into a back wall behind the mostly free-standing altar, an even closer optical unit is created, the pulpit altar . There is no longer any room for large altarpieces. However, there is enough space for the participants to receive the bread on one side during the Lord's Supper and pass behind the back wall to receive the wine on the right.

If the pulpit and altar are inserted into a fitted or free-standing wall made of stone or wood, one speaks of a pulpit wall. The organ very often finds its place on the gallery above.

By emphasizing the equality of word and sacrament, the place of baptism, the baptismal font, moves from the church entrance or from a side chapel in front of the altar. The visitor is shown that he can only gain access to the sacrament of the altar through baptism.

The surrounding, often multi-storey galleries are characteristic of these sermon churches . This created numerous seats next to the seating in the nave. A mansion for the local nobility on the first gallery usually had a separate entrance and was closed off from the rest of the church.

Pulpit altar and galleries of the Evangelical Lutheran parish church in Weidenberg

Margrave style churches

Upper Franconia

Middle Franconia

Lower Franconia

Swabia

Hohenlohe

Pulpit wall of the Protestant church Ettenhausen from 1785
  • Protestant church in Ettenhausen, part of Schrozberg
  • Evangelical Church of St. Katharina in Amlishagen . The church tower was not installed on the steeply sloping east side of the valley (and thus not over the Markgräfler Wall), but over the main entrance to the west, probably for structural reasons.
  • Marienkirche Neuenstein-Kirchensall

literature

  • Karl Kolb: Fortified churches and fortified churches in Franconia , Echter Verlag Würzburg, 1977
  • Georg Dehio: Handbook of German Art Monuments, Bavaria I: Franconia , Munich, Berlin 1979
  • Klaus Raschzok: Lutheran Church Building and Church Space in the Age of Absolutism. Shown using the example of the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1672-1791 . Frankfurt / M., Bern, New York, Paris 1988, ISBN 978-3-8204-8805-0 , pp. 625 .
  • Claus-Jürgen Roepke: The Protestants in Bavaria . Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich 1972, ISBN 3-7991-5705-0 .
  • Karl Sitzmann: Margrave churches, especially the parish church of Bindlach . Ellwanger, 1927, p. 32 .
  • Alfred Schelter: The Protestant Church Building of the 18th Century in Franconia, Volume 41 , Publisher: Friends of Plassenburg, Kulmbach 1981
  • Wilhelm Sperl: The Protestant church building of the XVIII. Century in the Principality of Brandenburg-Onolzbach . The Egge, Nuremberg 1951.
  • Heinrich Thiel: Studies on the history of the development of the margrave churches. The Plassenburg. Writings for local history research and cultural maintenance in East Franconia . EC Baumann, Kulmbach 1955, p. 70 .

Web links

Commons : Margrave style  - collection of images, videos, and audio files

Examples of a typical Middle Franconian margrave church:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Excerpt from the certificate for the laying of the foundation stone of the Johanniskirche in Mainbernheim, 1732, posting of a copy in the church, original in the Protestant rectory in Mainbernheim
  2. ↑ RPZ Heilsbronn, Churches - Expression of Faith, Booklets for Regional Church History IV, 1996, p. 10
  3. ↑ Let off steam in heaven in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from November 9, 2018. p. 11.
  4. ↑ Online epv: St. James in White City. March 16, 2018, accessed May 23, 2018 .
  5. ↑ Interior view of the Church of St. Katharina ( Memento of the original from August 5, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.amlishagen.de